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E-grāmata: Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy

Edited by Waqar Ahmed (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, UK.), Edited by Ehsan Nourafkan (Research Assistant, School of Mathematics and Physics, College of Science, University of Lincoln, UK), Edited by Matthew Booth (School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, UK)

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Sērija : Micro & Nano Technologies
Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2021
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128213575

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Materials science

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Sērija : Micro & Nano Technologies
Izdošanas datums: 16-Feb-2021
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128213575

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Materials science

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Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy offers a detailed overview of the benefits and applications of nanotechnology in the renewable energy sector. The book highlights recent work carried out on the emerging role of nanotechnology in renewable energy applications, ranging from photovoltaics, to battery technology and energy from waste. Written by international authors from both industry and academia, the book covers topics including scaling up from laboratory to industrial scale. It is a valuable resource for students at postgraduate and advanced undergraduate levels, researchers in industry and academia, technology leaders, and policy and decision-makers in the energy and engineering sectors.

Offers insights into a wide range of nanoscale technologies for the generation, storage and transfer of energy
Shows how nanotechnology is being used to create new, more environmentally friendly energy solutions
Assesses the challenges involved in scaling up nanotechnology-based energy solutions to an industrial scale

List of contributors

I Nanotechnology for energy production

1 Third-generation solar cells

(34)

Sadia Khalid

Muhammad Sultan

Ejaz Ahmed

Waqar Ahmed

1.1 Introduction

(6)

1.1.1 Background

(1)

1.1.2 Basics of solar cells

(4)

1.1.3 Solar cell generations

(1)

1.2 Demand for third-generation solar cells

(1)

1.3 Third-generation solar cells

(17)

1.3.1 Organic solar cells

(3)

1.3.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells

(4)

1.3.3 Quantum dot solar cells

(3)

1.3.4 Perovskite solar cells

(6)

1.4 Tandem architecture for improved efficiency

(2)

1.5 Outlook and perspective

(2)

References

(6)

2 Nanomaterials for solar energy capture and steam generation

(12)

Muhammad Amjad

Maje Alhaji Haruna

J. Gardy

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Plasmonic nanomaterials

(4)

2.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials

(1)

2.4 Hybrid nanomaterials

(3)

2.5 Challenges and prospects

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

3 Nanocarbons for emerging photovoltaic applications

(32)

Wei Zhang

Victoria Ferguson

S. Ravi P. Silva

3.1 Introduction: emerging photovoltaic solar cells

(2)

3.2 Overview of nanocarbons: key characteristics for photovoltaic applications

(4)

3.2.1 Structures

(1)

3.2.2 Synthetic methods

(1)

3.2.3 Properties

(1)

3.3 Applications of nanocarbons in dye-sensitized solar cells

(6)

3.3.1 Photoelectrodes

(3)

3.3.2 Counter electrodes

(1)

3.3.3 Electrolytes

(1)

3.3.4 Dyes

(1)

3.3.5 Transparent conducting electrodes

(1)

3.4 Applications of nanocarbons in organic solar cells

(4)

3.4.1 Electron---hole transport layers

(3)

3.4.2 Transparent conducting electrodes

(1)

3.5 Applications of nanocarbons in perovskite solar cells

(8)

3.5.1 Electron---hole transport layers

(5)

3.5.2 Active layers

(1)

3.5.3 Counter electrodes

(2)

3.5.4 Transparent conducting electrodes

(1)

3.6 Conclusions and outlook

(2)

References

(6)

4 Nanocomposites for enhanced oil recovery

(34)

Maje Alhaji Haruna

Muhammad Amjad

Saminu Musa Magami

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Enhanced oil recovery

(1)

4.3 Nanofluids for enhanced oil recovery

(1)

4.4 Polymer nanocomposite for mobility control

(19)

4.4.1 Effects of nanoparticles on polymer viscosity

(6)

4.4.2 Polymer nanocomposites and surfactants for foam and emulsion stabilization

(5)

4.4.3 Polymer nanocomposites for surface wettability alteration

(1)

4.4.4 Structural disjoining pressure

(1)

4.4.5 Transport of polymer nanocomposites in porous media

(2)

4.4.6 Chemical stability of polymer nanocomposites

100

(3)

4.5 Advantages of nanofluids in chemical enhanced oil recovery technology

103

(2)

4.6 Disadvantages of nanofluids in chemical enhanced oil recovery technology

105

(1)

4.7 Summary of the state of the art

105

(1)

References

106

(9)

