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Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics [Mīkstie vāki]

Ethirajan Rathakrishnan (Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India)

Formāts: Paperback / softback, 506 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 1050 g, 118 Line drawings, black and white; 91 Halftones, black and white; 117 Illustrations, color; 92 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 16-Dec-2022
Izdevniecība: CRC Press
ISBN-10: 1032382384
ISBN-13: 9781032382388

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Mechanics of fluids - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)
Mechanical engineering - (Noliktavā: 3 punkts)
Production engineering
Automotive technology & trades - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)
Applied mathematics - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)
Fluid mechanics
Aerospace & aviation technology - (Noliktavā: 2 punkts)

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Bibliotēkām

Formāts: Paperback / softback, 506 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 1050 g, 118 Line drawings, black and white; 91 Halftones, black and white; 117 Illustrations, color; 92 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 16-Dec-2022
Izdevniecība: CRC Press
ISBN-10: 1032382384
ISBN-13: 9781032382388

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Mechanics of fluids - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)
Mechanical engineering - (Noliktavā: 3 punkts)
Production engineering
Automotive technology & trades - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)
Applied mathematics - (Noliktavā: 1 punkts)
Fluid mechanics
Aerospace & aviation technology - (Noliktavā: 2 punkts)

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781032382388.html

Keywords:

Fluid mechanics - Encyclopedias

This book was developed using material from teaching courses on fluid mechanics, high-speed flows, aerodynamics, high-enthalpy flows, experimental methods, aircraft design, heat transfer, introduction to engineering, and wind engineering. It precisely presents the theoretical and application aspects of the terms associated with these courses. It explains concepts such as cyclone, typhoon, hurricane, and tornado, by highlighting the subtle difference between them. The text comprehensively introduces the subject vocabulary of fluid mechanics for use in courses in engineering and the physical sciences.

This book Presents the theoretical aspects and applications of high-speed flows, aerodynamics, high-enthalpy flows, and aircraft design. Provides a ready reference source for readers to learn essential concepts related to flow physics, rarefied, and stratified flows. Comprehensively covers topics such as laser Doppler anemometer, latent heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporisation. Includes schematic sketches and photographic images to equip the reader with a better view of the concepts.

This is ideal study material for senior undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, flow physics, civil engineering, automotive engineering, and manufacturing engineering.

Preface

lxi

Author

lxiii

1 Ablation to Axisymmetric Flow

(34)

1.1 Ablation

(1)

1.2 Ablaze

(1)

1.3 Abnormal weather

(1)

1.4 Above ground level

(1)

1.5 Absolute entropy

(1)

1.6 Absolute humidity

(1)

1.7 Absolute incidence

(1)

1.8 Absolute pressure

(1)

1.9 Absolute temperature scale

(1)

1.10 Absolute velocity

(1)

1.11 Acceleration

(1)

1.12 Acceleration due to gravity

(1)

1.13 Acceleration work

(1)

1.14 Acceptable noise level

(1)

1.15 Accuracy vs. precision

(1)

1.16 Acetone

(1)

1.17 Acid

(1)

1.18 Ackeret's theory

(1)

1.19 Acoustics

(1)

1.20 Acoustical engineering

(1)

1.21 Active control

(1)

1.22 Active transport

(1)

1.23 Actuator disc theory

(1)

1.24 Adhesion

(1)

1.25 Adiabatic efficiency of nozzles

(1)

1.26 Adiabatic flame temperature

(1)

1.27 Adiabatic process

(1)

1.28 Advection

(1)

1.29 Advection process

(1)

1.30 Adverse pressure gradient

(1)

1.31 Adverse yaw

(1)

1.32 Aeroacoustics

(1)

1.33 Aeroballistics

(1)

1.34 Aerobatics

(1)

1.35 Aerobraking

(1)

1.36 Aerocapture

(1)

1.37 Aerodrome

(1)

1.38 Aerodynamic centre

(1)

1.39 Aerodynamic efficiency

(1)

1.40 Aerodynamic forces

(1)

1.41 Aerodynamic force and moment coefficients

(1)

1.42 Aerodynamic heating

(1)

1.43 Aerodynamic problems

(1)

1.44 Aerodynamic twist

(1)

1.45 Aerodynamics

(1)

1.46 Aerodynamics in other fields

(1)

1.47 Aerodynamically untwisted aerofoil

(1)

1.48 Aeroelasticity

(1)

1.49 Aerofoil

(1)

1.50 Aerofoil nomenclature

(1)

1.51 Aerofoil section

(1)

1.52 Aerofoils of small aspect ratio

(1)

1.53 Aeronautics

(1)

1.54 Aero gravity

(1)

1.55 Aeroplane

(1)

1.56 Aerosol

(1)

1.57 Aerospace

(1)

1.58 Aerospace engineering

(1)

1.59 Aerothermodynamics

(1)

1.60 Afterburner

(1)

1.61 Ailerons

(1)

1.62 Air

(1)

1.63 Airbrakes

(1)

1.64 Air conditioners

(1)

1.65 Air-cooler

(1)

1.66 Air flow meter

(1)

1.67 Air-fuel ratio

(1)

1.68 Air intake system

(1)

1.69 Air pollution

(1)

1.70 Air traffic control (ATC)

(1)

1.71 Aircraft

(1)

1.72 Aircraft classification

(1)

1.73 Aircraft configurations

(1)

1.74 Aeroplane

(1)

1.75 Airport

(1)

1.76 Airship

(1)

1.77 Airspeed

(1)

1.78 Airspeed indicator (ASI)

(1)

1.79 Airway

(1)

1.80 Alcohol

(1)

1.81 Alcoholic fermentation

(1)

1.82 Alfa Laval nozzle

(1)

1.83 Alfa Laval spray nozzle

(1)

1.84 Altimeter

(1)

1.85 Altitude-compensating nozzle

(1)

1.86 Amagat's law of additive volumes

(1)

1.87 Ammonia

(1)

1.88 Ammonia and hydrochloric acid

(1)

1.89 Ammonia solution

(1)

1.90 Amplitude

(1)

1.91 Amplitude of sound

(1)

1.92 Analogue methods

(1)

1.93 Anechoic chamber

(1)

1.94 Anemometer

(1)

1.95 Anemometer cup

(1)

1.96 Aneroid barometer

(1)

1.97 Angle of attack

(1)

1.98 Angle of attack of helicopter

(1)

1.99 Anhedral

(1)

1.100 Annular flow

(1)

1.101 Annular flow Reynolds number

(1)

1.102 Antiseptics

(1)

1.103 Aqua regia

(1)

1.104 Aquifer

(1)

1.105 Arch dam

(1)

1.106 Archimedes' principle

(1)

1.107 Area-Mach number relation

(1)

1.108 Area-velocity relation

(1)

1.109 Argand diagram

(1)

1.110 Argon

(1)

1.111 Arrow

(1)

1.112 Articulated rotor system

(1)

1.113 Aspect ratio

(1)

1.114 Atlantic hurricane

(1)

1.115 Atom

(1)

1.116 Atomic mass

(1)

1.117 Atomic number

(1)

1.118 Atomic physics

(1)

1.119 Astronomical unit

(1)

1.120 Astronomy

(1)

1.121 Astrophysics

(1)

1.122 Asymmetrical aerofoil

(1)

1.123 Atmosphere

(1)

1.124 Atmospheric boundary layer

(1)

1.125 Atmospheric boundary layer thickness

(1)

1.126 Atmospheric pressure

(1)

1.127 Atmospheric temperature

(1)

1.128 Atmospheric turbulence

(1)

1.129 Audible range of human ear

(1)

1.130 Automotive cooling system

(1)

1.131 Autorotation

(1)

1.132 Availability

(1)

1.133 Average chord

(1)

1.134 Aviation

(1)

1.135 Aviation gasoline

(1)

1.136 Avionics

(1)

1.137 Avogadro's law

(1)

1.138 Avogadro's number

(1)

