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E-grāmata: Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology

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This volume addresses the multi-disciplinary topic of engineering geology and the environment, one of the fastest growing, most relevant and applied fields of research and study within the geosciences. It covers the fundamentals of geology and engineering where the two fields overlap and, in addition, highlights specialized topics that address principles, concepts and paradigms of the discipline, including operational terms, materials, tools, techniques and methods as well as processes, procedures and implications.

A number of well known and respected international experts contributed to this authoritative volume, thereby ensuring proper geographic representation, professional credibility and reliability. This superb volume provides a dependable and ready source of information on approximately 300 topical entries relevant to all aspects of engineering geology. Extensive illustrations, figures, images, tables and detailed bibliographic citations ensure that the comprehensively defined contributions are broadly and clearly explained.

The Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology provides a ready source of reference for several fields of study and practice including civil engineers, geologists, physical geographers, architects, hazards specialists, hydrologists, geotechnicians, geophysicists, geomorphologists, planners, resource explorers, and many others. As a key library reference, this book is an essential technical source for undergraduate and graduate students in their research. Teachers/professors can rely on it as the final authority and the first source of reference on engineering geology related studies as it provides an exceptional resource to train and educate the next generation of practitioners.

Recenzijas

This book was awarded the best Single Volume Reference Award in Science PROSE Award in 2019 by The Association of American Publishers (AAP).

Editorial Board v
Contributors xvii
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
Abrasion
1(3)
Brian R. Marker
Accreditation
4(1)
Robert E. Tepel
Acid Mine Drainage
5(1)
Paul L. Younger
Acidity (pH)
6(1)
I. V. Galitskaya
Aeolian Processes
6(2)
Brian R. Marker
Aerial Photography
8(5)
Richard Guthrie
Aeromagnetic Survey
13(5)
Wendy Zhou
Aggregate
18(1)
Peter T. Bobrowsky
Aggregate Tests
19(1)
Peter T. Bobrowsky
Alkali-Silica Reaction
20(1)
Brian R. Marker
Alteration
21(1)
Yonathan Admassu
Angle of Internal Friction
22(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Angle of Repose
23(2)
Nian-Sheng Cheng
Aquifer
25(2)
Maurizio Guerra
Aquitard
27(1)
Maurizio Guerra
Armor Stone
28(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Artesian
29(1)
Maurizio Guerra
Artificial Ground
30(14)
Colin N. Waters
Atterberg Limits
44(3)
Abdul Shakoor
Avalanche
47(2)
Peter T. Bobrowsky
Barton-Bandis Criterion
49(8)
Nick Barton
Beach Replenishment
57(1)
D. E. Reeve
H. Karunarathna
Bearing Capacity
58(2)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Bedrock
60(1)
Mihaela Stanciucu
Biological Weathering
61(1)
Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frasca
Eliane Aparecida Del Lama
Blasting
62(1)
Gregory L. Hempen
Borehole Investigations
63(5)
Eduardo Kruse
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Sayedeh Zahra Hosseini-Teshnizi
Boreholes
68(5)
Noureddine Gaaloul
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Boulders
73(1)
Peter T. Bobrowsky
