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E-grāmata: Emotion Explained illustrated edition [Oxford Scholarship Online E-books]

  • Formāts: 626 pages, 16 pp colour plates, numerous halftones and line drawings
  • Sērija : Series in Affective Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Sep-2005
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780198570035
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Oxford Scholarship Online E-books
  • Cena pašlaik nav zināma
Emotion Explained illustrated editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: 626 pages, 16 pp colour plates, numerous halftones and line drawings
  • Sērija : Series in Affective Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Sep-2005
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780198570035
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Wiley OnlineMore info about Oxford Scholarship Online e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570035.001.0001/acprof-9780198570035
What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? This book seeks explanations of emotion by considering these questions.

Emotion continues to be a topic of enormous scientific interest. This new book, a successor to 'The Brain and Emotion', (OUP, 1998), describes the nature, functions, and brain mechanisms that underlie both emotion and motivation. 'Emotion Explained' goes beyond examining brain mechanisms of emotion, by proposing a theory of what emotions are, and an evolutionary, Darwinian, theory of the adaptive value of emotion. It also shows that there is a clear relationship between motivation and emotion. The book also examines how cognitive states can modulate emotions, and in turn, how emotions can influence cognitive states. It considers the role of sexual selection in the evolution of affective behaviour. It also examines emotion and decision making, with links to the burgeoning field of neuroeconomics. The book is also unique in considering emotion at several levels - the neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, behavioural, and computational neuroscience levels.
1 Introduction: the issues
1(9)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Rewards and punishers
2(3)
1.3 The approaches taken to emotion and motivation
5(2)
1.4 The plan of the book
7(3)
2 The nature of emotion
10(31)
2.1 Introduction
10(1)
2.2 A theory of emotion
11(2)
2.3 Different emotions
13(8)
2.4 Refinements of the theory of emotion
21(4)
2.5 The classification of emotion
25(1)
2.6 Other theories of emotion
26(6)
2.6.1 The James–Lange and other bodily theories
26(4)
2.6.2 Appraisal theory
30(1)
2.6.3 Dimensional and categorical theories of emotion
31(1)
2.6.4 Other approaches to emotion
31(1)
2.7 Individual differences in emotion, personality, and emotional intelligence
32(3)
2.8 Cognition and Emotion
35(1)
2.9 Emotion, motivation, reward, and mood
36(1)
2.10 The concept of emotion
37(1)
2.11 Advantages of the approach to emotion described here (Rolls' theory of emotion)
38(3)
3 The functions of emotion: reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design
41(22)
3.1 Introduction
41(2)
3.2 Brain design and the functions of emotion
43(6)
3.2.1 Taxes, rewards, and punishers: gene-specified goals for actions, and the flexibility of actions
43(4)
3.2.2 Explicit systems, language, and reinforcement
47(1)
3.2.3 Special-purpose design by an external agent vs evolution by natural selection
48(1)
3.3 Selection of behaviour: cost–benefit 'analysis'
49(2)
3.4 Further functions of emotion
51(8)
3.4.1 Autonomic and endocrine responses
51(1)
3.4.2 Flexibility of behavioural responses
52(1)
3.4.3 Emotional states are motivating
53(1)
3.4.4 Communication
54(3)
3.4.5 Social attachment
57(1)
3.4.6 Separate functions for each different primary reinforcer
57(1)
3.4.7 The mood state can influence the cognitive evaluation of moods or memories
58(1)
3.4.8 Facilitation of memory storage
58(1)
3.4.9 Emotional and mood states are persistent, and help to produce persistent motivation
59(1)
3.4.10 Emotions may trigger memory recall and influence cognitive processing
59(1)
3.5 The functions of emotion in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context
59(2)
3.6 The functions of motivation in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context
61(1)
