PREFACE. |
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CONTRIBUTORS. |
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PART I Introduction and Basic Principles. |
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1 Overview of Electrochemical Remediation Technologies (Krishna R. Reddy and Claudio Cameselle). |
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1.2. Electrochemical Technologies for Site Remediation. |
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1.3. Electrochemical Transport, Transfer, and Transformation Processes. |
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1.4. Electrochemical Removal of Inorganic Pollutants. |
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1.5. Electrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants. |
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1.6. Electrochemical Removal of Contaminant Mixtures. |
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1.7. Special Considerations in Remediating Polluted Sediments. |
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1.8. Electrokinetic Barriers for Pollution Containment. |
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1.9. Coupled (or Integrated) Electrochemical Remediation Technologies. |
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1.10. Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Remediation. |
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1.11. Economic and Regulatory Considerations. |
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1.12. Field Applications and Lessons Learned. |
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2 Electrochemical Transport and Transformations (Sibel Pamukcu). |
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2.3. Electrochemical Transport in Bulk Fluid. |
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2.4. Electrochemical Transport in Clays in the Direction of Applied Electric Field. |
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2.5. Electrochemical Transformations. |
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3 Geochemical Processes Affecting Electrochemical Remediation (Albert T. Yeung). |
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3.2. Soil–Fluid–Chemical System as Active Electrochemical System. |
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3.3. Generation of pH Gradient. |
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3.4. Change of Zeta Potential of Soil Particle Surfaces. |
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3.5. Change in Direction of Electroosmotic Flow. |
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3.6. Sorption and Desorption of Contaminants onto/from Soil Particle Surfaces. |
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3.7. Buffer Capacity of Soil. |
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3.9. Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Reactions. |
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3.10. Interactions of Geochemical Processes. |
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PART II Remediation of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants. |
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4 Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals (Lisbeth M. Ottosen, Henrik K. Hansen, and Pernille E. Jensen). |
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4.2. Principle of EK Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils. |
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4.3. Heavy Metal and Soil Type. |
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4.4. Enhancement Methods. |
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4.5. Remediation of Mine Tailings, Ashes, Sediments, and Sludge. |
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5 Electrokinetic Removal of Radionuclides (Vladimir A. Korolev). |
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5.2. Electrokinetic Localization of Radioactive Nuclide Pollution. |
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5.3. Electrokinetic Cleaning of Ground from Radioactive Nuclides. |
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6 Electrokinetic Removal of Nitrate and Fluoride (Kitae Baek and Jung-Seok Yang). |
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6.2. Pollution and Health Effects of Anionic Pollutants. |
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6.3. Removal of Anionic Pollutants by Electrokinetics. |
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7 Electrokinetic Treatment of Contaminated Marine Sediments (Giorgia De Gioannis, Aldo Muntoni, Alessandra Polettini, and Raffaella Pomi). |
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7.2. Contaminated Sediment Treatment Options. |
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7.3. Electrokinetic Treatment of Sediments. |
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7.4. Case Study: Tests on Electrokinetic Remediation of Sea Harbor Sediments. |
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8 Electrokinetic Stabilization of Chromium (VI)-Contaminated Soils (Laurence Hopkinson, Andrew Cundy, David Faulkner, Anne Hansen, and Ross Pollock). |
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8.2. Materials and Methods. |
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8.3. Experimental Results. |
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PART III Remediation of Organic Pollutants. |
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9 Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs (Ji-Won Yang and You-Jin Lee). |
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9.3. Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs Using Facilitating Agents. |
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10 Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds (Xiaohua Lu and Songhu Yuan). |
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10.2. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. |
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10.3. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorophenols. |
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10.4. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorobenzenes. |
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11 Electrokinetic Transport of Chlorinated Organic Pesticides (Ahmet Karagunduz). |
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11.2. Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides. |
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11.3. Surfactant-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides. |
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11.4. Cosolvent-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides. |
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12 Electrokinetic Removal of Herbicides from Soils (Alexandra B. Ribeiro and Eduardo P. Mateus). |
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13 Electrokinetic Removal of Energetic Compounds (David A. Kessler, Charles P. Marsh and Sean Morefield). |
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13.2. Chemistry of Clay–Energetic Compound Complexes. |
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13.3. Remediation Strategies. |
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13.4. Electrokinetics to Enhance Remediation Strategies. |
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PART IV Remediation of Mixed Contaminants. |
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14 Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metal Contaminants (Kyoung-Woong Kim, Keun-Young Lee and Soon-Oh Kim). |
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14.2. General Principle for Mixed Metal Contaminants. |
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14.3. Representative Studies on Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Heavy Metals. |
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14.4. Specific Insight for Removal of Mixed Heavy Metals, Including Cr, As, and Hg. |
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15 Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metals and Organic Contaminants (Maria Elektorowicz). |
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15.1. Challenge in Remediation of Mixed Contaminated Soils. |
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15.2. Application of Electrokinetic Phenomena to the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants from Soils. |
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PART V Electrokinetic Barriers. |
