Preface |
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xvii | |
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Part I Basics of Smart Healthcare |
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1 | (128) |
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1 An Overview of IoT in Health Sectors |
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3 | (22) |
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3 | (3) |
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1.2 Influence of IoT in Healthcare Systems |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Transparent Insurance Claims |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Research in Health Sector |
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1.3 Popular IoT Healthcare Devices |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Charting in Healthcare |
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1.4.2 Quick Diagnosis and Improved Treatment |
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1.4.3 Management of Equipment and Medicines |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Data Assortment and Analysis |
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1.4.6 Tracking and Alerts |
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1.4.7 Remote Medical Assistance |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5.1 Privacy and Data Security |
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1.5.2 Multiple Devices and Protocols Integration |
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1.5.3 Huge Data and Accuracy |
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1.5.5 Updating the Software Regularly |
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1.5.6 Global Healthcare Regulations |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Access by Unauthorized Persons |
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1.7.1 Monitoring of Patients Remotely |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Management of Hospital Operations |
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14 | (1) |
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1.7.3 Monitoring of Glucose |
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14 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Sensor Connected Inhaler |
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15 | (1) |
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1.7.6 Connected Contact Lens |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7.8 Coagulation of Blood |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7.9 Depression Detection |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7.10 Detection of Cancer |
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17 | (1) |
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1.7.11 Monitoring Parkinson Patient |
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17 | (1) |
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1.7.12 Ingestible Sensors |
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18 | (1) |
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1.7.13 Surgery by Robotic Devices |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.7.15 Efficient Drug Management |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.7.18 Medical Waste Management |
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20 | (1) |
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1.7.19 Monitoring the Heart Rate |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.8 Global Smart Healthcare Market |
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21 | (1) |
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1.9 Recent Trends and Discussions |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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23 | (2) |
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2 IoT-Based Solutions for Smart Healthcare |
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25 | (44) |
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26 | (3) |
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2.1.1 Process Flow of Smart Healthcare System |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.1.1.3 Data Pre-Processing |
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27 | (1) |
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2.1.1.4 Data Segmentation |
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28 | (1) |
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2.1.1.5 Feature Extraction |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2 IoT Smart Healthcare System |
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29 | (4) |
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2.2.1 System Architecture |
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30 | (1) |
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2.2.1.1 Stage 1: Perception Layer |
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30 | (2) |
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2.2.1.2 Stage 2: Network Layer |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2.1.3 Stage 3: Data Processing Layer |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2.1.4 Stage 4: Application Layer |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3 Locally and Cloud-Based IoT Architecture |
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33 | (2) |
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2.3.1 System Architecture |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3.1.1 Body Area Network (BAN) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Software as a Service (SaaS) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Types of Cloud Computing |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.5 Outbreak of Arduino Board |
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38 | (1) |
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2.6 Applications of Smart Healthcare System |
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39 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Disease Diagnosis and Treatment |
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41 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Health Risk Monitoring |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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2.6.5 Assist in Research and Development |
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43 | (1) |
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2.7 Smart Wearables and Apps |
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43 | (1) |
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2.8 Deep Learning in Biomedical |
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44 | (11) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.8.2 Deep Neural Network Architecture |
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47 | (2) |
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2.8.3 Deep Learning in Bioinformatic |
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49 | (1) |
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2.8.4 Deep Learning in Bioimaging |
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49 | (1) |
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2.8.5 Deep Learning in Medical Imaging |
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50 | (3) |
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2.8.6 Deep Learning in Human-Machine Interface |
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53 | (1) |
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2.8.7 Deep Learning in Health Service Management |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (14) |
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55 | (14) |
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3 QLattice Environment and Feyn QGraph Models--A New Perspective Toward Deep Learning |
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69 | (24) |
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70 | (1) |
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3.1.1 Machine Learning Models |
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70 | (1) |
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3.2 Machine Learning Model Lifecycle |
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71 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Steps in Machine Learning Lifecycle |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.2.1.2 Building the Machine Learning Model |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.2.1.4 Parameter Selection |
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72 | (1) |
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3.2.1.5 Transfer Learning |
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73 | (1) |
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3.2.1.6 Model Verification |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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3.3 A Model Deployment in Keras |
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75 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Pima Indian Diabetes Dataset |
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75 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Multi-Layered Perceptron Implementation in Keras |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Multi-Layered Perceptron Implementation With Dropout and Added Noise |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (7) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.4.1.3 Generating QLattice |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 Preparing the Data |
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84 | (1) |
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3.4.2.2 Connecting to QLattice |
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84 | (1) |
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3.4.2.3 Generating QGraphs |
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84 | (1) |
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3.4.2.4 Fitting, Sorting, and Updating QGraphs |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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3.5 Using QLattice Environment and QGraph Models for COVID-19 Impact Prediction |
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87 | (6) |
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91 | (2) |
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4 Sensitive Healthcare Data: Privacy and Security Issues and Proposed Solutions |
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93 | (36) |
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94 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Types of Technologies Used in Healthcare Industry |