3.7 Are all goals for action gene-specified?
62(1)
4 The brain mechanisms underlying emotion
63(158)
4.1 Introduction
63(1)
4.2 Overview
63(3)
4.3 Representations of primary reinforcers
66(5)
4.3.1 Taste
67(1)
4.3.2 Smell
67(1)
4.3.3 Pleasant and painful touch
67(2)
4.3.4 Visual stimuli
69(2)
4.4 Representing potential secondary reinforcers
71(20)
4.4.1 The requirements of the representation
71(3)
4.4.2 High capacity
74(1)
4.4.3 Objects, and not their reward and punishment associations, are represented in the inferior temporal visual cortex
75(2)
4.4.4 Object representations
77(1)
4.4.5 Invariant representations of faces and objects in the inferior temporal visual cortex
78(11)
4.4.6 Face expression, gesture and view represented in a population of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus
89(1)
4.4.7 The brain mechanisms that build the appropriate view-invariant representations of objects required for learning emotional responses to objects, including faces
89(2)
4.5 The orbitofrontal cortex
91(58)
4.5.1 Historical background
91(1)
4.5.2 Topology
92(1)
4.5.3 Connections
93(2)
4.5.4 Effects of damage to the orbitofrontal cortex
95(2)
4.5.5 Neurophysiology and functional neuroimaging of the orbitofrontal cortex
97(34)
4.5.6 The human orbitofrontal cortex
131(9)
4.5.7 A neurophysiological and computational basis for stimulus–reinforcer association learning and reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex
140(7)
4.5.8 Executive functions of the orbitofrontal cortex
147(2)
4.6 The amygdala
149(30)
4.6.1 Associative processes involved in emotion-related learning
149(6)
4.6.2 Connections of the amygdala
155(2)
4.6.3 Effects of amygdala lesions
157(7)
4.6.4 Neuronal activity in the primate amygdala to reinforcing stimuli
164(6)
4.6.5 Responses of these amygdala neurons to novel stimuli that are reinforcing
170(2)
4.6.6 Neuronal responses in the amygdala to faces
172(2)
4.6.7 Evidence from humans
174(4)
4.6.8 Amygdala summary
178(1)
4.7 The cingulate cortex
179(8)
4.7.1 Perigenual cingulate cortex and affect
181(4)
4.7.2 Mid-cingulate cortex, the cingulate motor area, and action–outcome learning
185(2)
4.8 Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression
187(1)
4.9 Output pathways for emotional responses
188(6)
4.9.1 The autonomic and endocrine systems
188(1)
4.9.2 Motor systems for implicit responses, including the basal ganglia
189(1)
4.9.3 Output systems for explicit responses to emotional stimuli
190(1)
4.9.4 Basal forebrain and hypothalamus
191(1)
4.9.5 Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
191(3)
4.9.6 Noradrenergic neurons
194(1)
4.10 Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory
194(6)
4.11 Laterality effects in human emotional processing
200(2)
4.12 Summary
202(3)
4.13 Colour plates
205(16)
5 Hunger
221(53)
5.1 Introduction
221(1)
5.2 Peripheral signals for hunger and satiety
221(3)
5.3 The control signals for hunger and satiety
224(9)
5.3.1 Sensory-specific satiety
224(6)
5.3.2 Gastric distension
230(1)
5.3.3 Duodenal chemosensors
230(1)
5.3.4 Glucostatic hypothesis
230(1)
5.3.5 Body fat regulation – leptin or OB protein
231(1)
5.3.6 Conditioned appetite and satiety
232(1)
5.4 The brain control of eating and reward
233(38)
5.4.1 The hypothalamus
233(10)
5.4.2 Brain mechanisms for the reward produced by the taste of food
243(10)
5.4.3 Convergence between taste and olfactory processing to represent flavour
253(1)
5.4.4 Brain mechanisms for the reward produced by the odour of food
254(5)
5.4.5 The responses of orbitofrontal cortex taste and olfactory neurons to the sight of food
259(1)
