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E-grāmata: Electricity Production from Renewable Energies

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Dec-2012
  • Izdevniecība: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118566145
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Electricity Production from Renewable EnergiesPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Dec-2012
  • Izdevniecība: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118566145
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Energy and environmental issues have caused a marked increase in electricity production from renewable energy sources since the beginning of the 21st Century. The concept of sustainable development and concern for future generations challenge us every day to produce new technologies for energy production, and new patterns of use for these energies. Their rapid emergence can make the understanding and therefore the perception of these new technologies difficult. This book aims to contribute to a better understanding of the new electricity generation technologies by addressing a diverse audience. It presents the issues, sources and means of conversion into electricity using a general approach and develops scientific concepts to understand their main technical characteristics.
Systems of electricity generation from renewable energy resources of small to medium powers are presented. The basic electrical concepts necessary for understanding the operating characteristics of these energy converters are introduced, and the constraints and problems of integration in the electrical networks of those means of production are discussed. Several exercises are provided to the reader for evaluation purposes.

Contents

1. Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy, Benoît Robyns.
2. Solar Photovoltaic Power, Arnaud Davigny.
3. Wind Power, Bruno Francois and Benoît Robyns.
4. Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides, Benoît Robyns and Antoine Henneton.
5. Thermal Power Generation, Jonathan Sprooten.
6. Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network, Benoît Robyns.