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94 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Technical Differences Between Security and Privacy |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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4.2 Medical Sensor Networks/Medical Internet of Things/Body Area Networks/WBANs |
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97 | (15) |
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4.2.1 Security and Privacy Issues in WBANs/WMSNs/WMIOTs |
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101 | (11) |
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4.3 Cloud Storage and Computing on Sensitive Healthcare Data |
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112 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing and Storage for Sensitive Healthcare Data |
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114 | (5) |
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4.4 Blockchain for Security and Privacy Enhancement in Sensitive Healthcare Data |
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119 | (3) |
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4.5 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Big Data in Healthcare and Its Efficacy in Security and Privacy of Sensitive Healthcare Data |
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122 | (2) |
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4.5.1 Differential Privacy for Preserving Privacy of Big Medical Healthcare Data and for Its Analytics |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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125 | (4) |
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Part II Employment of Machine Learning in Disease Detection |
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129 | (150) |
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5 Diabetes Prediction Model Based on Machine Learning |
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131 | (26) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (12) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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5.3.2.1 K Nearest Neighbor Classification Technique |
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139 | (1) |
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5.3.2.2 Support Vector Machine |
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140 | (2) |
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5.3.2.3 Random Forest Algorithm |
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142 | (2) |
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5.3.2.4 Logistic Regression |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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5.3.4.2 Validation Using Classifier Model |
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146 | (1) |
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5.3.4.3 Truth Probability |
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146 | (1) |
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5.4 System Implementation |
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147 | (6) |
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153 | (4) |
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153 | (4) |
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6 Lung Cancer Detection Using 3D CNN Based on Deep Learning |
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157 | (24) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (7) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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6.3.1.2 Data Pre-Processing |
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162 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Data Visualization and Data Split |
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162 | (1) |
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6.3.2.1 Data Visualization |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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6.3.3.1 Training Neural Network |
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163 | (3) |
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6.3.3.2 Model Optimization |
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166 | (2) |
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6.4 Results and Discussion |
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168 | (10) |
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6.4.1 Gathering and Pre-Processing of Data |
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169 | (1) |
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6.4.1.1 Gathering and Handling Data |
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169 | (1) |
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6.4.1.2 Pre-Processing of Data |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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6.4.2.3 Lung Segmentation |
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173 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Training and Testing of Data in 3D Architecture |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (3) |
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7 Pneumonia Detection Using CNN and ANN Based on Deep Learning Approach |
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181 | (22) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (9) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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7.3.1.2 Data Pre-Processing |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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7.3.2.1 Training of Convolutional Neural Network |
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189 | (2) |
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7.3.2.2 Training of Artificial Neural Network |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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7.3.3.2 Validation of Accuracy and Loss Plot |
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193 | (1) |
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7.3.3.3 Testing and Prediction |
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193 | (1) |
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7.4 System Implementation |
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194 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Data Gathering, Pre-Processing, and Split |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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7.4.1.2 Data Pre-Processing |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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7.4.3.2 Validation of Accuracy and Loss Plot |
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197 | (1) |
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7.4.3.3 Testing and Prediction |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
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199 | (4) |
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8 Personality Prediction and Handwriting Recognition Using Machine Learning |
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203 | (34) |
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8.1 Introduction to the System |
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204 | (4) |
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8.1.1 Assumptions and Limitations |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Non-Functional Needs |
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206 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Specifications for Hardware |
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207 | (1) |
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8.1.5 Specifications for Applications |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Computerized Human Behavior Identification Through Handwriting Samples |
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208 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Behavior Prediction Through Handwriting Analysis |
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209 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Handwriting Sample Analysis for a Finding of Personality Using Machine Learning Algorithms |
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209 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Personality Detection Using Handwriting Analysis |
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210 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Automatic Predict Personality Based on Structure of Handwriting |
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210 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Personality Identification Through Handwriting Analysis: A Review |
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210 | (1) |
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8.2.7 Text Independent Writer Identification Using Convolutional Neural Network |
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210 | (1) |
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8.2.8 Writer Identification Using Machine Learning Approaches |
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211 | (1) |
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8.2.9 Writer Identification from Handwritten Text Lines |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (8) |
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212 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Personality Analysis |
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215 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Personality Characteristics |
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216 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Writer Identification |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (4) |
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224 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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8.6 Algorithms vs. Accuracy |
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226 | (5) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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8.9 Conclusion and Future Scope |
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232 | (5) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (4) |
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9 Risk Mitigation in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Brain Source Localization |
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237 | (14) |
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238 | (1) |