1.139 Axial flow fan

(1)

1.140 Axial flow pumps

(1)

1.141 Axis-switching

(1)

1.142 Axisymmetric flow

(1)

2 Backflow to Bypass Ratio

(26)

2.1 Backflow

(1)

2.2 Backpressure

(1)

2.3 Back work ratio

(1)

2.4 Baking

(1)

2.5 Ball valve

(1)

2.6 Ballistics

(1)

2.7 Ballistic missile

(1)

2.8 Balloon

(1)

2.9 Banked turn

(1)

2.10 Bar

(1)

2.11 Barometer

(2)

2.12 Barometric pressure

(1)

2.13 Barotropic fluids

(1)

2.14 Barrage

(1)

2.15 Barrel shock

(1)

2.16 Base drag

(1)

2.17 Base pressure

(1)

2.18 Basic dimensions

(1)

2.19 Basic laws

(1)

2.20 Basic potential equation for compressible flow

(1)

2.21 Basic solutions of Laplace's equation

(1)

2.22 Battery

(1)

2.23 Beckmann thermometer

(1)

2.24 Beer

(1)

2.25 Benzene

(1)

2.26 Benzene ring

(1)

2.27 Bernoulli's equation

(1)

2.28 Bernoulli's principle

(1)

2.29 Betz manometer

(1)

2.30 Biharmonic equation

(1)

2.31 Bimetallic thermometers

(1)

2.32 Binary vapour cycle

(1)

2.33 Biogas

(1)

2.34 Biot number

(1)

2.35 Biot--Savart law

(1)

2.36 Biplane

(1)

2.37 Black hole

(1)

2.38 Black hole types

(1)

2.39 Black tea

(1)

2.40 Blade angle

(1)

2.41 Blade element theory

(1)

2.42 Blade loading

(1)

2.43 Blade stall

(1)

2.44 Blasius boundary layer

(1)

2.45 Blasius equation

(1)

2.46 Blasius solution

(1)

2.47 Blasius theorem

(1)

2.48 Blaze

(1)

2.49 Blended winglets

(1)

2.50 Blenk's method

(1)

2.51 Blockage effect

(1)

2.52 Blood

(1)

2.53 Blood in the human body

(1)

2.54 Blood plasma

(1)

2.55 Blood pressure

(1)

2.56 Blowdown tunnel operation

(1)

2.57 Blower

(1)

2.58 Bluff body

(1)

2.59 Boat

(1)

2.60 Boattail

(1)

2.61 Body forces

(1)

2.62 Boiling

(1)

2.63 Boiling temperature of water

(1)

2.64 Boltzmann constant

(1)

2.65 Boltzmann distribution

(1)

2.66 Boltzmann equation for entropy

(1)

2.67 Bond energy

(1)

2.68 Booster pump

(1)

2.69 Bose--Einstein statistics

(1)

2.70 Bosons

(1)

2.71 Bound vortex

(1)

2.72 Boundary conditions

(1)

2.73 Boundary layer

(1)

2.74 Boundary layer blowing

(1)

2.75 Boundary layer control

(1)

2.76 Boundary layer fencing

(1)

2.77 Boundary layer suction

(1)

2.78 Boundary layer thickness

(1)

2.79 Boundary layer tripping

(1)

2.80 Bow shock

(1)

2.81 Boyle's law

(1)

2.82 Brake horsepower

(1)

2.83 Bray ton cycle

(1)

2.84 Breathing

(1)

2.85 Breathing blunt nose technique

(1)

2.86 Breeze

(1)

2.87 Broadband noise

(1)

2.88 Brownian motion

(1)

2.89 Bubble

(1)

2.90 Bubble flow

(1)

2.91 Bucket friction loss coefficient

(1)

2.92 Buckingham π-theorem

(1)

2.93 Bungee jumping

(1)

2.94 Buoyancy

(1)

2.95 Butter

(1)

2.96 Buttermilk

(1)

2.97 Bypass ratio

(1)

3 Calcium to Cylindrical Rectangular Aerofoil

(46)

3.1 Calcium

(1)

3.2 Calcium carbonate

(1)

3.3 Calibration

(1)

3.4 Caloric equations of state

(1)

3.5 Calorical properties

(1)

3.6 Calorific value

(1)

3.7 Calorific values of fuel

(1)

3.8 Camber

(1)

3.9 Camberline

(1)

3.10 Canard configuration

(1)

3.11 Canted winglets

(1)

3.12 Capacitance pickup

(1)

3.13 Capillary

(1)

3.14 Capillary action

(1)

3.15 Capillary waves

(1)

3.16 Carbonated water

(1)

3.17 Car not cycle

(1)

3.18 Carnot heat engine

(1)

3.19 Carnot heat pump

(1)

3.20 Carnot principles

(1)

3.21 Carnot refrigerator

(1)

3.22 Carnot's theorem

(1)

3.23 Cascade flow

(1)

3.24 Cauchy-Riemann equations

(1)

3.25 Cavitation

(1)

3.26 Ceiling

(1)

3.27 Centre of pressure

(1)

3.28 Centre of pressure coefficient

(1)

3.29 Centreline decay

(1)

3.30 Centrifugal force

(1)

3.31 Centrifugal pumps

(1)

3.32 Centripetal force

(1)

3.33 Channel

(1)

3.34 Chaotic advection

(1)

3.35 Chaotic flow

(1)

3.36 Chaotic mixing

(1)

3.37 Characteristics

(1)

3.38 Characteristic decay

(1)

3.39 Characteristic Mach number

(1)

3.40 Charles' law

(1)

3.41 Chemical coating

(1)

3.42 Chemical energy

(1)

3.43 Chemical equilibrium

(1)

3.44 Choking

(1)

3.45 Chord of an aerofoil

(1)

3.46 Chord line

(1)

3.47 Chromatography

(1)

3.48 Chromel

(1)

3.49 Chromel-alumel thermocouple

(1)

3.50 Churn

(1)

3.51 Churn flow

(1)

3.52 Cider

(1)

3.53 Circular motion

(1)

3.54 Circular vortex

(1)

3.55 Circulation

(1)

3.56 Citric acid

(1)

3.57 Clapeyron equation

(1)

3.58 Classical hydrodynamics

(1)

3.59 Classical thermodynamics

(1)

3.60 Classification of auxiliary lift devices

(1)

3.61 Classification of hypersonic wind tunnels

(1)

3.62 Classification of pressure measuring devices

(1)

3.63 Classification of wind tunnel balance

(1)

3.64 Clausius statement of the second law is thermodynamics

(1)

3.65 Claw yaw probe

(1)

3.66 Clay

(1)

3.67 Closed-circuit tunnel

(1)

3.68 Closed-throat tunnel

(1)

3.69 Closed system

(1)

3.70 Cloud

(1)

3.71 Cloudburst

(1)

3.72 Coal

(1)

3.73 Coanda effect

(1)

3.74 Coastal flood

(1)

3.75 Coaxial

(1)

3.76 Cobra probe

(1)

3.77 Coconut oil

(1)

3.78 Coefficient of performance

(1)

3.79 Coefficient of (cubic) thermal expansion

(1)

3.80 Coefficient of volume expansion

(1)

3.81 Coffee

(1)

3.82 Cogeneration

(1)

3.83 Colloid

(1)

3.84 Colloidal solutions

(1)

3.85 Combined gas-vapour cycle

(1)

3.86 Combustion

(1)

3.87 Combustion chamber

(1)

3.88 Combustion temperature of charcoal

(1)

3.89 Combustion temperature of coal

(1)

3.90 Combustion temperature of gasoline

(1)

3.91 Combustion temperature of jet fuel

(1)

3.92 Combustion temperature of kerosene

(1)

3.93 Combustion temperature of wood

(1)

3.94 Combustor

(1)

3.95 Complex number

(1)

3.96 Components of a wind tunnel

(1)

3.97 Compound

(1)