Foreword xi
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy
1(18)
Benoit Robyns
1.1 Decentralized production
1(1)
1.2 The issue of renewable energies
2(7)
1.2.1 Observations
2(4)
1.2.2 The sustainable development context
6(1)
1.2.3 Commitments and perspectives
6(3)
1.3 Renewable energy sources
9(5)
1.3.1 Wind energy
9(1)
1.3.2 Solar energy
9(2)
1.3.3 Hydraulics
11(1)
1.3.4 Geothermal energy
11(1)
1.3.5 Biomass
12(1)
1.3.6 Contribution of the various renewable energies
13(1)
1.4 Production of electricity from renewable energies
14(3)
1.4.1 Electricity supply chains
14(2)
1.4.2 Efficiency factor
16(1)
1.5 Bibliography
17(2)
Chapter 2 Solar Photovoltaic Power
19(56)
Arnaud Davigny
2.1 Introduction
19(2)
2.2 Characteristics of the primary resource
21(4)
2.3 Photovoltaic conversion
25(24)
2.3.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.3.2 Photovoltaic effect
25(2)
2.3.3 Photovoltaic cells
27(16)
2.3.4 Cell association
43(6)
2.4 Maximum electric power extraction
49(4)
2.5 Power converters
53(11)
2.5.1 Introduction
53(1)
2.5.2 Structure of the photovoltaic conversion chains
53(3)
2.5.3 Choppers
56(4)
2.5.4 Inverters
60(4)
2.6 Adjustment of the active and reactive power
64(1)
2.7 Solar power stations
65(2)
2.7.1 Introduction
65(1)
2.7.2 Autonomous power stations
66(1)
2.7.3 Power stations connected to the network
66(1)
2.8 Exercises
67(5)
2.8.1 Characteristic of a photovoltaic panel
67(2)
2.8.2 Sizing an autonomous photovoltaic installation
69(3)
2.9 Bibliography
72(3)
Chapter 3 Wind Power
75(74)
Bruno Francois
Benoit Robyns
3.1 Characteristic of the primary resource
75(7)
3.1.1 Variability
75(1)
3.1.2 The Weibull distribution
76(3)
3.1.3 The effect of relief
79(1)
3.1.4 Loading rate
80(1)
3.1.5 Compass card
81(1)
3.2 Kinetic wind energy
82(1)
3.3 Wind turbines
83(12)
3.3.1 Horizontal axis wind turbines
83(8)
3.3.2 Vertical axis wind turbines
91(3)
3.3.3 Comparison of the various turbine types
94(1)
3.4 Power limitation by varying the power coefficient
95(4)
3.4.1 The "pitch" or variable pitch angle system
96(1)
3.4.2 The "stall" or aerodynamic stall system
97(2)
3.5 Mechanical couplings between the turbine and the electric generator
99(2)
3.5.1 Connection between mechanical speed, synchronous speed and electrical network frequency
99(1)
3.5.2 "Direct drive" wind turbines (without a multiplier)
100(1)
3.5.3 Use of a speed multiplier
101(1)
3.6 Generalities on induction and mechanical electric conversion
101(2)
3.7 "Fixed speed" wind turbines based on induction machines
103(9)
3.7.1 Physical principle
103(1)
3.7.2 Constitution of induction machines
104(1)
3.7.3 Modeling
105(4)
3.7.4 Conversion system
109(2)
3.7.5 Operation characteristics
111(1)
3.8 Variable speed wind turbine
112(23)
3.8.1 Issues
112(1)
3.8.2 Classification of the structures according to machine technologies
113(2)
3.8.3 Principle of element sizing
115(2)
3.8.4 Adjustment of active and reactive powers
117(5)
3.8.5 Aerogenerators based on a doubly fed induction machine
122(6)
3.8.6 Aerogenerators based on a synchronous machine
128(7)
3.9 Wind turbine farms
135(2)
3.10 Exercises
137(9)
3.10.1 Fixed speed wind turbines
137(2)
3.10.2 Characterization of a turbine and estimate of the generated power
139(4)
3.10.3 High power variable speed wind turbines
143(3)
3.11 Bibliography
146(3)
Chapter 4 Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides
149(84)
Benoit Robyns
Antoine Henneton
4.1 Run-of-the-river hydraulics
149(23)
4.1.1 Hydroelectricity
149(3)
4.1.2 Small hydraulics
152(2)
4.1.3 Hydraulic turbines
154(6)
4.1.4 Electromechanical conversion for small hydroelectricity
160(3)
4.1.5 Exercise: small hydroelectric run-of-the-river power station
163(9)
4.2 Hydraulic power of the sea
172(55)
4.2.1 Wave power
172(5)
4.2.2 Energy of the continuous ocean currents
177(2)
4.2.3 Tidal energy
179(6)
4.2.4 Wave production, wave-power generator
185(21)
4.2.5 Production by sea currents
206(10)
4.2.6 Tidal production
216(10)
4.2.7 Exercise: Estimation of the production of a simple effect tidal power
226(1)
4.3 Bibliography
227(6)
Chapter 5 Thermal Power Generation
233(38)
Jonathan Sprooten
5.1 Introduction
233(1)
5.2 Geothermal power
233(19)
5.2.1 Introduction
233(1)
5.2.2 The resource
234(1)
5.2.3 Fluid characteristics
235(2)
5.2.4 The principle of geothermal power plants
237(2)
5.2.5 Thermodynamic conversion
239(5)
5.2.6 Steam turbine
244(2)
5.2.7 The alternator
246(6)
5.3 Thermodynamic solar power generation
252(12)
5.3.1 Introduction
252(1)
5.3.2 The principle of concentration
253(5)
5.3.3 Cylindro-parabolic design
258(3)
5.3.4 The solar tower
261(1)
5.3.5 Parabolic dish design
261(2)
5.3.6 Comparison of solar thermodynamic generations
263(1)
5.4 Cogeneration by biomass
264(4)
5.4.1 Origin of biomass - energy interests
264(1)
5.4.2 Cogeneration principle
265(3)
5.5 Bibliography
268(3)
Chapter 6 Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network
271(34)
Benoit Robyns
6.1 From a centralized network to a decentralized network
271(8)
6.1.1 The transport network
271(1)
6.1.2 The distribution network
272(2)
6.1.3 Services for the electric system
274(4)
6.1.4 Towards network decentralization
278(1)
6.2 Connection voltage
279(1)
6.3 Connection constraints
279(8)
6.3.1 Voltage control
279(3)
6.3.2 Frequency control
282(1)
6.3.3 Quality of the electric wave
283(1)
6.3.4 Short-circuit power
284(1)
6.3.5 Protection of the electric system
285(1)
6.3.6 Coupling of the production facilities to the network
286(1)
6.3.7 Other constraints
287(1)
6.4 Limitations of the penetration level
287(3)
6.4.1 Participation in ancillary services
287(1)
6.4.2 Untimely disconnections
288(1)
6.4.3 Production prediction
289(1)
6.4.4 Network hosting capacity
289(1)
6.5 Perspectives for better integration into the networks
290(10)
6.5.1 Actions at the source level
290(3)
6.5.2 Actions on the network level
293(5)
6.5.3 Actions on the consumer level
298(2)
6.6 Bibliography
300(5)
List of Authors 305(2)
Index 307
Benoit Robyns is Director of research at Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, lille, France.

Arnaud Davigny, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, lille, France.

Bruno Francois, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France.

Antoine Henneton, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur,lille, France.

Jonathan Sprooten, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur,lille, France.
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