Bridges
74(18)
Vasant Matsagar
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Mohammad Raeisi
George Lee
Sona Pazdar
Aida Bagheri-Basmenji
Brownfield Sites
92(2)
Brian R. Marker
Building Stone
94(2)
Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frasca
Cid Chiodi Filho
Bulk Modulus
96(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
California Bearing Ratio
97(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Cambering
98(1)
Peter Hobbs
A. J. Mark Barron
Cap Rock
99(1)
Rosalind Munro
Capillarity
100(2)
Mihaela Stanciucu
Casagrande Test
102(1)
Gwyn Lintern
Casing
103(3)
Ron C. K. Wong
Catchment
106(1)
Jerome V. De Graff
Cement
107(1)
John L. Provis
Characterization of Soils
108(6)
Abdul Shakoor
Chemical Weathering
114(6)
Isabel M. R. Duarte
Celso S. F. Gomes
Antonio B. Pinho
Chezy Formula
120(2)
Rosalind Munro
Classification of Rocks
122(3)
Arpita Nandi
Classification of Soils
125(8)
Isabel M. R. Duarte
Carlos M. G. Rodrigues
Antonio B. Pinho
Clay
133(1)
Arpita Nandi
Climate Change
134(14)
Paola Mercogliano
Edoardo Bucchignani
Alfredo Reder
Guido Rianna
Coal
148(1)
Laurance Donnelly
Coast Defenses
149(2)
H. Karunarathna
D. E. Reeve
Coastal Environments
151(7)
Enzo Pranzini
Allan Williams
Coefficient of Uniformity
158(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Cofferdam
159(2)
Qin Qian
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Maryam Marani-Barzani
Farnaz Rafat
A.H. Hasantabar-Amiri
Cohesive Soils
161(1)
Tej P. Gautam
Collapsible Soils
162(5)
Martin Culshaw
I. Jefferson
Compaction
167(3)
Abdul Shakoor
Compression
170(9)
Joseph B. Adeyeri
Concrete
179(1)
Rosalind Munro
Conductivity
180(2)
Michael de Freitas
Cone Penetrometer
182(1)
Wendy Zhou
Consolidation
183(1)
Renato Macciotta
Contamination
184(1)
I. V. Galitskaya
Cross Sections
185(1)
Michael de Freitas
Crushed Rock
186(1)
Brian R. Marker
Current Action
187(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Cut and Cover
188(2)
Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Cut and Fill
190(3)
Hisashi Nirei
Muneki Mitamura
Dams
193(12)
William H. Godwin
William F. Cole
Darcy's Law
205(1)
Renato Macciotta
Databases
206(1)
David Christopher Entwisle
Deformation
207(2)
Andrea Manconi
Density
209(2)
D. Jean Hutchinson
Desert Environments
211(2)
Martin Stokes
Desiccation
213(2)
Jayantha Kodikara
Designing Site Investigations
215(6)
William H. Godwin
Deviatoric Stress
221(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Dewatering
222(7)
Martin Preene
Diagenesis
229(2)
David J. Burdige
Dilatancy
231(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Dispersivity
232(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Dissolution
233(2)
Martin Culshaw
Anthony H. Cooper
Drilling
235(9)
Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Drilling Hazards
244(4)
Andrew J. Stumpf
Durability
248(1)
Antonio B. Pinho
Pedro Santarem Andrade
Dynamic Compaction/Compression
249(2)
Fook-Hou Lee
Earthquake
251(9)
Shengwen Qi
Earthquake Intensity
260(1)
John F. Cassidy
Maurice Lamontagne
Earthquake Magnitude
261(2)
John F. Cassidy
Effective Stress
263(1)
Michael T. Hendry
Elasticity
264(1)
Michael T. Hendry
Engineering Geological Maps
265(12)
Martin Culshaw
Engineering Geology
277(1)
Jerome V. De Graff
Engineering Geomorphological Mapping
278(14)
Brendan Miller
Deepa Filatow
Anja Dufresne
Marten Geertsema
Meaghan Dinney
Engineering Geomorphology
292(1)
Jan Klimes
Jan Blahut
Engineering Properties
293(3)
Rosalind Munro
Environmental Assessment
296(3)
Jerome V. De Graff
Environments
299(2)
Brian R. Marker