3.98 Compound helicopter

(1)

3.99 Compound pendulum

(1)

3.100 Compound vortex

(1)

3.101 Compressed air

(1)

3.102 Compressed liquid

(1)

3.103 Compressed natural gas

(1)

3.104 Compressible aerodynamics

(1)

3.105 Compressible Bernoulli's equation

(1)

3.106 Compressible flow

(1)

3.107 Compressible flow regimes

(1)

3.108 Compressible flow pressure coefficient

(1)

3.109 Compressible jets

(1)

3.110 Compressible subsonic flow

(1)

3.111 Compressibility

(1)

3.112 Compressibility factor

(1)

3.113 Compressibility issues

(1)

3.114 Compression and expansion corners

(1)

3.115 Compression ignition engine

(1)

3.116 Compression ratio

(1)

3.117 Compressor

(1)

3.118 Computational fluid dynamics

(1)

3.119 Concept of lost work

(1)

3.120 Conceptual

(1)

3.121 Condensation

(1)

3.122 Condensation temperature

(1)

3.123 Condenser microphones

(1)

3.124 Conduction

(1)

3.125 Conformal transformation

(1)

3.126 Coning angle

(1)

3.127 Conjugate

(1)

3.128 Conservation of energy

(1)

3.129 Conservation of energy principle

(1)

3.130 Conservation of entropy principle

(1)

3.131 Conservation laws

(1)

3.132 Conservation of mass

(1)

3.133 Conservation of momentum

(1)

3.134 Conservative system

(1)

3.135 Constant current anemometer

(1)

3.136 Constant temperature anemometer

(1)

3.137 Constant-volume gas thermometer

(1)

3.138 Constantan

(1)

3.139 Contact surface

(1)

3.140 Continuity concept

(1)

3.141 Continuity equation

(1)

3.142 Continuous compression

(1)

3.143 Continuum

(1)

3.144 Control of an aircraft

(1)

3.145 Control mass

(1)

3.146 Control surface

(1)

3.147 Control surfaces

(1)

3.148 Control volume

(1)

3.149 Convection

(1)

3.150 Convection effect

(1)

3.151 Convective acceleration

(1)

3.152 Convective heat transfer

(1)

3.153 Convective beat transfer coefficient

(1)

3.154 Convective Mach number

(1)

3.155 Convective mass transfer

(1)

3.156 Convergent nozzle

(1)

3.157 Convergent-divergent nozzle

(1)

3.158 Cooking oil

(1)

3.159 Coolant

(1)

3.160 Cooling pond

(1)

3.161 Copper-constantan thermocouple

(1)

3.162 Coriolis effect

(1)

3.163 Coriolis force

(1)

3.164 Correct bank angle

(1)

3.165 Correctly expanded operation

(1)

3.166 Corrosion

(1)

3.167 Corrosive gases

(1)

3.168 Cosmology

(1)

3.169 Couette flow

(1)

3.170 Creeping flow

(1)

3.171 Critical angle of attack

(1)

3.172 Critical circulation

(1)

3.173 Critical Mach number

(1)

3.174 Critical operation

(1)

3.175 Critical point

(1)

3.176 Critical pressure

(1)

3.177 Critical properties

100

(1)

3.178 Critical Reynolds number

100

(1)

3.179 Critical Reynolds number for flat plate

100

(1)

3.180 Critical Reynolds number for open channel flow

100

(1)

3.181 Critical Reynolds number for pipe flow

100

(1)

3.182 Critical state

100

(1)

3.183 Critical temperature

101

(1)

3.184 Critical volume

101

(1)

3.185 Crocco's theorem

101

(1)

3.186 Crosswind

101

(1)

3.187 Crosswind landing

101

(1)

3.188 Cruise missile

101

(1)

3.189 Cryogenics

102

(1)

3.190 Cryogenic engine

102

(1)

3.191 Cryogenic fluids

102

(1)

3.192 Cryogenic fluid properties

102

(1)

3.193 Cryogenic propellants

102

(1)

3.194 Cryogenic temperature

102

(1)

3.195 Cup anemometer

103

(1)

3.196 Curd

103

(1)

3.197 Curl

103

(1)

3.198 Curvilinear motion

103

(1)

3.199 Cutoff ratio

104

(1)

3.200 Cyclone

104

(1)

3.201 Cyclone shelters

104

(1)

3.202 Cyclonic depression

105

(1)

3.203 Cylindrical rectangular aerofoil

105

(2)

4 d'Alembert's Paradox to Dynamics

107

(20)

4.1 d'Alembert's paradox

107

(1)

4.2 Dalton's law of additive pressures

107

(1)

4.3 Dalton's law of partial pressures

107

(1)

4.4 Darcy friction factor

107

(1)

4.5 Darcy number

108

(1)

4.6 Darcy relation

108

(1)

4.7 Darcy--Weisbach equation

108

(1)

4.8 Dead state

108

(1)

4.9 Decantation

109

(1)

4.10 Degrees of freedom

109

(1)

4.11 Deionized water

109

(1)

4.12 De Laval Nozzle

109

(1)

4.13 Delta wing

110

(1)

4.14 Density

110

(1)

4.15 Density of air

110

(1)

4.16 Density of mercury

110

(1)

4.17 Density of pure water

111

(1)

4.18 Density of seawater

111

(1)

4.19 Detached shock

111

(1)

4.20 Dettol

111

(1)

4.21 Deuterium

112

(1)

4.22 Dew

112

(1)

4.23 Dew-point temperature

112

(1)

4.24 Dial-type pressure gauge

112

(1)

4.25 Diaphragm pressure gauges

112

(1)

4.26 Diesel cycle

113

(1)

4.27 Differences between the jet and piston engine aircraft

113

(1)

4.28 Differential aileron

114

(1)

4.29 Differential analysis

114

(1)

4.30 Different types of winglets

114

(1)

4.31 Diffraction

115

(1)

4.32 Diffuser

115

(1)

4.33 Diffuser stall

115

(1)

4.34 Diffusion

115

(1)

4.35 Diffusion flame

115

(1)

4.36 Dihedral angle

116

(1)

4.37 Dilution

116

(1)

4.38 Dimensional analysis

116

(1)

4.39 Dimensionless groups

116

(1)

4.40 Dimensions and units

116

(1)

4.41 Dimensionless velocity

117

(1)

4.42 Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC)

117

(1)

4.43 Directional stability

117

(1)

4.44 Disc loading

117

(1)

4.45 Disc-probe

118

(1)

4.46 Discharge coefficient

118

(1)

4.47 Displacement

118

(1)

4.48 Displacement meters

119

(1)

4.49 Displacement thickness

119

(1)

4.50 Dissimilar metals

119

(1)

4.51 Dissociation

120

(1)

4.52 Distillation

120

(1)

4.53 Distilled water

120

(1)

4.54 Divergence

120

(1)

4.55 Dorsal fin

120

(1)

4.56 Doublet

121

(1)

4.57 Downwash

121

(1)

4.58 Downwash consequences

121

(1)

4.59 Drag

121

(1)

4.60 Drag coefficient

122

(1)

4.61 Drag-body meters

122

(1)

4.62 Drag-divergence Mach number

123

(1)

4.63 Drainage

123

(1)

4.64 Drainage canal

123

(1)

4.65 Driver section

123

(1)

4.66 Drop

123

(1)

4.67 Droplet

124

(1)

4.68 Drug

124

(1)

4.69 Dry ice

124

(1)

4.70 Dual cycle

124

(1)

4.71 Duct

124

(1)

4.72 Ductility

124

(1)

4.73 Dust storm

124

(1)

4.74 Dutch roll

125

(1)

4.75 Dye

125

(1)

4.76 Dyke

125

(1)

4.77 Dynamic analysis

126

(1)

4.78 Dynamic instability

126

(1)

4.79 Dynamic pressure

126

(1)

4.80 Dynamic pressure gauges

126

(1)