5 Application of nanotechnology in hydrocarbon reservoir exploration and characterization

115

(20)

Sunil Kumar

Jalal Foroozesh

5.1 Hydrocarbon reservoirs

115

(1)

5.2 Nanotechnology in reservoir exploration and characterization

115

(15)

5.2.1 Principles of nanorobots/nanosensors/nanoreporters for reservoir characterization

117

(3)

5.2.2 Reservoir rock properties estimation

120

(4)

5.2.3 Hydrocarbon detection

124

(3)

5.2.4 Flood front monitoring

127

(2)

5.2.5 Monitoring of H2S gas

129

(1)

5.3 Recent progress in nanotechnology for reservoir characterization

130

(2)

5.4 Future developments and challenges

132

(1)

Conclusion

132

(1)

Acknowledgment

132

(1)

References

133

(2)

6 Nanotechnology for drilling operations

135

(14)

G. Goshtasp Cheraghian

Masoud Afrand

6.1 Introduction

135

(2)

6.2 Physical---mechanical stability

137

(4)

6.2.1 Wellbore stability

137

(1)

6.2.2 Thermal stability

138

(1)

6.2.3 Rheology and fluid loss stability

139

(2)

6.3 Challenges

141

(1)

6.4 Summary and future perspectives

142

(2)

References

144

(5)

7 Application of nanotechnology for biofuel production

149

(24)

Hossein Esmaeili

Ehsan Nourafkan

Mehdi Nakisa

Waqar Ahmed

7.1 Introduction

149

(2)

7.2 Nanomaterials and their characteristics

151

(1)

7.3 Methods for biodiesel production

152

(1)

7.4 Transesterification of oil into biodiesel in the presence of nanocatalysts

152

(10)

7.4.1 Biodiesel production from vegetable oil using nanocatalysts

156

(1)

7.4.2 Biodiesel production from waste oil using nanocatalysts

157

(3)

7.4.3 Biodiesel production from animal fat using nanocatalysts

160

(1)

7.4.4 Biodiesel production from microalgae oil using nanocatalysts

160

(2)

7.5 Effect of nanocatalyst surface area on biodiesel production

162

(1)

7.6 Reusability and recovery of nanocatalysts

163

(1)

7.7 Nanocatalysts for bioethanol production

163

(3)

7.8 Toxicity of nanoparticles

166

(1)

Conclusions

167

(1)

References

167

(6)

8 Energy harvesting: role of hybrid nanofluids

173

(40)

Tayyab Raza Shah

Hamza Babar

Hafiz Muhammad Ali

8.1 Introduction

173

(2)

8.2 Preparation

175

(5)

8.2.1 Forms of nanoparticles

175

(2)

8.2.2 Single-step and two-step methods for hybrid nanofluid preparation

177

(3)

8.3 Thermophysical properties and heat transfer characteristics

180

(7)

8.4 Role of hybrid nanofluids in energy harvesting

187

(14)

8.4.1 Direct energy-harvesting systems

187

(6)

8.4.2 Indirect energy harvesting

193

(8)

8.5 Operational challenges and system limitations

201

(2)

8.5.1 Intricate physical science of colloidal nanoparticle suspensions

202

(1)

Concluding remarks

203

(1)

Nomenclature

204

(1)

Greek letters

205

(1)

Subscripts

205

(1)

References

205

(8)

9 Ultrafast lasers for energy generation

213

(26)

Syed Asad Hussain

9.1 Introduction to lasers

213

(4)

9.2 Physics of saturable absorbers

217

(3)

9.3 Use of nanoparticles as saturable absorbers

220

(5)

9.4 Ultrafast lasers with nanoparticles saturable absorbers

225

(4)

9.4.1 Results in the visible wavelength region

226

(1)

9.4.2 Results in the 1000 nm wavelength region

226

(2)

9.4.3 Results in the 1500 nm wavelength region

228

(1)

9.4.4 Results in the 2000 nm wavelength region

229

(1)

9.5 Ultrashort lasers for energy generation

229

(4)

9.5.1 Production of solar cells

232

(1)

9.5.2 Lasers in space applications

232

(1)

9.5.3 Lasers for basic research focused on energy

233

(1)

Conclusion

233

(1)

References

234

(5)

10 Nanomaterials for advanced photovoltaic cells

239

(20)

Neeraj Kumar

M. Kalyan Phani

Pankaj Chamoli

M.K. Manoj

Ashutosh Sharma

Waqar Ahmed

Ashok Kumar Srivastava

Sanjeev Kumar

10.1 Introduction

239

(3)

