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E-grāmata: EM Detection of Concealed Targets

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THE LATEST EM TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING CONCEALED TARGETS, WHETHER EXPLOSIVES, WEAPONS, OR PEOPLE

Extensively illustrated from basic principles to system design, the fundamental concepts of RF, microwave, millimeter wave, and terahertz detection systems and techniques to find concealed targets are explained in this publication. These concealed targets may be explosive devices or weapons, which can be buried in the ground, concealed in building structures, hidden under clothing, or inside luggage. Concealed targets may also be people who are stowaways or victims of an avalanche or earthquake.

Although much information is available in conference proceedings and professional society publications, this book brings all the relevant information in a single, expertly written and organized volume.

Readers gain an understanding of the physics underlying electromagnetic (EM) detection methods, as well as the factors that affect the performance of EM detection equipment, helping them choose the right type of equipment and techniques to meet the demands of particular tasks. Among the topics covered are:





Ultra-wideband radar and ground-penetrating radar Millimeter, sub-millimeter, and terahertz systems Radar systems including Doppler, harmonic, impulse, FMCW, and holographic Radiometric systems Nuclear quadrupole resonance systems

Author David Daniels has many years of experience designing and deploying EM systems to detect concealed targets. As a result, this publication is essential for scientists and engineers who are developing or using EM equipment and techniques for a diverse range of purposes, including homeland security, crime prevention, or the detection of persons.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
List of Frequently used Acronyms
xv
Introduction
1(19)
Scope and Objectives
1(1)
Structure
2(1)
Market Needs for Security
2(3)
Targets inside Containers
5(1)
Buried Land Mines
5(1)
Forensic Detection of Buried Bodies
6(1)
Avalanche and Earthquake Victims
7(1)
Concealed Humans
7(1)
Concealed Targets on Humans
8(1)
Radiological Considerations
8(2)
Licensing Considerations
10(2)
Statistics of the Detection Performance of a Sensor
12(7)
Summary
19(1)
Physics of Propagation
20(63)
Introduction
20(1)
Propagation of Electromagnetic Fields in Free Space
21(14)
Reactive Fields
22(1)
Near Fields
23(1)
Far Fields
23(1)
Polarization
24(3)
Radar Cross Section
27(3)
Reflection
30(1)
Refraction
31(1)
Brewster Angle
31(2)
Dispersion
33(1)
Anisotropy
33(1)
Clutter
33(2)
Propagation of Energy in a Dielectric
35(10)
Introduction
35(2)
Velocity in a Dielectric
37(1)
Impedance of a Dielectric
38(1)
Propagation Loss in a Dielectric
39(5)
Coupling Losses into Materials
44(1)
Dielectric Properties of Soils and Rocks
45(6)
Propagation in Water
51(2)
Atmospheric Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves
53(6)
Rain and Fog
55(2)
Dust, Smoke, and Sand Storms
57(2)
Attenuation of Electromagnetic Fields by Materials
59(23)
Human and Animal
59(2)
Heartbeat
61(1)
Respiration
62(4)
Clothing
66(5)
Construction Materials
71(5)
Explosives
76(6)
Summary
82(1)
Antennas
83(45)
Introduction
83(2)
Antenna Parameters
85(10)
Antenna Directivity
85(1)
Antenna Gain
86(2)
Antenna Efficiency
88(1)
Side Lobes and Back Lobes
88(1)
Bandwidth
88(1)
Polarization---Linear, Elliptical, and Circular
89(1)
Antenna Phase Center
89(1)
Antenna Patterns
90(1)
Time Side Lobes and Ring-down
91(2)
Antenna Footprint
93(2)
Aperture Antennas
95(2)
Antennas for Proximal Operation
97(4)
Introduction
97(1)
Coupling Energy into the Ground or a Dielectric
98(3)
Linear Phase Antennas
101(16)
Dipoles
101(2)
Loaded Antennas
103(3)
BiConical Antennas
106(1)
Bow-Tie Antennas
107(1)
Dielectric Road Antennas
108(1)
TEM Horn Antennas
109(6)
Impulse Radiating Antennas
115(2)
Nonlinear Phase Antennas
117(4)
Vivaldi Antennas
118(1)
Equiangular Antennas
119(1)
Horn Antennas
120(1)
Antenna Arrays
121(5)
Summary
126(2)
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
128(36)
Introduction
128(3)
Pulse Sequences
131(7)
System Design
138(6)
Introduction
138(1)
Transmit-and-Receive Coils
139(4)
Receiver and Coil Considerations
143(1)
Signal Processing
144(4)
Detection of Explosives
148(4)
Land-Mine Detection
152(4)
Illicit Drugs
156(6)
Cocaine
157(1)
Cocaine Hydrochloride
157(1)
Heroin (Diamorphine)
158(4)
Summary
162(2)
Radar Systems
164(50)
Introduction
164(1)
Doppler Radar Systems
164(5)
Frequency-Domain Radars
169(19)
Introduction
169(1)
Two-Frequency Doppler Radar
170(1)
Stepped Frequency Radar Systems
170(7)
Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar
177(11)
Harmonic Radar
188(6)
Noise Radar
194(4)
Spatial Modulation
198(4)
Amplitude Modulation
202(11)
Summary
213(1)
Passive Systems
214(15)
Introduction
214(1)
Principles of Radiometry
215(3)
Total Power Radiometer
218(1)
Dicke Radiometer
219(1)
Minimum Detectable Temperature
220(1)
Temperature Resolution
221(5)
Imaging Systems
226(1)
Summary
227(2)
Applications and Technology
229(31)
Introduction
229(1)
Physiological Monitoring
229(2)
Earthquake and Avalanche Radar Systems
231(2)
Forensic Applications
233(1)
Through-Wall Radar (TWR) for Surveillance
234(6)
Harmonic Radar Systems
240(1)
Land-Mine Detection Radar Systems
240(6)
Handheld Land-Mine Detection Radar Systems
240(3)
Vehicle-Mounted Land-Mine Detection Radar Systems
243(3)
Radar for General Search Operations
246(2)
Spatially Modulated Systems
248(1)
Millimeter-Wave Radar Systems
248(5)
Summary
253(1)
Summary
254(6)
References 260(19)
Index 279
DAVID J. DANIELS, BSC, MSC, CENG, FIET, SMIEE, is the Chief Consultant for Sensors at Cobham Technical Services (formerly known as ERA Technology). David has more than thirty years of experience in the development of radar, acoustic, and electromagnetic systems as well as products for security, sensing, and test applications for the military and commercial enterprises. He has brought such products to market as acoustic detection systems, fiber optic cryogenic liquid leak sensors, marine radar rescue transponders, ultra-wideband microwave amplifiers, ground-penetrating radar, land-mine detectors, and RF and microwave security systems. His current interests center on sensor systems for land-mine detection, homeland security, and military counterterrorist activities.