4.81 Dynamics

126

(1)

5 Eckert Number to Extratropical Cyclone

127

(18)

5.1 Eckert number

127

(1)

5.2 Eddy

127

(1)

5.3 Eddy diffusion

127

(1)

5.4 Eddy viscosity

127

(1)

5.5 Eddy viscosity turbulence models

128

(1)

5.6 Effective angle of attack

128

(1)

5.7 Effective downwash

128

(1)

5.8 Effective head

128

(1)

5.9 Effects of the Earth's rotation

128

(1)

5.10 Effects of the second throat

129

(1)

5.11 Efficiency of turbines

129

(1)

5.12 Effuser

129

(1)

5.13 Ekman boundary layer

129

(1)

5.14 Ekman suction

130

(1)

5.15 Electrolysis

130

(1)

5.16 Electrolytic tank

130

(1)

5.17 Electronic energy

130

(1)

5.18 Elevator

130

(1)

5.19 Embankment

130

(1)

5.20 Emulsifier

131

(1)

5.21 Emulsion

131

(1)

5.22 Endothermic reaction

131

(1)

5.23 Endurance of flight

131

(1)

5.24 Endurance of jet engine

132

(1)

5.25 Energy efficiency rating

132

(1)

5.26 Energy equation

132

(1)

5.27 Energy gradient

132

(1)

5.28 Energy ratio

132

(1)

5.29 Energy thickness

132

(1)

5.30 Engines

133

(1)

5.31 Enthalpy

133

(1)

5.32 Enthalpy of combustion

133

(1)

5.33 Enthalpy of formation

133

(1)

5.34 Enthalpy of reaction

133

(1)

5.35 Enthalpy of vapourisation

134

(1)

5.36 Entrainment

134

(1)

5.37 Entrance length

134

(1)

5.38 Entropy

134

(1)

5.39 Entropy layer

135

(1)

5.40 Entropy transport

135

(1)

5.41 Enzyme

135

(1)

5.42 Ethanol

135

(1)

5.43 Ethanol fuel

135

(1)

5.44 Ethyl acetate

135

(1)

5.45 Equation of state

135

(1)

5.46 Equilibrium

136

(1)

5.47 Equilibrium flows

136

(1)

5.48 Equilibrium Mach number

136

(1)

5.49 Equilibrium speed of sound

136

(1)

5.50 Equipartition of energy

136

(1)

5.51 Equivalence ratio

137

(1)

5.52 Equivalent airspeed (EAS)

137

(1)

5.53 Equivalent chord

137

(1)

5.54 Escape velocity

137

(1)

5.55 Escape velocity of Earth

137

(1)

5.56 Euler's acceleration formula

137

(1)

5.57 Euler number

138

(1)

5.58 Eulerian description

138

(1)

5.59 Euler's equations

139

(1)

5.60 Evaporation

139

(1)

5.61 Evaporative cooling

139

(1)

5.62 Excited state

139

(1)

5.63 Exosphere

140

(1)

5.64 Exothermic reaction

140

(1)

5.65 Expansion

140

(1)

5.66 Expansion levels of jets

140

(1)

5.67 Expansion section

141

(1)

5.68 Expansion tunnel

141

(1)

5.69 Experiment

141

(1)

5.70 Experimental accuracy

141

(1)

5.71 Experimental error

141

(1)

5.72 Experimental mean pitch

142

(1)

5.73 Explosion

142

(1)

5.74 Extensive properties

142

(1)

5.75 External aerodynamics

142

(1)

5.76 External balance

142

(1)

5.77 External flow

142

(1)

5.78 Externally reversible process

143

(1)

5.79 Extratropical cyclone

143

(2)

6 Factors Influencing Pitot-Static Tube Performance to Fusion Pyrometers

145

(28)

6.1 Factors influencing pitot-static tube performance

145

(1)

6.2 Fan

145

(1)

6.3 Fanno flow

145

(1)

6.4 Favourable pressure gradient

145

(1)

6.5 Feathered

145

(1)

6.6 Feathering

146

(1)

6.7 Feathering axis

146

(1)

6.8 Fence technique

146

(1)

6.9 Fermentation

146

(1)

6.10 Fermi-Dirac statistics

146

(1)

6.11 Fermions

146

(1)

6.12 Fick's law

147

(1)

6.13 Field

147

(1)

6.14 Field approach

147

(1)

6.15 Figure of merit

148

(1)

6.16 Film temperature

148

(1)

6.17 Fin

148

(1)

6.18 Finite disturbance

149

(1)

6.19 Finite or three-dimensional wing

149

(1)

6.20 Fire

149

(1)

6.21 First law of thermodynamics

150

(1)

6.22 Fission energy

150

(1)

6.23 Five-hole yaw probes

150

(1)

6.24 Fixed error

150

(1)

6.25 Flammable

150

(1)

6.26 Flammable liquid

150

(1)

6.27 Flame

151

(1)

6.28 Flap

151

(1)

6.29 Flap effect on aerodynamic centre

152

(1)

6.30 Flaperons

152

(1)

6.31 Flapped aerofoil

152

(1)

6.32 Flapping

152

(1)

6.33 Flash flood

152

(1)

6.34 Flat turn

153

(1)

6.35 Flattening out flight

153

(1)

6.36 Flexible

153

(1)

6.37 Flight

153

(1)

6.38 Float

153

(1)

6.39 Floating element method

153

(1)

6.40 Flood

154

(1)

6.41 Flow analysis

154

(1)

6.42 Flow control valve

154

(1)

6.43 Flow deflection angle

155

(1)

6.44 Flow development length

155

(1)

6.45 Flow-induced vibration

155

(1)

6.46 Flow measurement

155

(1)

6.47 Flow meter

155

(1)

6.48 Flow of multicomponent mixtures

155

(1)

6.49 Flow past a flat plate

156

(1)

6.50 Flow through pipes

156

(1)

6.51 Flow separation

156

(1)

6.52 Flow visualisation

157

(1)

6.53 Flow work

157

(1)

6.54 Fluid

157

(1)

6.55 Fluid drop

157

(1)

6.56 Fluid element

157

(1)

6.57 Fluid mechanics

157

(1)

6.58 Fluid mechanics of perfect fluids

158

(1)

6.59 Fluid mechanics of real fluids

158

(1)

6.60 Fluid particle

158

(1)

6.61 Fluid statics

158

(1)

6.62 Fluids and the continuum

158

(1)

6.63 Fluid-jet anemometer

158

(1)

6.64 Fluid thermometers

159

(1)

6.65 Fluorinated gases

159

(1)

6.66 Fluorinated greenhouse gases

160

(1)

6.67 Fluorine

160

(1)

6.68 Flushing flow

161

(1)

6.69 Flush toilet

161

(1)

6.70 Flying saucer

161

(1)

6.71 Fog

161

(1)

6.72 Force and moment of a flying machine

161

(1)

6.73 Forced vortex

161

(1)

6.74 Form drag

162

(1)

6.75 Fortin barometer

163

(1)

6.76 Forward-swept wing

164

(1)

6.77 Fossil fuels

164

(1)

6.78 Fountain

164

(1)

6.79 Fourier's law of heat conduction

165

(1)

6.80 Fowler flap

165

(1)

6.81 Francis turbine

166

(1)

6.82 Free-molecular flow

166

(1)

6.83 Free spiral vortex

166

(1)

6.84 Free surface

167

(1)

6.85 Free surface flow

167

(1)

6.86 Free vortex

167

(1)

6.87 Freon

167

(1)

6.88 Frequency of sound

168

(1)

6.89 Friction coefficient

168

(1)

6.90 Frictional drag

168

(1)

6.91 Fuse

168

(1)

6.92 Frontal area

168

(1)

6.93 Frost

168

(1)

6.94 Froth

169

(1)

6.95 Froth flotation

169

(1)

6.96 Froude number

169

(1)

6.97 Frozen flow

169

(1)

6.98 Fuel

170

(1)