5.4.6 Functions of the amygdala and temporal cortex in feeding
259(4)
5.4.7 Functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in feeding
263(3)
5.4.8 Functions of the striatum in feeding
266(5)
5.5 Obesity, bulimia, and anorexia
271(2)
5.6 Conclusions on reward, affective responses to food, and the control of appetite
273(1)
6 Thirst
274(14)
6.1 Introduction
274(1)
6.2 Cellular stimuli for drinking
275(1)
6.3 Extracellular thirst stimuli
276(3)
6.3.1 Extracellular stimuli for thirst
276(2)
6.3.2 Role of the kidney in extracellular thirst: the reninangiotensin system
278(1)
6.3.3 Cardiac receptors for thirst
279(1)
6.4 Control of normal drinking
279(3)
6.5 Reward and satiety signals for drinking
282(4)
6.6 Summary
286(2)
7 Brain-stimulation reward
288(20)
7.1 Introduction
288(1)
7.2 The nature of the reward produced
288(4)
7.3 The location of brain-stimulation reward sites in the brain
292(1)
7.4 The effects of brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation
293(1)
7.5 The neurophysiology of reward
294(6)
7.5.1 Lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata
294(2)
7.5.2 Orbitofrontal cortex
296(2)
7.5.3 Amygdala
298(1)
7.5.4 Nucleus accumbens
299(1)
7.5.5 Central gray of the midbrain
299(1)
7.6 Some of the properties of brain-stimulation reward
300(4)
7.6.1 Lack of satiety with brain-stimulation reward
300(2)
7.6.2 Rapid extinction
302(1)
7.6.3 Priming
302(2)
7.7 Stimulus-bound motivational behaviour
304(1)
7.8 Conclusions
305(1)
7.9 Apostasis
306(2)
8 Pharmacology of emotion, reward, and addiction; the basal ganglia
308(50)
8.1 Introduction
308(3)
8.2 The noradrenergic hypothesis
311(1)
8.3 Dopamine and reward
312(9)
8.3.1 Dopamine and electrical self-stimulation of the brain
312(2)
8.3.2 Self-administration of dopaminergic substances, and addiction
314(2)
8.3.3 Behaviours associated with the release of dopamine
316(2)
8.3.4 The activity of dopaminergic neurons and reward
318(3)
8.4 The basal ganglia
321(31)
8.4.1 Systems-level architecture of the basal ganglia
322(1)
8.4.2 Effects of basal ganglia damage
323(2)
8.4.3 Neuronal activity in the striatum
325(14)
8.4.4 What computations are performed by the basal ganglia?
339(1)
8.4.5 How do the basal ganglia perform their computations?
340(9)
8.4.6 Synthesis on the role of dopamine in reward and addiction
349(1)
8.4.7 Synthesis: emotion, dopamine, reward, punishment, and action selection in the basal ganglia
350(2)
8.5 Opiate reward systems, analgesia, and food reward
352(1)
8.6 Pharmacology of depression in relation to brain systems involved in emotion
353(1)
8.7 Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion
354(1)
8.8 Cannabinoids
355(1)
8.9 Overview of behavioural selection and output systems involved in emotion
355(3)
9 Sexual behaviour, reward, and brain function; sexual selection of behaviour
358(42)
9.1 Introduction
358(2)
9.2 Mate selection, attractiveness, and love
360(7)
9.2.1 Female preferences
361(2)
9.2.2 Male preferences
363(3)
9.2.3 Pair-bonding, and Love
366(1)
9.3 Parental attachment, care, and parent–offspring conflict
367(1)
9.4 Sperm competition and its consequences for sexual behaviour
368(7)
9.5 Concealed ovulation and its consequences for sexual behaviour
375(1)
9.6 Sexual selection of sexual and non-sexual behaviour
376(5)
9.6.1 Sexual selection and natural selection
376(3)
9.6.2 Non-sexual characteristics may be sexually selected for courtship
379(2)
9.7 Individual differences in sexual rewards
381(6)
9.7.1 Overview
381(3)
9.7.2 How might different types of behaviour be produced by natural selection altering the relative reward value of different stimuli in different individuals?