10.1.1 Solar energy

240

(1)

10.1.2 Photovoltaic solar cells

241

(1)

10.2 Generations of photovoltaic cells

242

(2)

10.2.1 First generation

242

(1)

10.2.2 Second generation

242

(1)

10.2.3 Third generation

243

(1)

10.2.4 Fourth generation

243

(1)

10.2.5 Brief overview of limitations and drawbacks

244

(1)

10.3 Thin-film photovoltaic cells

244

(2)

10.3.1 Copper-indium-gallium-selenide

244

(1)

10.3.2 Cadmium telluride

244

(1)

10.3.3 Amorphous silicon

245

(1)

10.4 Organic solar cells

246

(1)

10.5 Nanotechnology and solar energy conversion

247

(2)

10.5.1 Nanostructured solar cells

247

(1)

10.5.2 Application of nanostructures/nanoparticles in solar cells

248

(1)

10.5.3 Nanoplasmonics for photovoltaics

249

(1)

10.6 Factors affecting the properties of solar cells

249

(1)

10.7 Graphene solar cells

250

(3)

10.7.1 Synthesis methods of graphene

250

(3)

10.8 Summary and future prospects

253

(2)

References

255

(4)

11 Characterization techniques in energy generation and storage

259

(28)

N. Fleck

H. Amli

V. Dhanak

Waqar Ahmed

11.1 Introduction

259

(1)

11.2 Characterization techniques

260

(16)

11.2.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

260

(4)

11.2.2 Raman spectroscopy

264

(2)

11.2.3 X-ray diffraction

266

(3)

11.2.4 Scanning electron microscopy

269

(2)

11.2.5 Transmission electron microscopy

271

(2)

11.2.6 Atomic force microscopy

273

(2)

11.2.7 Battery cycling

275

(1)

11.3 Other techniques

276

(5)

11.3.1 Introduction

276

(1)

11.3.2 UV-visible spectroscopy

277

(1)

11.3.3 Profilometer

278

(1)

11.3.4 Photoluminescence

278

(1)

11.3.5 Infrared spectroscopy

279

(1)

11.3.6 Mass spectrometry

279

(1)

11.3.7 Capacitance---voltage measurements

279

(1)

11.3.8 Current---voltage measurements

280

(1)

11.3.9 Nuclear magnetic resonance

280

(1)

11.4 Case study

281

(2)

11.4.1 Graphite anode characterization for lithium-ion batteries

281

(2)

Conclusions

283

(1)

References

283

(4)

12 Metal oxide semiconductors for photoelectrochemical water splitting

287

(24)

N.R. Khalid

Ejaz Ahmed

M.B. Tahir

T. Iqbal

Sadia Khalid

Waqar Ahmed

12.1 Background to photoelectrochemical water splitting

287

(1)

12.2 Calculation of photoelectrochemical efficiency

288

(2)

12.3 Materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting

290

(1)

12.4 Titanium dioxide

291

(4)

12.5 Zinc oxide

295

(5)

12.6 Tungsten oxide

300

(3)

12.7 Iron oxide

303

(4)

Conclusions

307

(1)

References

307

(4)

Chapter 13 Synthesis of transition metal sulfide nanostructures for water splitting

311

(32)

Sadia Khalid

Mohammad Azad Malik

Ejaz Ahmed

Yaqoob Khan

Waqar Ahmed

13.1 Introduction

311

(4)

13.2 Transition metal sulfides

315

(3)

13.3 Synthesis of transition metal sulfide nanostructures

318

(4)

13.3.1 Colloidal synthesis

318

(1)

13.3.2 Hydrothermal method/solvothermal method

319

(2)

13.3.3 Coprecipitation method

321

(1)

13.3.4 Ion-exchange method

321

(1)

13.3.5 Atomic layer deposition

321

(1)

13.3.6 Electrodeposition

321

(1)

13.3.7 Metal-organic frameworks---derived synthesis

322

(1)

13.4 Strategies to improve catalytic performance

322

(11)

13.5 Outlook and future perspectives

333

(1)

References

334

(9)

II Nanotechnology for energy transport

343

(62)

14 Applications of nanofluids in thermal energy transport

345

(24)

Saman Rashidi

Faramarz Hormozi

Nader Karimi

Waqar Ahmed

14.1 Introduction

345

(1)

14.2 Possible mechanisms for heat transfer improvement by nanofluids

346

(2)

14.2.1 Enhancement in thermal conductivity

346

(1)