6.99 Fugacity

170

(1)

6.100 Fully developed flow

170

(1)

6.101 Fully developed pipe flow

170

(1)

6.102 Fully developed region

170

(1)

6.103 Fumes

170

(1)

6.104 Fuselage

170

(1)

6.105 Fusion power

171

(1)

6.106 Fusion pyrometers

171

(2)

7 Gas to Gyroscopic Effect

173

(14)

7.1 Gas

173

(1)

7.2 Gas constant

173

(1)

7.3 Gas dynamics

173

(1)

7.4 Gas dynamics divisions

174

(1)

7.5 Gas mixture

174

(1)

7.6 Gas molecules

174

(1)

7.7 Gas refrigeration cycle

174

(1)

7.8 Gas thermometer

175

(1)

7.9 Gas turbine

175

(1)

7.10 Gasoline

175

(1)

7.11 Gasoline boiling point

175

(1)

7.12 Gate valve

175

(1)

7.13 Geography

175

(1)

7.14 Geometric twist

176

(1)

7.15 Geometrical angle of attack

176

(1)

7.16 Geometrical incidence

176

(1)

7.17 Geophysics

176

(1)

7.18 Geostationary orbit

176

(1)

7.19 Geostationary satellite

176

(1)

7.20 Geostrophic motion

177

(1)

7.21 Geothermal energy

177

(1)

7.22 Geothermal gradient

177

(1)

7.23 General motion

177

(1)

7.24 `g' factor

177

(1)

7.25 Gibbs equation

177

(1)

7.26 Gibbs free energy

178

(1)

7.27 Glacier

178

(1)

7.28 Gladstone-Dale empirical equation

179

(1)

7.29 Glider

179

(1)

7.30 Gliding

179

(1)

7.31 Gliding turn

180

(1)

7.32 Global warming

180

(1)

7.33 Globe valve

180

(1)

7.34 Glucose

180

(1)

7.35 Glycerin

180

(1)

7.36 Glycolicacid

180

(1)

7.37 Glycols

181

(1)

7.38 Gothert's rule

181

(1)

7.39 Gradually varied flow

181

(1)

7.40 G rash of number

181

(1)

7.41 Gravitational work

181

(1)

7.42 Gravity

181

(1)

7.43 Gravity dam

182

(1)

7.44 Gravity waves

182

(1)

7.45 Grease

182

(1)

7.46 Green tea

183

(1)

7.47 Greenhouse effect

183

(1)

7.48 Greenhouse gas

183

(1)

7.49 Gross head

183

(1)

7.50 Gross wing area

183

(1)

7.51 Ground effect

183

(1)

7.52 Ground speed

184

(1)

7.53 Ground state

184

(1)

7.54 Groundwater

184

(1)

7.55 Gun tunnel

184

(1)

7.56 Gushing flow

184

(1)

7.57 Gyroplane

185

(1)

7.58 Gyroscopic effect

185

(2)

8 Hail to Hypothesis

187

(20)

8.1 Hail

187

(1)

8.2 Hailstorm

187

(1)

8.3 Hang gliding

187

(1)

8.4 Hard water

187

(1)

8.5 Hartmann number

187

(1)

8.6 Hartmann--Sprenger tube

188

(1)

8.7 Headwind

188

(1)

8.8 Heart

188

(1)

8.9 Heat

188

(1)

8.10 Heat engines

189

(1)

8.11 Heat exchangers

189

(1)

8.12 Heat pump

189

(1)

8.13 Heat transfer

189

(1)

8.14 Heat transfer gauge

189

(1)

8.15 Heat transfer from rockets

190

(1)

8.16 Heating value

190

(1)

8.17 Heavy water

190

(1)

8.18 Heisler charts

190

(1)

8.19 Hele--Shaw apparatus

190

(1)

8.20 Hele--Shaw flow

191

(1)

8.21 Helicopter

191

(1)

8.22 Helicopter configurations

192

(1)

8.23 Helium

192

(1)

8.24 Helix angle

192

(1)

8.25 Helmholtz's theorems

193

(1)

8.26 Heterogeneous system

193

(1)

8.27 Hexane

193

(1)

8.28 High-enthalpy facilities

193

(1)

8.29 High-enthalpy flows

193

(1)

8.30 High-lift aerofoils

194

(1)

8.31 High-lift devices

194

(1)

8.32 High speed

194

(1)

8.33 High-speed birds

194

(1)

8.34 High-speed wind tunnel

194

(1)

8.35 High wing

194

(1)

8.36 Highly underexpanded jet

195

(1)

8.37 Hohmann minimum-energy trajectory

195

(1)

8.38 Homogeneous mixture

195

(1)

8.39 Honey

195

(1)

8.40 Honeycombs

195

(1)

8.41 Horizontal buoyancy

196

(1)

8.42 Horseshoe vortex

196

(1)

8.43 Hot spring

196

(1)

8.44 Hotshot tunnels

197

(1)

8.45 Hot-wire anemometer

197

(1)

8.46 Hot-wire anemometer working principle

197

(1)

8.47 Hot-wire filament

198

(1)

8.48 Hot-wire probes

198

(1)

8.49 Hovercraft

198

(1)

8.50 Hovering flight

198

(1)

8.51 Hugoniot equation

198

(1)

8.52 Human body temperature

199

(1)

8.53 Human breathing rate

199

(1)

8.54 Human hearing limits

199

(1)

8.55 Humidity of air

199

(1)

8.56 Hurricane

199

(1)

8.57 Hydel power

199

(1)

8.58 Hydraulics

200

(1)

8.59 Hydraulic analogy

200

(1)

8.60 Hydraulic analogy theory

201

(1)

8.61 Hydraulic diameter

201

(1)

8.62 Hydraulic efficiency

201

(1)

8.63 Hydraulic grade line (HGL)

201

(1)

8.64 Hydraulic hose

201

(1)

8.65 Hydraulic jump

201

(1)

8.66 Hydraulic lift

202

(1)

8.67 Hydraulic machinery

202

(1)

8.68 Hydraulic mean depth

202

(1)

8.69 Hydraulic turbines

202

(1)

8.70 Hydrochloric acid

203

(1)

8.71 Hydrodynamica

203

(1)

8.72 Hydrodynamics

203

(1)

8.73 Hydroelectric dam

203

(1)

8.74 Hydrofoil

203

(1)

8.75 Hydrogen

203

(1)

8.76 Hydrogen fuel

204

(1)

8.77 Hydrometer

204

(1)

8.78 Hydroplaning

204

(1)

8.79 Hydropower

204

(1)

8.80 Hydrostatic pressure distribution

204

(1)

8.81 Hygroscopic

204

(1)

8.82 Hypersonic experimental facilities

204

(1)

8.83 Hypersonic flow

205

(1)

8.84 Hypersonic nozzle

205

(1)

8.85 Hypersonic similarity parameter

205

(1)

8.86 Hypersonic tunnels

205

(1)

8.87 Hypervelocity facilities

205

(1)

8.88 Hypervelocity flows

206

(1)

8.89 Hypothesis

206

(1)

9 ICBM to Isotopes

207

(18)

9.1 ICBM

207

(1)

9.2 Ice tank

207

(1)

9.3 Ideal fluid flow

207

(1)

9.4 Ideal gas

207

(1)

9.5 Ideal ramjet

208

(1)

9.6 Ignition system

208

(1)

9.7 Impact pressure

208

(1)

9.8 Impeller

208

(1)

9.9 Impulse function

208

(1)

9.10 Impulse sound

209

(1)

9.11 Impulse turbine

209

(1)

9.12 Impure materials

209

(1)

9.13 Inclined manometer

210

(1)

9.14 Incompressible aerodynamics

210

(1)

9.15 Incompressible flow

210

(1)

9.16 Incompressible jets

211

(1)

9.17 Incompressible substance

211

(1)

9.18 Increase-in-entropy principle

211

(1)

