Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
1. The Language of Global Business Is International English |
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3 | (12) |
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3 | (1) |
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What Is International English Style? |
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4 | (7) |
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The Two Strategies: Culture-Free, Culture-Fair |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
2. Principles of Simplicity |
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15 | (23) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (19) |
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Tactic 1: Adopt a Locally Invented, Controlled English |
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18 | (1) |
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Tactic 2: Adopt a Reduced Dictionary |
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19 | (1) |
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Tactic 3: Adopt an Industry-Sanctioned Controlled English |
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19 | (2) |
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Tactic 4: Choose Words with One or Few Meanings |
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21 | (3) |
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Tactic 5: Avoid Verbs with Two or Three Words in Them (Phrasal Verbs) |
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24 | (1) |
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Tactic 6: Use the Simplest Verb Forms |
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25 | (1) |
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Tactic 7: Define Many Terms in a Glossary |
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26 | (2) |
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Tactic 8: Choose Words that Are Pronounceable |
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28 | (1) |
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Tactic 9: Do not Coin Words that Are not Needed |
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29 | (1) |
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Tactic 10: Avoid Redundant and Wordy Expressions for Time and Place |
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30 | (2) |
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Tactic 11: Avoid Unhelpful Redundancies |
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32 | (1) |
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Tactic 12: Avoid Nominalizations |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
3. Principles of Clarity |
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38 | (25) |
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The Problem: Clear Only If Known |
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38 | (23) |
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Tactic 13: Be Careful of Loosely Connected Words and Phrases |
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40 | (2) |
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Tactic 14: Be Aware of Frequently Misplaced Descriptive Words |
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42 | (1) |
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Tactic 15: Do not Confuse Frequently Confused Terms |
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43 | (2) |
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Tactic 16: Form Words in Standard Ways |
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45 | (1) |
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Tactic 17: Use Standard Spellings |
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46 | (1) |
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Tactic 18: Avoid Converting Nouns into Verbs |
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46 | (1) |
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Tactic 19: Be Aware of the Several Englishes |
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47 | (1) |
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Tactic 20: Be Careful with Money and Dates |
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48 | (1) |
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Tactic 21: Avoid Illogical or Arbitrary Idioms |
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48 | (2) |
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Tactic 22: Avoid Words that Can Have Opposite Meanings |
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50 | (1) |
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Tactic 23: Avoid Abbreviations, Contractions, and Acronyms |
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51 | (1) |
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Tactic 24: Avoid Figurative Language in General |
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51 | (1) |
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Tactic 25: Avoid Literary and Cultural Allusions |
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52 | (1) |
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Tactic 26: Avoid Military and Sports Vocabulary |
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53 | (2) |
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Tactic 27: Avoid Technical Terms Used with Nontechnical Meanings |
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55 | (1) |
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Tactic 28: Avoid Business Jargon and Fashionable Business Terms |
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56 | (1) |
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Tactic 29: Avoid Regionalisms and Slang |
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57 | (1) |
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Tactic 30: Avoid Sarcasm or Irony |
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58 | (1) |
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Tactic 31: Avoid Humor and Wordplay |
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59 | (1) |
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Tactic 32: Suit Your English Idiom to the Local Language |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
4. Reducing Burdens |
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63 | (30) |
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63 | (6) |
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Tactic 33: Prefer Shorter Sentences |
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65 | (1) |
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Tactic 34: Prefer Simple Sentences to Compound Sentences |
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66 | (1) |
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Tactic 35: Prefer Simple Sentences to Complex Sentences |
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67 | (1) |
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Tactic 36: Retain Certain Optional Words |
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68 | (1) |
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Punctuation and International English |
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69 | (8) |
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Tactic 37: Use Commas Aggressively |
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72 | (1) |
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Tactic 38: Use Hyphens Aggressively |
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73 | (2) |
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Tactic 39: Avoid Quotation Marks |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (13) |
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Tactic 40: Do not Justify Text, but Do not Break Words at the Ends of Lines |
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78 | (2) |
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Tactic 41: Create a Readable, Accessible Page |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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Tactic 43: Break Apart Long Paragraphs |
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85 | (1) |
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Tactic 44: Convert Some Paragraphs into Lists |
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86 | (1) |
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Tactic 45: Convert Some Paragraphs into Tables |
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87 | (1) |
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Tactic 46: Convert Some Paragraphs into Playscripts |
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87 | (1) |
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Tactic 47: Convert Some Paragraphs into Decision Tables |
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88 | (1) |
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Tactic 48: Convert Some Paragraphs into Logic Diagrams |
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89 | (1) |
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Reducing Burdens as an Ethical Objective |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
5. Writing for Translation |
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93 | (12) |
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93 | (2) |
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Translation Is a Business Expense |
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95 | (2) |
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Preparing a Manuscript for Translation |
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97 | (2) |
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Controlled Language and the Future of Translation |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
6. Principles of Correspondence |
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105 | (19) |
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Business Letters: An Exercise in Style |
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105 | (13) |
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Tactic 49: Eliminate Western Letter Lingo and Formats |
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107 | (4) |
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Tactic 50: Adopt the Receiver's Format |
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111 | (4) |
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Tactic 51: Emulate the Receiver's Opening Paragraph and Customary Closing |
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115 | (1) |
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Tactic 52: Emulate the Receiver's Content Restrictions |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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Adapting E-mail for International Recipients |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
7. Principles of Cultural Adaptation |
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124 | (17) |
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Was der Bauer nicht kennt... |
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124 | (11) |
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Tactic 53: Be Extremely Polite and Formal |
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127 | (2) |
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Tactic 54: Assess Other Cultures without Stereotyping |
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129 | (2) |
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Tactic 55: Localize Radically |
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131 | (2) |
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Tactic 56: Define Your Graphics Strategy |
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133 | (1) |
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Tactic 57: Consider Hall's Context Continuum |
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133 | (2) |
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Issues of Philosophy and "Hypernorms" |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
Appendixes |
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1. Projects for Students of International English |
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141 | (2) |
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2. Sentences that Need Editing |
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143 | (2) |
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3. Instructional/Technical Passages that Overburden the Reader |
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145 | (4) |
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4. A Portfolio of Bad News Letters |
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149 | (4) |
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5. An Internationalized Website Checklist |
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153 | (4) |
Index |
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157 | |