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9.2 Risk Factors Related to Autism |
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239 | (4) |
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9.2.1 Assistive Technologies for Autism |
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240 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Functional Connectivity as a Biomarker for Autism |
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241 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Early Intervention and Diagnosis |
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242 | (1) |
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9.3 Materials and Methodology |
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243 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Data Acquisition and Processing |
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243 | (1) |
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9.3.4 sLORETA as a Diagnostic Tool |
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244 | (1) |
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9.4 Results and Discussion |
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245 | (2) |
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9.5 Conclusion and Future Scope |
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247 | (4) |
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247 | (4) |
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10 Predicting Chronic Kidney Disease Using Machine Learning |
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251 | (28) |
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252 | (1) |
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10.2 Machine Learning Techniques for Prediction of Kidney Failure |
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253 | (16) |
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10.2.1 Analysis and Empirical Learning |
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254 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Supervised Learning |
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255 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Unsupervised Learning |
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256 | (1) |
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10.2.3.1 Understanding and Visualization |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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10.2.3.3 Object Completion |
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258 | (1) |
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10.2.3.4 Information Acquisition |
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258 | (1) |
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10.2.3.5 Data Compression |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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10.2.4.1 Training Process |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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10.2.6 Regression Analysis |
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263 | (1) |
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10.2.6.1 Logistic Regression |
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263 | (2) |
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10.2.6.2 Ordinal Logistic Regression |
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265 | (1) |
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10.2.6.3 Estimating Parameters |
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266 | (2) |
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10.2.6.4 Multivariate Regression |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (5) |
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274 | (5) |
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Part III Advanced Applications of Machine Learning in Healthcare |
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279 | (102) |
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11 Behavioral Modeling Using Deep Neural Network Framework for ASD Diagnosis and Prognosis |
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281 | (18) |
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282 | (2) |
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11.2 Automated Diagnosis of ASD |
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284 | (8) |
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289 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Deep Learning in ASD |
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290 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Transfer Learning Approach |
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290 | (2) |
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11.3 Purpose of the Chapter |
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292 | (1) |
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11.4 Proposed Diagnosis System |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (5) |
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295 | (4) |
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12 Random Forest Application of Twitter Data Sentiment Analysis in Online Social Network Prediction |
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299 | (16) |
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300 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Domain Introduction |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (2) |
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12.3 Proposed Methodology |
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304 | (7) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (4) |
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311 | (4) |
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13 Remedy to COVID-19: Social Distancing Analyzer |
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315 | (22) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (3) |
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13.3 Proposed Methodology |
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321 | (7) |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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13.3.1.2 Contour Detection |
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325 | (1) |
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13.3.1.3 Matching with COCO Model |
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326 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Distance Calculation |
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326 | (1) |
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13.3.2.1 Calculation of Centroid |
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326 | (1) |
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13.3.2.2 Distance Among Adjacent Centroids |
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327 | (1) |
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13.4 System Implementation |
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328 | (5) |
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333 | (4) |
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334 | (3) |
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14 IoT-Enabled Vehicle Assistance System of Highway Resourcing for Smart Healthcare and Sustainability |
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337 | (22) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (4) |
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14.2.1 Adoption of IoT in Vehicle to Ensure Driver Safety |
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341 | (1) |
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14.2.2 IoT in Healthcare System |
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341 | (2) |
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14.2.3 The Technology Used in Assistance Systems |
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343 | (1) |
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14.2.3.1 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) |
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343 | (1) |
|
14.2.3.2 Lane Departure Warning |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
14.2.3.3 Parking Assistance |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
14.2.3.4 Collision Avoidance System |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
14.2.3.5 Driver Drowsiness Detection |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
14.2.3.6 Automotive Night Vision |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
14.3 Objectives, Context, and Ethical Approval |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
14.4 Technical Background |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
14.4.2 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 Wireless Sensor Network |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
14.5 IoT Infrastructural Components for Vehicle Assistance System |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
14.5.1 Communication Technology |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
14.5.3 Infrastructural Component |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
14.5.4 Human Health Detection by Sensors |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
14.6 IoT-Enabled Vehicle Assistance System of Highway Resourcing for Smart Healthcare and Sustainability |
|
|
349 | (4) |
|
14.7 Challenges in Implementation |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (6) |
|
|
354 | (5) |
|
15 Aids of Machine Learning for Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffold |
|
|
359 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
15.1.3 Comparison Bone Grafting and Bone Scaffold |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
15.3 Statement of Problem |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
15.5 Significance of Research |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
15.6 Outline of Research Methodology |
|
|
366 | (11) |
|
15.6.1 Customized Design of Bone Scaffold |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
15.6.2 Manufacturing Methods and Biocompatible Material |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
15.6.2.1 Conventional Scaffold Fabrication |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
15.6.2.2 Additive Manufacturing |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
15.6.2.3 Application of Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing in Healthcare |
|
|
370 | (6) |
|
15.6.2.4 Automated Process Monitoring in 3D Printing Using Supervised Machine Learning |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
|
377 | (4) |
Index |
|
381 | |