9.19 Indicated airspeed (IAS)

211

(1)

9.20 Induced air speed

212

(1)

9.21 Induced drag

212

(1)

9.22 Induced drag factor

212

(1)

9.23 Induced flow

212

(1)

9.24 Induced velocity field

212

(1)

9.25 Industrial tunnels

213

(1)

9.26 Inert gas

213

(1)

9.27 Inertia force

213

(1)

9.28 Infinite vortex

213

(1)

9.29 Inflammable

213

(1)

9.30 Infrared thermography

213

(1)

9.31 Infrasonic waves

213

(1)

9.32 Ink

214

(1)

9.33 Inlet flow process

214

(1)

9.34 Instrument landing system (ILS)

214

(1)

9.35 Intake

214

(1)

9.36 Integral analysis

214

(1)

9.37 Intensive properties

215

(1)

9.38 Interference

215

(1)

9.39 Interferometer

215

(1)

9.40 Interferometry

215

(1)

9.41 Intermittency

215

(1)

9.42 Internal aerodynamics

215

(1)

9.43 Internal balance

216

(1)

9.44 Internal energy

216

(1)

9.45 Internal flow

216

(1)

9.46 Internally reversible process

217

(1)

9.47 International space station

217

(1)

9.48 International Standard Atmosphere

217

(1)

9.49 Intersection of shocks of the same family

218

(1)

9.50 Inverted loop

218

(1)

9.51 Inverted manoeuvres

218

(1)

9.52 Inverted spin

218

(1)

9.53 Inviscidflow

219

(1)

9.54 lonisation

219

(1)

9.55 Lonisation Gauge

220

(1)

9.56 Lonisation State

220

(1)

9.57 Irreversible process

220

(1)

9.58 Irreversibilities

220

(1)

9.59 Irrigation

220

(1)

9.60 Irrigation sprinkler

220

(1)

9.61 Irrotational flow

220

(1)

9.62 Isentropic compression

221

(1)

9.63 Isentropic flow

221

(1)

9.64 Isentropic index

221

(1)

9.65 Isentropic process

222

(1)

9.66 Isentropic process relation

222

(1)

9.67 Isentropic relations

222

(1)

9.68 Isentropic stagnation state

223

(1)

9.69 Isobar

223

(1)

9.70 Isobaric process

223

(1)

9.71 Isochoric process

223

(1)

9.72 Isolated system

223

(1)

9.73 Isolator

223

(1)

9.74 Isothermal process

224

(1)

9.75 Isotopes

224

(1)

10 Jelly to Joule--Thomson Effect

225

(8)

10.1 Jelly

225

(1)

10.2 Jet

225

(1)

10.3 Jet control methods

225

(1)

10.4 Jet core

225

(1)

10.5 Jet engine

226

(1)

10.6 Jet engine combustor

226

(1)

10.7 Jet engine components

227

(1)

10.8 Jet engine compressor

227

(1)

10.9 Jet engine fan

227

(1)

10.10 Jet engine fuel

227

(1)

10.11 Jet engine nozzle

228

(1)

10.12 Jet engine turbine

228

(1)

10.13 Jet flap

228

(1)

10.14 Jet fuel composition

229

(1)

10.15 Jet lift

229

(1)

10.16 Jet noise

229

(1)

10.17 Jet plane

229

(1)

10.18 Jet-propulsion cycle

229

(1)

10.19 Jet streams

230

(1)

10.20 Jet stream speed

230

(1)

10.21 Joukowski hypothesis

230

(1)

10.22 Joule's law

230

(1)

10.23 Joule--Thomson coefficient

230

(1)

10.24 Joule--Thomson effect

231

(2)

11 Kaplan Turbine to Kutta--Joukowski Transformation

233

(10)

11.1 Kaplan turbine

233

(1)

11.2 Karman vortex street

233

(1)

11.3 Kelvin scale

233

(1)

11.4 Kelvin's circulation theorem

233

(1)

11.5 Kelvin-Planck statement

234

(1)

11.6 k-epsilon turbulence model

235

(1)

11.7 Kepler's laws of planetary motion

235

(1)

11.8 Kerosene

235

(1)

11.9 Kerosene boiling point

235

(1)

11.10 Kerosene density

235

(1)

11.11 Kerosene smoke generator

236

(1)

11.12 Kidneys

236

(1)

11.13 Kinematics of fluids

236

(1)

11.14 Kinematics of fluid flow

237

(1)

11.15 Kinematic viscosity coefficient

237

(1)

11.16 Kinetic diameter

237

(1)

11.17 Kinetic energy

237

(1)

11.18 Kinetic energy of gas

238

(1)

11.19 Kinetic energy thickness

238

(1)

11.20 Kinetic theory of gases

238

(1)

11.21 Kinetic theory equivalent of the perfect gas state equation

238

(1)

11.22 King's relation

238

(1)

11.23 Knot

238

(1)

11.24 Knudsen diffusion

239

(1)

11.25 Knudsen effect

239

(1)

11.26 Knudsen gauge

239

(1)

11.27 Knudsen number

239

(1)

11.28 Kutta condition

239

(1)

11.29 Kutta--Zhukovsky lift theorem

240

(1)

11.30 Kutta--Joukowski transformation

241

(2)

12 Lactic Acid to Lungs

243

(22)

12.1 Lactic acid

243

(1)

12.2 Lacto Calamine

243

(1)

12.3 Lactometer

243

(1)

12.4 Lagrange points

243

(1)

12.5 Lagrangian description

243

(1)

12.6 Lahar

244

(1)

12.7 Laminar aerofoils

244

(1)

12.8 Laminar flow

244

(1)

12.9 Laminar separation bubble

245

(1)

12.10 Laminar sublayer

245

(1)

12.11 Lancaster--Prandtl lifting-line theory

245

(1)

12.12 Landing

245

(1)

12.13 Landing gear

246

(1)

12.14 Landslide

246

(1)

12.15 Laplace equation

246

(1)

12.16 Lapse rate

247

(1)

12.17 Large eddy simulation

247

(1)

12.18 Laser

247

(1)

12.19 Laser Doppler anemometer

247

(1)

12.20 Latent energy

247

(1)

12.21 Latent heat

247

(1)

12.22 Latent heat of fusion

248

(1)

12.23 Latent heat of vaporisation

248

(1)

12.24 Lateral acceleration

248

(1)

12.25 Lateral stability

248

(1)

12.26 Launch system

248

(1)

12.27 Launch vehicle

248

(1)

12.28 Lava flow

248

(1)

12.29 Laval nozzle

249

(1)

12.30 Law of conservation of energy

249

(1)

12.31 Law of dimensional homogeneity

250

(1)

12.32 Law of floatation

250

(1)

12.33 Law of intermediate metals

250

(1)

12.34 Law of the wall

250

(1)

12.35 Layers in the ISA

250

(1)

12.36 Layers of the Earth

250

(1)

12.37 LDA principle

250

(1)

12.38 Leaching

251

(1)

12.39 Lead-lagging

251

(1)

12.40 Leading-edge flap

251

(1)

12.41 Leading-edge radius

251

(1)

12.42 Leading-edge slat

252

(1)

12.43 Leak

252

(1)

12.44 Lean mixture

252

(1)

12.45 Left-running wave

252

(1)

12.46 Lemon juice

253

(1)

12.47 Lift

253

(1)

12.48 Lift coefficient

253

(1)

12.49 Lift curve

253

(1)

12.50 Lift-curve slope

253

(1)

12.51 Lift-induced drag

254

(1)

12.52 Lifting-line theory

254

(1)

12.53 Lifting surface theory

254

(1)

12.54 Light-year

254

(1)

12.55 Lightning

254

(1)

12.56 Like reflection

255

(1)

12.57 Liming

255

(1)

12.58 Limitations on air as a perfect gas

255

(1)

12.59 Limitations of hot-wire anemometer

256

(1)

12.60 Limitations of hydraulic analogy

256

(1)