Equipotential Lines
301(1)
Michael de Freitas
Erosion
302(5)
Roland H. Brady
Ethics
307(4)
Silvia Peppoloni
Giuseppe Di Capua
Evaporites
311(1)
Anthony H. Cooper
Excavation
312(2)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Expansive Soils
314(6)
Lee Jones
Exposure Logging
320(3)
James P. McCalpin
Extensometer
323(2)
Jan Klimes
Facies
325(2)
Brian R. Marker
Factor of Safety
327(1)
Renato Macciotta
Failure Criteria
328(1)
Sina Javankhoshdel
Brigid Cami
Faults
329(7)
Laurance Donnelly
Field Testing
336(7)
Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Filtration
343(1)
Giovanni B. Crosta
Floods
344(6)
Fabio Luino
Fluid Withdrawal
350(7)
Giuseppe Gambolati
Fluidization
357(1)
Osamu Kazaoka
Hisashi Nirei
Fluvial Environments
358(6)
James E. Evans
Foundations
364(11)
Alessandro Flora
Renato Lancellotta
Carlo Viggiani
Gabions
375(1)
Rosalind Munro
Gases
376(2)
Brian R. Marker
Geochemistry
378(3)
I. V. Galitskaya
E. P. Yanin
Geohazards
381(8)
Martin Culshaw
Geological Structures
389(7)
Rafi Ahmad
Geology
396(2)
Brian R. Marker
Geophysical Methods
398(8)
George W. Tuckwell
Geopolymers
406(1)
Brant Walkley
Geostatic Stress
407(1)
Rosalind Munro
Geotechnical Engineering
408(1)
Michael T. Hendry
Geotextiles
409(2)
Saeid Eslamian
Majedeh Sayahi
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Sayedeh Zahra Hosseini-Teshnizi
Sayed Alireza Zareei
Niloofar Salemi
Geothermal Energy
411(6)
Valentino Svalova
GIS
417(4)
Marko Komac
Glacier Environments
421(4)
B. Menounos
Alexandre Bevington
Marten Geertsema
Gradation/Grading
425(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Ground Anchors
426(1)
Alberto Ortigao
Ground Motion Amplification
427(2)
David A. Gunn
Ground Preparation
429(3)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Ground Pressure
432(5)
Robert (H. R. G. K.) Hack
Ground Shaking
437(1)
Giuliano F. Panza
Concettina Nunziata
Groundwater
438(8)
Carlo Percopo
Maurizio Guerra
Groundwater Rebound
446(3)
Giovanni B.
Crosta
Mattia De Caro
Grouting
449(2)
Kerry Cato
Hazard
451(3)
Richard Guthrie
Hazard Assessment
454(25)
Claudio Margottini
Scira Menoni
Hazard Mapping
479(8)
Rosalind Munro
Hoek-Brown Criterion
487(1)
Wendy Zhou
Hooke's Law
488(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Hydraulic Action
489(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Hydraulic Fracturing
489(6)
Erik Eberhardt
Afshin Amini
Hydrocompaction
495(1)
Rosalind Munro
Hydrogeology
496(4)
Carlo Percopo
Maurizio Guerra
Hydrology
500(1)
Arpita Nandi
Hydrothermal Alteration
501(2)
Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
International Association of Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG)
503(1)
Scott Burns
Igneous Rocks
504(5)
Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frasca
Eliane Aparecida Del Lama
Inclinometer
509(3)
Giorgio Lollino
Paolo Allasia
Daniele Giordan
Induced Seismicity
512(1)
Erik Eberhardt
Afshin Amini
Infiltration
513(2)
Emna Gargouri-Ellouze
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Rim Cherif
Maroua Bouteffeha
Fairouz Slama
Infrastructure
515(2)
Brian R. Marker
InSAR
517(1)
Marko Komac
Instrumentation
518(16)
David E. Y. Elwood
International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH)
534(1)
John Chilton
International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM)
535(1)
Luis Lamas
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
536(3)
Rosalind Munro
Jacking Test
539(2)
Rosalind Munro
Karst
541(6)
Tony Waltham
Lacustrine Deposits
547(5)
G. Vessia
D. Di Curzio
Land Use
552(2)
Jerome V. De Graff
Landfill
554(11)
Brian R.