14.2.2 Influence of Brownian motion

347

(1)

14.2.3 Thermophoresis

347

(1)

14.2.4 Turbulence intensification

347

(1)

14.2.5 Clustering of nanoparticles

348

(1)

14.3 Modern nanofluids

348

(11)

14.3.1 Magnetic nanofluids

348

(5)

14.3.2 Graphene nanofluids

353

(2)

14.3.3 Hybrid nanofluids

355

(2)

14.3.4 Carbon nanotube-based nanofluids

357

(2)

14.4 Applications of nanofluids in thermal energy transport

359

(7)

14.4.1 Thermosyphons

359

(1)

14.4.2 Electronics cooling

360

(4)

14.4.3 Heat exchangers

364

(1)

14.4.4 Refrigeration systems

365

(1)

14.5 Summary and perspectives

366

(1)

References

367

(2)

15 Nanotechnology for smart grids and superconducting cables

369

(36)

Raja Sekhar Dondapati

Sudheer Thadela

15.1 Introduction to smart grids

369

(4)

15.1.1 Power transmission

370

(1)

15.1.2 Power distribution

371

(1)

15.1.3 Summary

372

(1)

15.2 Nanotechnology for power applications

373

(8)

15.2.1 Classification of nanoparticles and nanofluids

374

(5)

15.2.2 Synthesis of nanoparticles and their properties

379

(1)

15.2.3 Preparation of nanofluids and their properties

379

(2)

15.2.4 Summary of the role of nanotechnology for power applications

381

(1)

15.3 Superconducting power cables for smart grids

381

(19)

15.3.1 Design of superconducting cables for large-scale power transmission

381

(11)

15.3.2 Cooling of superconducting cables using nanofluids

392

(6)

15.3.3 Performance of smart grids based on superconductors

398

(1)

15.3.4 Summary of the role of superconducting cables on smart grids

399

(1)

References

400

(5)

III Nanotechnology for energy storage

405

(186)

16 Transition metal sulfides for supercapacitors

407

(40)

Sadia Khalid

Yaqoob Khan

Ejaz Ahmed

Saima Nawaz

N.R. Khalid

Waqar Ahmed

16.1 Introduction

407

(1)

16.2 Supercapacitor electrode materials

408

(1)

16.3 Metal sulfides

409

(1)

16.4 3D-transition metal sulfides

410

(16)

16.4.1 Manganese sulfide

412

(1)

16.4.2 Iron sulfide

413

(4)

16.4.3 Cobalt sulfide

417

(3)

16.4.4 Nickel sulfide

420

(3)

16.4.5 Copper sulfide

423

(2)

16.4.6 Zinc sulfide

425

(1)

16.5 Transition metal sulfides: composites

426

(9)

16.5.1 Transition metal sulfide composites with carbon nanotubes

426

(1)

16.5.2 Transition metal sulfide composites with carbon

427

(3)

16.5.3 Transition metal sulfide composites with graphene

430

(2)

16.5.4 Transition metal sulfide composites with other materials

432

(3)

16.6 Ternary transition metal sulfides

435

(2)

16.7 Recent trends: nanostructured supercapacitors

437

(2)

16.8 Summary and perspectives

439

(2)

References

441

(6)

17 Recent developments in chemical energy storage

447

(48)

Ehsan Nourafkan

Hossein Esmaeili

Waqar Ahmed

17.1 Introduction

447

(3)

17.2 Physisorption and chemisorption for gas storage

450

(1)

17.3 Adsorption isotherm and adsorption enthalpy

451

(3)

17.4 Porous structure

454

(35)

17.4.1 Carbon-based materials

454

(4)

17.4.2 Metal organic frameworks

458

(18)

17.4.3 Porous organic polymers

476

(13)

17.5 Conclusions

489

(1)

References

489

(6)

18 Nanotechnology for energy storage

495

(22)

Afrah Awad

Waqar Ahmed

Muayad Waleed

18.1 Introduction

495

(2)

18.2 Nano-enhanced phase-change material

497

(13)

18.2.1 Nano-enhanced phase-change material properties

497

(7)

18.2.2 Nano-enhanced phase-change materials for energy storage systems

504

(6)

18.3 Application of nano-enhanced phase-change materials

510

(1)

18.4 Modeling of nano-enhanced phase-change materials

511

(2)

18.5 Summary

513

(1)

References

513

(4)

19 Recent developments in battery technologies

517

(28)