12.61 Line vortex

256

(1)

12.62 Linear flight

257

(1)

12.63 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)

257

(1)

12.64 Liquid

257

(1)

12.65 Liquid hydrogen

257

(1)

12.66 Liquid manometers

258

(1)

12.67 Liquid nitrogen

258

(1)

12.68 Liquid oxygen

258

(1)

12.69 Liquid-propellant rocket

258

(1)

12.70 Liquid paraffin

258

(1)

12.71 Liquefaction

258

(1)

12.72 Liquefied petroleum gas

259

(1)

12.73 Litmus

259

(1)

12.74 Load factor

259

(1)

12.75 Lobed-impeller meter

259

(1)

12.76 Local chemical equilibrium

260

(1)

12.77 Local rate of change

260

(1)

12.78 Local thermodynamic equilibrium

260

(1)

12.79 Longitudinal axis

260

(1)

12.80 Longitudinal dihedral

260

(1)

12.81 Longitudinal stability

260

(1)

12.82 Longitudinal waves

261

(1)

12.83 Losses in diffuser

261

(1)

12.84 Lotion

261

(1)

12.85 Loudspeaker

261

(1)

12.86 Low earth orbit

261

(1)

12.87 Low-speed flow

261

(1)

12.88 Low-speed wind tunnels

262

(1)

12.89 Low wing

262

(1)

12.90 Lower critical Reynolds number

262

(1)

12.91 Lubricant

262

(1)

12.92 Lubrication

262

(1)

12.93 Ludwieg tube

262

(1)

12.94 Ludwieg tube advantages

263

(1)

12.95 Luminosity

263

(1)

12.96 Lungs

263

(2)

13 Mach to Munk's Theorem of Stagger

265

(24)

13.1 Mach

265

(1)

13.2 Mach angle

265

(1)

13.3 Mach angle - Mach number relation

265

(1)

13.4 Mach cone

266

(1)

13.5 Mach line

266

(1)

13.6 Mach number

267

(1)

13.7 Mach number independence principle

267

(1)

13.8 Mach reflection

268

(1)

13.9 Mach stem

268

(1)

13.10 Mach tuck

268

(1)

13.11 Mach wave

268

(1)

13.12 Mach-wedge

269

(1)

13.13 Machmeter

269

(1)

13.14 Macrostate

269

(1)

13.15 Magnetofluidmechanics

269

(1)

13.16 Magnus effect

269

(1)

13.17 Malleable

270

(1)

13.18 Maltose

270

(1)

13.19 Manoeuvres of an aircraft

270

(1)

13.20 Manometers

270

(1)

13.21 Manometry

271

(1)

13.22 Marine engineering

271

(1)

13.23 Marsh

271

(1)

13.24 Mass diffusivity

271

(1)

13.25 Mass flow rate

272

(1)

13.26 Mass fraction

272

(1)

13.27 Mass-motion velocity

272

(1)

13.28 Mass transfer

272

(1)

13.29 Material derivative

272

(1)

13.30 Material description

272

(1)

13.31 Materials science

273

(1)

13.32 Mathematics

273

(1)

13.33 Matter

273

(1)

13.34 Maxwell's definition of viscosity

273

(1)

13.35 Maxwell relations

273

(1)

13.36 Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics

274

(1)

13.37 Mayer's relation

274

(1)

13.38 Mean aerodynamic chord

274

(1)

13.39 Mean camber line

274

(1)

13.40 Mean effective pressure

275

(1)

13.41 Mean free path

275

(1)

13.42 Mean free path length

275

(1)

13.43 Measuring principle of the liquid manometer

275

(1)

13.44 Mechanical equilibrium

275

(1)

13.45 Mechanics of fluids

275

(1)

13.46 McLeod gauge

276

(1)

13.47 Medical oxygen

276

(1)

13.48 Melting

277

(1)

13.49 Melting point

277

(1)

13.50 Melting point of water

277

(1)

13.51 Mercury

277

(1)

13.52 Metal film RTDs

277

(1)

13.53 Meteorology

278

(1)

13.54 Methanol

278

(1)

13.55 Method of characteristics

278

(1)

13.56 Micro manometer

278

(1)

13.57 Microphone

279

(1)

13.58 Microstate

279

(1)

13.59 Mid-wing

279

(1)

13.60 Milk

280

(1)

13.61 Milkshake

280

(1)

13.62 Minor losses

280

(1)

13.63 Missile

280

(1)

13.64 Missile types

280

(1)

13.65 Mist

281

(1)

13.66 Mist flow

281

(1)

13.67 Mixed-flow pump

281

(1)

13.68 Mixed-flow turbine

282

(1)

13.69 Mixing chamber

282

(1)

13.70 Mixing length

282

(1)

13.71 Mixture

282

(1)

13.72 Mobility

282

(1)

13.73 Moisture

282

(1)

13.74 Moisture and humidity

282

(1)

13.75 Molar mass

283

(1)

13.76 Molasses

283

(1)

13.77 Mole

283

(1)

13.78 Mole fraction

283

(1)

13.79 Molecule

283

(1)

13.80 Molecular diameter

283

(1)

13.81 Molecular gas dynamics

284

(1)

13.82 Molecular weight

284

(1)

13.83 Mollier diagram

284

(1)

13.84 Momentum diffusion

284

(1)

13.85 Momentum equation

284

(2)

13.86 Momentum thickness

286

(1)

13.87 Monoplane aircraft

286

(1)

13.88 Monsoon

286

(1)

13.89 Monsoon season

286

(1)

13.90 Monte Carlo methods

286

(1)

13.91 Moody chart

287

(1)

13.92 Most probable macrostate

287

(1)

13.93 Movement of centre of pressure

288

(1)

13.94 Moving boundary work

288

(1)

13.95 Multiphase flow

288

(1)

13.96 Multiple slotted flaps

288

(1)

13.97 Munk's theorem of stagger

288

(1)

14 Natural Convection to Nusselt Number

289

(12)

14.1 Natural convection

289

(1)

14.2 Natural gas

289

(1)

14.3 Nature of high-enthalpy flows

290

(1)

14.4 Navier-Stokes equations

290

(1)

14.5 Navigation

291

(1)

14.6 Negative angle of attack

291

(1)

14.7 Neon

291

(1)

14.8 Net head

291

(1)

14.9 Net wing area

292

(1)

14.10 Newtonian flow model

292

(1)

14.11 Newton's law of gravitation

292

(1)

14.12 Newton's laws of motion

292

(1)

14.13 Newton's law of viscosity

292

(1)

14.14 Newton's second law

293

(1)

14.15 Newtonian fluid

293

(1)

14.16 Nitric acid

293

(1)

14.17 Nitrogen

293

(1)

14.18 Nitrogen gas

293

(1)

14.19 Nitrous oxide

293

(1)

14.20 Noble gases

294

(1)

14.21 No-slip condition

294

(1)

14.22 Noise

294

(1)

14.23 Noise pollution

294

(1)

14.24 Noise pollution effects

294

(1)

14.25 Noise of supersonic jet

294

(1)

14.26 Non-chemical rocket

295

(1)

14.27 Non-conservative system

295

(1)

14.28 Non-Newtonian fluid

295

(1)

14.29 Non-simple region

295

(1)

14.30 Normal bp range

296

(1)

14.31 Normal pulse rate

296

(1)

14.32 Normal shock

296

(1)

14.33 Normal shock relations

296

(1)

14.34 Normal shock tables

297

(1)

14.35 Nosedive

297

(1)

14.36 Nozzle

298

(1)

14.37 Nozzle discharge coefficient

299

(1)

14.38 Nozzle efficiency

299

(1)

14.39 Nusselt number

299

(2)

15 OASPL to Ozone Hole

301

(10)

15.1 OASPL

301

(1)

15.2 Oblique shock

301

(1)

15.3 Obstruction or constriction meters

302

(1)

15.4 Ocean

302

(1)