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16 Electrokinetic Barriers for Preventing Groundwater Pollution (Rod Lynch). |
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16.2. History of Electrokinetic Barrier Development. |
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16.4. Use With Other Technologies. |
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17 Electrokinetic Biofences (Reinout Lageman and Wiebe Pool). |
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17.2. Application in the Field. |
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PART VI Integrated (Coupled) Technologies. |
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18 Coupling Electrokinetics to the Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants: Principles and Fundamental Interactions (Lukas Y. Wick). |
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18.2. Principles and Fundamental Interactions of Electrobioremediation. |
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19 Coupled Electrokinetic–Bioremediation: Applied Aspects (Svenja T. Lohner, Andreas Tiehm, Simon A. Jackman, and Penny Carter). |
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19.1. Bioremediation of Soils. |
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19.2. Combination of Electrokinetics and Bioremediation. |
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19.3. Practical Considerations and Limitations for Coupled Bio-Electro. |
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20 Influence of Coupled Electrokinetic–Phytoremediation on Soil Remediation. |
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M.C. Lobo Bedmar, A. Pérez-Sanz, M.J. Martínez-Iñigo, and A. Plaza Benito. |
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20.1. Soil Contamination: Legislation. |
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20.2. What is the Limit of the Remediation Soil Recovery. |
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20.3. Influence of the Electrokinetic Technology on Soil Properties. |
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20.5. Use of the Electrokinetic Process to Improve Phytoremediation. |
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20.6. Phytoremediation after Electrokinetic Process. |
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21 Electrokinetic–Chemical Oxidation/Reduction (Gordon C. C. Yang). |
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21.2. General Principles. |
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21.3. Representative Studies. |
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21.4. Electrokinetic Treatment Coupled with Injection of Nanomaterials. |
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22 Electrosynthesis of Oxidants and Their Electrokinetic Distribution (W. Wesner, Andrea Diamant, B. Schrammel, and M. Unterberger). |
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22.1. Oxidants for Soil Remediation. |
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22.2. Production of Oxidants. |
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22.3. Distribution of Oxidants. |
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23 Coupled Electrokinetic–Permeable Reactive Barriers (Chih-Huang Weng). |
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23.2. Design of Reactive Barrier in the EK–PRB Process. |
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23.3. Implementation of EK–PRB to Polluted Soil. |
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24 Coupled Electrokinetic–Thermal Desorption (Gregory J. Smith). |
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24.1. Fundamental Principles. |
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24.2. Thermal Principles. |
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24.3. Physical and Chemical Principles. |
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24.4. Fluid and Energy Transport. |
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24.5. Hydraulic Principles. |
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24.6. Biological Processes at Elevated Temperatures. |
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PART VII Mathematical Modeling. |
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25 Electrokinetic Modeling of Heavy Metals (José Miguel Rodríguez-Maroto and Carlos Vereda-Alonso). |
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25.2. One-Dimensional EKR Simple Model. |
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25.3. Two-Dimensional Model. |
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26 Electrokinetic Barriers: Modeling and Validation (R. Sri Ranjan). |
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26.2. Electrokinetic Phenomena. |
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26.3. Direct and Coupled Flow and Transport of Ions. |
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26.6. Field Application Scenarios. |
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PART VIII Economic and Regulatory Considerations. |
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27 Cost Estimates for Electrokinetic Remediation (Christopher J. Athmer). |
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28 Regulatory Aspects of Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation (Randy A. Parker). |
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28.2. Overview of Environmental Regulation in the USA. |
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28.3. Regulatory Considerations for Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation. |
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PART IX Field Applications and Performance Assessment. |
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29 Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals (Anshy Oonnittan, Mika Sillanpaa, Claudio Cameselle, and Krishna R. Reddy). |
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29.2. Description of Processes Involved in Field Applications. |
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29.3. Electrokinetic Remediation Setup in Field Applications. |
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29.4. Outcome of Field-Scale Experiments. |
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29.5. Factors that Limit the Applicability of Electrokinetic Technology. |
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29.6. Prerequisites and Site Information Needed. |
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29.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Technology. |
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30 Field Studies: Organic-Contaminated Soil Remediation with Lasagna Technology (Christopher J. Athmer and Sa V. Ho). |
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30.2. Field Implementation Considerations. |
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30.4. Summary and Future Activities. |
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31 Coupled Electrokinetic PRB for Remediation of Metals in Groundwater (Ha Ik Chung and MyungHo Lee). |
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31.2. Electrokinetic (EK) Extraction System. |
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31.3. Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) System. |
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31.4. Combined System of Electrokinetics and Permeable Reactive Barrier. |
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32 Field Studies on Sediment Remediation (J. Kenneth Wittle, Sibel Pamukcu, Dave Bowman, Lawrence M. Zanko and Falk Doering). |
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32.2. Background on the Need for Remediation and the Duluth Project. |
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32.3. What is ECGO Technology? |
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32.4. The Remediation of Minnesota Slip Sediments at the Erie Pier CDF in Duluth, Minnesota. |
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33 Experiences With Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation (Reinout Lageman and Wiebe Pool). |
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33.2. ER. |
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33.3. Investigation and Design of ER. |
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33.4. Some Project Results. |
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INDEX. |
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