Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
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An introduction to heterogeneous catalysis |
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1 | (44) |
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Science and technology of catalysis |
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1 | (1) |
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Fundamental principles of catalysis: some basic definitions |
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2 | (3) |
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Electronic configurations and quantum theory |
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5 | (3) |
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Valence electrons: examples of common elements |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Thermodynamic definitions relevant to catalysis and the role of electron microscopy |
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9 | (1) |
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Energy, enthalpy and entropy |
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9 | (1) |
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Structure and chemistry of carbons and hydrocarbons |
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10 | (1) |
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Catalysis and band theory |
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11 | (2) |
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pH scale, Lewis Bronsted acidity and basicity |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Some important structures of solid catalysts |
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13 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Perovskites and pyrochlores |
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16 | (2) |
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Carbons as supports in catalysis and new forms of carbons with atomic scale building blocks |
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18 | (6) |
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Amorphous carbon, graphite, fullerene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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Carbons and catalytic reactions |
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20 | (2) |
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Choice and design of catalyst supports or carriers |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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Oxides and non-stoichiometry in catalysis and the unique role of electron microscopy |
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24 | (17) |
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Methods of accommodating non-stoichiometry |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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Larger deviations from stoichiometry |
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26 | (1) |
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Non-stoichiometry in metallic monoxides |
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27 | (2) |
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Defect elimination: crystallographic shear (CS) |
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29 | (1) |
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Background to earlier work |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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34 | (2) |
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Infinitely adaptive structures |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Novel glide shear mechanism in anion-deficient oxides |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Non-stoichiometry in oxidation catalysis |
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41 | (1) |
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Extended defects and crystallographic shear |
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41 | (4) |
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Relevance to oxidation catalysis |
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41 | (1) |
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Distinction between shear mechanisms and defect structures |
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42 | (1) |
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Important issues in oxide catalysis and EM techniques |
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43 | (2) |
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Electron microscopy and diffraction in heterogeneous catalysis |
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45 | (37) |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (9) |
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Classification of some important defect structures and diffraction contrast in catalysis |
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49 | (3) |
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High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (2) |
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Multi-slice HRTEM image simulations |
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57 | (1) |
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Surface-profile imaging in HRTEM |
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57 | (1) |
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Chemical composition analysis of catalysts in the EM |
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58 | (2) |
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X-ray spectroscopy in the electron microscope |
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59 | (1) |
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Electron energy loss spectroscopy |
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60 | (1) |
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Convergent (or focused) beam electron diffraction |
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61 | (1) |
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The development of in situ environmental-TEM (ETEM) under controlled reaction environments to probe catalysis at the atomic level |
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61 | (6) |
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Background to in situ ETEM |
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62 | (3) |
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In situ studies of dynamic oxidation catalysis in action under high gas pressures and at operating temperatures |
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65 | (1) |
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Recent advances in in situ atomic-resolution ETEM for probing gas-catalyst reactions at the atomic level |
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66 | (1) |
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Novel wet-ETEM development for nanoscale studies of liquid-catalyst reactions at operating temperatures |
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67 | (3) |
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Scanning EM (SEM), cathodoluminescence in catalysis and environmental SEM (ESEM) |
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70 | (5) |
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Recent advances in ultra high-resolution low-voltage FE SEM (HR-LVSEM) and extreme FESEM in catalysis |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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Cathodoluminescence in catalysis |
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74 | (1) |
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Scanning transmission EM (STEM)---recent advances |
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75 | (2) |
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Z contrast and three-dimensional electron tomography |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Parallel chemical studies and correlations with the catalyst microstructure |
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79 | (3) |
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Analysis and characterization of catalyst dispersion and surface areas |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Comparison of surface areas with electron microscopy |
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81 | (1) |
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Electron microscopy studies of catalysis by oxides |
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82 | (59) |
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Single and mixed metal oxide systems: redox pathways and anion deficiency |
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82 | (1) |
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Single metal oxide catalysts: MoO3 |
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83 | (1) |
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In situ direct observations of surface defect structures in catalysts under controlled reducing environments and methods for defect analysis |
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84 | (1) |
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Shear domains and crystallographic shear (CS) planes in catalytic reduction |
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85 | (8) |
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Do CS planes form at catalyst operating temperatures and how quickly do they form? |
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87 | (1) |
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Collapse in the catalyst's structure leading to the formation of CS planes |
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88 | (1) |
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Growth of surface defects: CS planes in catalytic reduction and climb of dislocations |
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89 | (2) |
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Direct observation of dynamic redox processes in C3H6:O2 (or air) mixtures: behaviour of surface defect structures |
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91 | (1) |
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Methanol oxidation over MoO3 |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Electron microscopy and defect thermodynamics: a new understanding of oxidation catalysis |
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93 | (5) |
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Development of thermodynamics of reacting catalysts based on EM |
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93 | (2) |
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New understanding of defect mechanisms in oxidation catalysis from dynamic electron microscopy |
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95 | (2) |
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Supersaturation leading to a modified mechanism for the formation of CS planes in oxides |
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97 | (1) |
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The role of defects in catalytic reactions |
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98 | (3) |
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Correlations of the catalyst microstructure with catalytic activity and selectivity |
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98 | (3) |
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Multi-component (practical) oxide catalysts |