Marker
Landforms
565(14)
Francisco Gutierrez
Mauro Soldati
Landslide
579(1)
Reginald L. Hermanns
Laplace Equation
580(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Laser Scanning
581(2)
Heinz Ruther
Lateral Pressure
583(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Levees
584(2)
J. David Rogers
Lidar
586(1)
William C. Haneberg
Limestone
587(2)
Brian R. Marker
Liners
589(2)
David Korte
Liquefaction
591(1)
Thomas Oommen
Liquid Limit
592(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Loess
593(2)
Mihaela Stanciucu
Manning Formula
595(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Marine Environments
595(2)
Brian R. Marker
Mass Movement
597(7)
James S. Griffiths
Mechanical Properties
604(15)
Robert (H. R. G. K.) Hack
Metamorphic Rocks
619(5)
Eliane Aparecida Del Lama
Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Erased
Mine Closure
624(4)
Jerome V. De Graff
Mineralization
628(1)
David H. Huntley
Mining
629(20)
Laurance Donnelly
Mining Hazards
649(7)
Laurance Donnelly
Modelling
656(9)
Jose Antonio Fernandez-Merodo
Modulus of Deformation
665(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Modulus of Elasticity
666(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Mohr Circle
666(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelope
667(2)
Robert (H. R. G. K.) Hack
Monitoring
669(7)
Andrea Manconi
Mountain Environments
676(7)
Alexandre Bevington
Marc-Andre Brideau
Marten Geertsema
Nearshore Structures
683(6)
Susan Gourvenec
Noncohesive Soils
689(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Normal Stress
690(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Organic Soils and Peats
691(6)
Sina Kazemian
Peels
697(2)
Hisashi Nirei
Osamu Kazaoka
Percolation
699(2)
Saeide Parvizi
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Alireza Yazdani
Vijay P. Singh
Permafrost
701(4)
Wendy Zhou
Petrographic Analysis
705(8)
Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Erased
Photogrammetry
713(1)
K. S. Sajinkumar
Thomas Oommen
Physical Weathering
714(5)
Antonio B. Pinho
Pedro Santarem Andrade
Isabel M. R. Duarte
Piezometer
719(1)
Michael de Freitas
Pipes/Pipelines
720(7)
Richard Guthrie
Plastic Limit
727(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Plasticity Index
727(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Poisson's Ratio
728(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Pollution
729(3)
Brian R. Marker
Pore Pressure
732(1)
Michael T. Hendry
Pressure
732(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Probabilistic Hazard Assessment
733(2)
Rosalind Munro
Probability
735(2)
Rosalind Munro
Professional Practice
737(2)
Ruth Allington
Quick Clay
739(1)
Marten Geertsema
Quicksand
740(3)
Gwyn Lintern
Reduced Stress
743(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Remote Sensing
743(3)
Janusz Wasowski
Daniele Giordan
Vern Singhroy
Reservoirs
746(5)
Saeid Eslamian
Ali Reza Gohari
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Negin Sadeghi
Residual Soils
751(1)
Isabel M. R. Duarte
Carlos M. G. Rodrigues
Restoration
752(2)
Jerome V. De Graff
Retaining Structures
754(4)
Rosalind Munro
Risk Assessment
758(3)
Rudiger Escobar-Wolf ElHachemi Bouali
Thomas Oommen
Risk Mapping
761(8)
Cees J. Van Westen
Rock Bolts
769(1)
Alberto Ortigao
Rock Coasts
770(4)
Allan Williams
Enzo Pranzini
Rock Field Tests
774(8)
Yonathan Admassu
Rock Laboratory Tests
782(13)
Tatiana Rotonda
Paolo Tommasi
Rock Mass Classification
795(1)
William H. Godwin
Rock Mechanics
796(2)
D. Jean Hutchinson
Mark Diederichs
Rock Properties
798(7)
Abdul Shakoor
Run-Off
805(2)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Sabkha
807(1)
Matthew McMackin
William H. Godwin
Saline Soils
808(1)
Frank Eckardt
Sand
809(2)
Gwyn Lintern
Saturation
811(1)
Saeid Eslamian
Majedeh Sayahi
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Shamsa Basirat
Mohsen Ghane
Mohammed Matouq