384(2)
9.7.3 How being tuned to different types of reward could help to produce individual differences in sexual behaviour
386(1)
9.8 The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexual behaviour
387(8)
9.9 Neural basis of sexual behaviour
395(3)
9.10 Conclusion
398(2)
10 Emotional feelings and consciousness: a theory of consciousness 400(26)
10.1 Introduction
400(1)
10.2 A theory of consciousness
401(10)
10.3 Dual routes to action
411(7)
10.4 Content and meaning in representations
418(2)
10.5 Discussion
420(3)
10.6 Conclusions and comparisons
423(3)
11 Conclusions, and broader issues 426(28)
11.1 Conclusions
426(5)
11.2 Decision-making
431(14)
11.2.1 Selection of mainly autonomic responses, and their classical conditioning
431(1)
11.2.2 Selection of approach or withdrawal, and their classical conditioning
431(1)
11.2.3 Selection of fixed stimulus–response habits
432(1)
11.2.4 Selection of arbitrary behaviours to obtain goals, action–outcome learning, and emotional learning
432(1)
11.2.5 The roles of the prefrontal cortex in decision-making and attention
433(7)
11.2.6 Neuroeconomics, reward value, and expected utility
440(4)
11.2.7 Selection of actions by explicit rational thought
444(1)
11.3 Emotion and ethics
445(4)
11.4 Emotion and literature
449(3)
11.5 Close
452(2)
A Neural networks and emotion-related learning 454(47)
A.1 Neurons in the brain, the representation of information, and neuronal learning mechanisms
454(12)
A.1.1 Introduction
454(1)
A.1.2 Neurons in the brain, and their representation in neuronal networks
454(2)
A.1.3 A formalism for approaching the operation of single neurons in a network
456(2)
A.1.4 Synaptic modification
458(1)
A.1.5 Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression
459(5)
A.1.6 Distributed representations
464(2)
A.2 Pattern association memory
466(17)
A.2.1 Architecture and operation
466(3)
A.2.2 A simple model
469(3)
A.2.3 The vector interpretation
472(1)
A.2.4 Properties
472(3)
A.2.5 Prototype extraction, extraction of central tendency, and noise reduction
475(1)
A.2.6 Speed
475(1)
A.2.7 Local learning rule
476(6)
A.2.8 Implications of different types of coding for storage in pattern associators
482(1)
A.3 Autoassociation memory: attractor networks
483(8)
A.3.1 Architecture and operation
483(2)
A.3.2 Introduction to the analysis of the operation of autoassociation networks
485(1)
A.3.3 Properties
486(5)
A.4 Coupled attractor networks
491(2)
A.5 Reinforcement learning
493(8)
A.5.1 Associative reward–penalty algorithm of Barto and Sutton
494(2)
A.5.2 Error correction or delta rule learning, and classical conditioning
496(1)
A.5.3 Temporal Difference (TD) learning
497(4)
B Reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex – a model 501(24)
B.1 Introduction
501(2)
B.2 The model of stimulus–reinforcer association reversal
503(8)
B.2.1 The network
504(3)
B.2.2 Reward reversal: the operation of the rule module neurons
507(2)
B.2.3 The neurons in the model
509(1)
B.2.4 The synapses in the model
510(1)
B.3 Operation of the reward reversal model
511(4)
B.4 A model of reversal of a conditional object-response task by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
515(2)
B.5 Evaluation of the models
517(4)
B.6 Integrate-and-Fire model equations and parameters
521(1)
B.7 Simulation of fMRI signals: haemodynamic convolution of synaptic activity
522(3)
C Glossary 525(3)
References 528(73)
Index 601
Edmund T. Rolls is Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow and Tutor of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He read preclinical medicine at the University of Cambridge, and now performs research in neuroscience at Oxford. His research links neurophysiological and computational neuroscience approaches to human functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in order to provide a fundamental basis for understanding human brain function and its disorders. He is author of The Brain and Emotion (1999, Oxford University Press), with A.Treves of Neural Networks and Brain Function (1998, Oxford University Press), and with G.Deco of Computational Neuroscience of Vision (2002, Oxford University Press).
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780198570035_pe.html
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