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101 | (8) |
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Bismuth molybdate catalysts |
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101 | (1) |
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Review of crystal structures |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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Dynamic electron microscopy in controlled environments |
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104 | (5) |
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Iron molybdates in methanol oxidation reactions |
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109 | (1) |
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Vanadium phosphate (V--P--O) catalysts for butane oxidation technology: the elucidation of active sites by in situ electron microscopy |
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110 | (15) |
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Synthesis and characterization of VPO catalysts |
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113 | (12) |
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Examples of other mixed metal oxide systems |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (2) |
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Mixed metal amorphous and spinel phase oxidation catalysts derived from carbonates |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Electronic structure of crystallites and dopant distributions by cathodoluminescence electron microscopy |
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129 | (2) |
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Sb--Sn oxide catalysts and Fe--Sb--O catalysts |
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129 | (2) |
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Zirconia (ZrO2)-based solid-acid catalysts and ceria (CeO2) systems |
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131 | (1) |
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The key role of electron microscopy in the discovery of novel reaction mechanisms in selective oxidation catalysis |
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131 | (4) |
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Stable silica-based ceramic oxide supports for catalysts: some recent developments |
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135 | (6) |
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136 | (2) |
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Nanostructure and microchemistry |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Catalysis by zeolites and molecular sieves |
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141 | (10) |
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Structures, acidity and uses of zeolites |
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141 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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Silicalites and aluminophosphates |
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144 | (3) |
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Determining three-dimensional structures by ED and HRTEM: MALPO solid acid catalysts |
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147 | (4) |
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Catalysis by supported small metal particles |
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151 | (55) |
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151 | (1) |
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Facile versus structure-sensitive reactions |
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152 | (1) |
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Preparation and characterization of model and practical metallic catalysts |
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153 | (2) |
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Monometallics: single metals on amorphous alumina |
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153 | (1) |
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Model and practical (real-life) bimetallic systems |
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154 | (1) |
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Catalytic mechanisms on supported metals |
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155 | (7) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Metal--ceramic interface interactions: wetting and interfacial energies |
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156 | (1) |
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Particle nucleation and sintering in supported metal catalysts |
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157 | (1) |
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Particle size distributions (PSD): measurement of dispersion of metal particles on supports |
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158 | (1) |
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Selective gas adsorption or chemisorption |
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159 | (1) |
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Particle migration model and its limitations |
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160 | (2) |
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Experimental studies by electron microscopy |
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162 | (4) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Supported metal-particle catalysis |
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166 | (1) |
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Experimental and theoretical developments in small metal-particle catalysis using electron microscopy |
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167 | (4) |
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Detection and surface structure of very small particles by HRTEM |
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167 | (1) |
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Image contrast and visibility of supported small metal catalyst particles in HRTEM |
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167 | (1) |
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Examples of image simulations of supported small particles |
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168 | (1) |
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Theoretical procedures and corrections of spherical aberration |
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168 | (3) |
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Structure of small metal particles |
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171 | (4) |
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Single crystal particles and multiply twinned particles (MTP) |
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171 | (4) |
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EM studies of chemical interactions at metal--support interfaces |
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175 | (1) |
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Metal--support interactions |
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176 | (4) |
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Strong metal--support interactions (SMSI) and electronic structures: In situ atomic resolution ETEM |
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177 | (3) |
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In situ ETEM studies of metal--irreducible ceramic support interactions |
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180 | (8) |
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Copper/alumina systems in different gas environments |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (1) |
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Pd/alumina and thermal sintering |
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184 | (4) |
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Methanol synthesis and oxidation reactions |
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188 | (1) |
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Monometallic nanocatalyst systems: copper nanocatalysts supported on silica (Cu/SiO2) |
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188 | (1) |
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Bimetallic or alloy systems: atomic structure and composition |
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189 | (16) |
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Cu--Pd alloy system: structure, phase stability and catalysis |
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189 | (3) |
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Diffuse scattering in essentially perfect B2 catalyst particles and Ewald sphere |
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192 | (2) |
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State of the active catalysts |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (3) |
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Promoted Pt catalysts in pollution control |
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200 | (1) |
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Different synthesis routes and HRTEM of bimetallic systems |
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201 | (1) |
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Wet-ETEM of catalyst-liquid reactions at operating temperatures: catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles in the liquid phase over novel bimetallic nanocatalysts and polymerization |
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202 | (3) |
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Fischer--Tropsch and Ziegler--Natta catalysts |
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205 | (1) |
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Environmental catalysis and catalyst design |
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206 | (15) |
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Perovskite-based catalysts for environmental pollution control: The role of electron microscopy |
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206 | (1) |
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High temperature superconducting cuprates (HTSC) as catalysts |
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207 | (6) |
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Lanthanum--copper-oxide-based systems |
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208 | (2) |
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Yttrium--barium--copper oxide systems (Y--Ba--Cu--O) |
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210 | (1) |
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Bismuth--copper--calcium based systems |
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210 | (3) |
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Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysis |
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213 | (1) |
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Nanocatalysts in emission control, steam reforming, photocatalysis and fuel cell catalysis |
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214 | (3) |
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Nanocatalysts for alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
References |
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221 | (9) |
Index |
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230 | |