Sea Level
812(4)
Max Barton
Sedimentary Rocks
816(2)
Paulo Cesar Boggiani
Sediments
818(1)
Nicolas R. Dalezios
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Shahab Rabbani
Ali Saeidi-Rizi
Sequence Stratigraphy
819(10)
David H. Huntley
Shale
829(1)
Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Shear Modulus
830(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Shear Strength
831(2)
Michael T. Hendry
Shear Stress
833(1)
Renato Macciotta
Shear Zone
834(1)
Renato Macciotta
Shotcrete
834(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Silt
835(1)
Gwyn Lintern
Sinkholes
836(5)
Victor P. Khomenko
Vladimir V. Tolmachev
Site Investigation
841(2)
Jerome V. De Graff
Slurry Trench
843(1)
Yu-Chao Li
Peter John Cleall
Soil Field Tests
844(9)
Jerome V. De Graff
Soil Laboratory Tests
853(18)
Binod Tiwari
Beena Ajmera
Soil Mechanics
871(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Soil Nails
872(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Soil Properties
873(7)
Jerome V. De Graff
Stabilization
880(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Strain
881(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Strength
882(1)
Renato Macciotta
Stress
883(1)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Subsidence
883(4)
Milan Lazecky
Eva Jirankova
Pavel Kadlecik
Subsurface Exploration
887(8)
Paula F. da Silva
Surface Rupture
895(1)
James P. McCalpin
Surveying
896(3)
Thomas Oommen
Tailings
899(1)
Jerome V. De Graff
Tension Cracks
900(2)
Michael de Freitas
Thermistor
902(1)
Xiaoqiu Yang
Weiren Lin
Thermocouple
903(1)
Jan Vlcko
Tiltmeter
904(1)
Daniele Spizzichino
Tropical Environments
905(5)
Raft Ahmad
Tsunamis
910(1)
Kazuhisa Goto
Tunnels
911(12)
William H. Godwin
Richard Escandon
Vegetation Cover
923(1)
Jerome V. De Graff
Velocity Ratio
924(1)
Aleksandr Zhigalin
Vibrations
924(2)
Aleksandr Zhigalin
Viscosity
926(3)
Robert (H. R. G. K.) Hack
Voids
929(6)
Anthony H. Cooper
Volcanic Environments
935(10)
David K. Chester
Angus M. Duncan
Waste Management
945(3)
Brian R. Marker
Water
948(4)
Saeid Eslamian
Saeide Parvizi
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Hossein Talebmorad
Water Testing
952(1)
Andrew J. Stumpf
Wells
953(2)
Giovanni Barrocu
Saeid Eslamian
Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Vijay P. Singh
Young's Modulus
955(2)
Jeffrey R. Keaton
Zone of Influence
957(2)
Pavel Kuklik
Author Index 959(2)
Subject Index 961
Peter Bobrowsky is a Research Scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada (Sidney, BC), and Adjunct Full Professor at Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, BC) and University of Victoria (Victoria, BC). He received his PhD in Geology in 1988 from the University of Alberta, Canada and formally registered with the BC Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists in 1992. During his 30 year career he has worked extensively in engineering geology with a primary emphasis on mineral resource studies (aggregates) and natural hazards (landslides, paleotsunamis). He was the President of the Geological Association of Canada, President of the Canadian Quaternary Association, Secretary General of IUGS and is currently the President of the International Consortium on Landslides.





Brian Marker received BSc and PhD degrees in Geology from the University of London, UK in 1968 and 1972 respectively. He became a Chartered Geologist in 1992. He worked for over 30 years for the UK Department of the Environment and its successor Departments advising on land use planning issues associated with minerals supply, natural hazards, contaminated land and waste management. Since retirement in 2006 he had been an independent consultant as well as serving as an Editorial Board member of the Bulletin of the IAEG, a Councillor of the Geological Society (London) and, since 2013, as Chairman of the IUGS Publications Committee.