H. Amli

M. Booth

V. Dhanak

Waqar Ahmed

19.1 Introduction

517

(1)

19.2 Brief history of batteries

517

(1)

19.3 Basic battery structure

518

(1)

19.3.1 Cathode

518

(1)

19.3.2 Anode

518

(1)

19.3.3 Electrolyte

518

(1)

19.3.4 Separator

518

(1)

19.4 Shapes of batteries

519

(2)

19.4.1 Cylindrical cell

519

(1)

19.4.2 Button (coin) cell

520

(1)

19.4.3 Prismatic cell

520

(1)

19.4.4 Pouch cell

521

(1)

19.5 Electrochemical reactions in batteries

521

(2)

19.5.1 Formation reaction

522

(1)

19.5.2 Displacement reaction

522

(1)

19.5.3 Decomposition reaction

522

(1)

19.5.4 Insertion reaction

523

(1)

19.6 Primary batteries (nonrechargeable)

523

(1)

19.6.1 Zinc---carbon batteries

523

(1)

19.6.2 Alkaline batteries

524

(1)

19.7 Storage batteries (rechargeable)

524

(1)

19.7.1 Nickel---cadmium batteries

524

(1)

19.7.2 Lithium-ion batteries

525

(1)

19.8 Batteries versus supercapacitors

525

(1)

19.9 Common materials used in batteries

526

(1)

19.10 Rechargeable battery technology

526

(4)

19.10.1 Theory behind lithium ion batteries

526

(1)

19.10.2 Lithium-ion battery structure

527

(1)

19.10.3 Terms and features for rechargeable batteries

527

(1)

19.10.4 Battery energy density calculations

528

(2)

19.11 Battery materials selection

530

(10)

19.11.1 Cathode materials

531

(2)

19.11.2 Other batteries: challenges and solutions

533

(3)

19.11.3 Anode materials

536

(2)

19.11.4 Electrolytes

538

(1)

19.11.5 Separators

539

(1)

19.11.6 Binders and surfactants

540

(1)

19.12 Conclusions

540

(1)

References

540

(5)

20 Development of electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors

545

(14)

Gowhar Ahmad Naikoo

Israr Ul Hassan

Riyaz Ahmad Dar

Waqar Ahmed

20.1 Introduction

545

(9)

20.1.1 Nanostructured porous materials

545

(2)

20.1.2 Carbon-based nanoporous materials

547

(1)

20.1.3 Metals and metal oxide

548

(2)

20.1.4 Metals and metal oxide composite materials

550

(4)

20.2 Conclusions

554

(1)

References

554

(5)

21 Mathematical modeling of sustainable energy production using nanotechnology

559

(32)

Mohammadreza Alizadeh Behjani

Mohammed S. Ismail

Waqar Ahmed

Mohamed Pourkashanian

Ali Hassanpour

21.1 Introduction

559

(2)

21.1.1 Recent developments in sustainable energy based on computational nanotechnology

559

(2)

21.1.2 Theoretical models and mathematical correlations

561

(1)

21.2 Computational techniques

561

(1)

21.3 Discrete approaches

562

(1)

21.3.1 Molecular dynamics

562

(1)

21.4 Continuum approaches

563

(17)

21.4.1 Computational fluid dynamics

563

(7)

21.4.2 Finite element method

570

(10)

21.5 Statistical approaches

580

(5)

21.5.1 Fractal methods

580

(1)

21.5.2 Monte Carlo and fractal method

581

(4)

21.6 Summary and conclusions

585

(2)

References

587

(4)

Index

591

Waqar Ahmed is a Professor of Nanoscience and Deputy Head of School at the School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, UK. His research focuses in the areas of nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomedicine. In particular, the emphasis of his research at present focuses on nanoscience and nanotechnology for renewable energy, energy modelling and management and sustainability. Matthew Booth is a Lecturer in Experimental Physics at the School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, UK. His research focuses on semiconductor nanocrystals. Dr. Ehsan Nourafkan graduated in Chemical Engineering from the University of Shiraz. He then worked for two years in the industry before joining the University of Leeds in 2015. At Leeds, he has worked as a post-doc researcher on an ERC funded project entitled NanoEOR for three years. Then he moved to the University of Lincoln as a research fellow in 2018 for the next stage of his career. His research interests mainly involve focusing on application of nanotechnology for a wide spectrum of energy sectors, particularly in production, transport and storage of renewable energy. He also has experience of delivering consultancy services for the waste incineration industry, as well as working collaboratively with researchers across the world.

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E-grāmata: Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy

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