15.5 Ocean and sea difference

302

(1)

15.6 Ocean depth

303

(1)

15.7 Ocean eddy

303

(1)

15.8 Oceanography

303

(1)

15.9 Oleo strut

304

(1)

15.10 One-dimensional flow

304

(1)

15.11 Oozing

304

(1)

15.12 Open-channel flow

304

(1)

15.13 Open-circuit tunnels

304

(1)

15.14 Open-jet tunnel

304

(1)

15.15 Open system

305

(1)

15.16 Opposing jets

305

(1)

15.17 Optics

305

(1)

15.18 Optical fibre

305

(1)

15.19 Optical pyrometer

306

(1)

15.20 Optical-type pressure transducer

306

(1)

15.21 Orifice plate

307

(1)

15.22 Ornithopter

307

(1)

15.23 Orsat gas analyser

307

(1)

15.24 Oscillatory motion

307

(1)

15.25 Oscillatory motion types

308

(1)

15.26 Osmosis

308

(1)

15.27 Osmotic pressure

308

(1)

15.28 Oswald efficiency number

308

(1)

15.29 Oswald wing efficiency

308

(1)

15.30 Otto cycle

309

(1)

15.31 Outer space

309

(1)

15.32 Overall pressure ratio

309

(1)

15.33 Overall propulsive efficiency

309

(1)

15.34 Overexpanded nozzle

309

(1)

15.35 Oxalic acid

309

(1)

15.36 Oxidiser

310

(1)

15.37 Oxygen

310

(1)

15.38 Ozone

310

(1)

15.39 Ozone hole

310

(1)

16 Pacific Ocean to Pyrometers

311

(34)

16.1 Pacific Ocean

311

(1)

16.2 Panel method

311

(1)

16.3 Paper

311

(1)

16.4 Parachute

311

(1)

16.5 Paraffin

312

(1)

16.6 Paragliding

312

(1)

16.7 Parasite drag

312

(1)

16.8 Parasol-wing

312

(1)

16.9 Partially filled flow

313

(1)

16.10 Partial pressure

313

(1)

16.11 Particle

313

(1)

16.12 Particle image velocimetry (PIV)

313

(1)

16.13 Partition function

314

(1)

16.14 Pascal

314

(1)

16.15 Pascal's law

314

(1)

16.16 Passive control

314

(1)

16.17 Pathline

315

(1)

16.18 Path functions

315

(1)

16.19 Peclet number

315

(1)

16.20 Pelton wheel turbine

316

(1)

16.21 Pendulum

316

(1)

16.22 Percolation

316

(1)

16.23 Perfect gas

317

(1)

16.24 Perfect gas equation of state

317

(1)

16.25 Performance

317

(1)

16.26 Performance of actual nozzles

318

(1)

16.27 Periodic motion

318

(1)

16.28 Peripheral-velocity factor

318

(1)

16.29 Perpetual motion

318

(1)

16.30 Perpetual-motion machine

318

(1)

16.31 Perpetual-motion machine of the first kind (PMM1)

318

(1)

16.32 Perpetual-motion machine of the second kind (PMM2)

319

(1)

16.33 Petroleum

319

(1)

16.34 Petroleum jelly

319

(1)

16.35 Phase

319

(1)

16.36 Phase equilibrium

319

(1)

16.37 Phases of a pure substance

319

(1)

16.38 Phenol

319

(1)

16.39 Photochemical smog

320

(1)

16.40 Photomultiplier

320

(1)

16.41 Phugoid

320

(1)

16.42 Physical properties of fluids

320

(1)

16.43 Physics

320

(1)

16.44 Pigment

321

(1)

16.45 Pipe flow

321

(1)

16.46 Pirani gauge

321

(1)

16.47 Pitch of a propeller

321

(1)

16.48 Pitching

321

(1)

16.49 Pitching moment

322

(1)

16.50 Pitot pressure

322

(1)

16.51 Pitot probe

322

(1)

16.52 Pitot-static probe

323

(1)

16.53 Pitot-static tube characteristics

323

(1)

16.54 Pitot-static tube limitations

323

(1)

16.55 PIV seeding particles

324

(1)

16.56 Plain flap

324

(1)

16.57 Plain glass

324

(1)

16.58 Plane glass plate

324

(1)

16.59 Planform area

325

(1)

16.60 Plasma

325

(1)

16.61 Plasma arc tunnels

325

(1)

16.62 Plasma engine types

325

(1)

16.63 Plasma propulsion engine

326

(1)

16.64 Platinum

326

(1)

16.65 Platinum rhodium thermocouple

326

(1)

16.66 Plenum chamber

326

(1)

16.67 Plenum space

326

(1)

16.68 Plug nozzle

326

(1)

16.69 Plumb bob

327

(1)

16.70 Plumes

328

(1)

16.71 Plunge

328

(1)

16.72 Pneumatics

328

(1)

16.73 Pneumatic actuators

329

(1)

16.74 Pneumatic motors

329

(1)

16.75 Pneumatic system

329

(1)

16.76 Pohlhausens method

329

(1)

16.77 Point functions

329

(1)

16.78 Point rectilinear vortex

329

(1)

16.79 Poisson's equation

330

(1)

16.80 Poiseuille's law

330

(1)

16.81 Polar curve

330

(1)

16.82 Pool boiling

330

(1)

16.83 Potential core region

330

(1)

16.84 Potential energy

331

(1)

16.85 Potential flow

331

(1)

16.86 Potential flow past a two-dimensional circular cylinder

331

(1)

16.87 Potential function

332

(1)

16.88 Prandtl--Glauert transformation

332

(1)

16.89 Prandtl--Meyer expansion

332

(1)

16.90 Prandtl--Meyer function

332

(1)

16.91 Prandtl's mixing length theory

333

(1)

16.92 Prandtl number

333

(1)

16.93 Prandtl relation

333

(1)

16.94 Precipitation

334

(1)

16.95 Precision

334

(1)

16.96 Premixed flame

334

(1)

16.97 Preservative

334

(1)

16.98 Pressure

334

(1)

16.99 Pressure altitude

335

(1)

16.100 Pressure coefficient

335

(1)

16.101 Pressure drag

335

(1)

16.102 Pressure drop

335

(1)

16.103 Pressure gradient

336

(1)

16.104 Pressure-gradient force

336

(1)

16.105 Pressure bead

336

(1)

16.106 Pressure-hill

336

(1)

16.107 Pressure in LPG cylinder

336

(1)

16.108 Pressures in the body

336

(1)

16.109 Pressure measurement

337

(1)

16.110 Pressure measuring devices

337

(1)

16.111 Pressure recovery factor

337

(1)

16.112 Pressure-regulating valve

337

(1)

16.113 Pressure relief valve

338

(1)

16.114 Pressure transducers

338

(1)

16.115 Preston/Stanton tubes

338

(1)

16.116 Prismatic body

339

(1)

16.117 Probability

339

(1)

16.118 Process

339

(1)

16.119 Professor

339

(1)

16.120 Profile

339

(1)

16.121 Profile drag

339

(1)

16.122 Propellent

340

(1)

16.123 Propeller

340

(1)

16.124 Propeller efficiency

340

(1)

16.125 Propeller engines

341

(1)

16.126 psi

341

(1)

16.127 Puddle

341

(1)

16.128 Pull-up phase

341

(1)

16.129 Pulsed lasers

341

(1)

16.130 Pulsed plasma thruster

342

(1)

16.131 Pulsejet

342

(1)

16.132 Pumps

342

(1)

16.133 Pump-turbine hydraulic machines

342

(1)

16.134 Pure rotation

342

(1)

16.135 Pure substance

343

(1)

16.136 Pure tone

343

(1)

16.137 Pure translation

343

(1)

16.138 Pure water

343

(1)

16.139 Pusher

343

(1)

16.140 Pyroclastic flow

343

(1)

16.141 Pyrometers

344

(1)

17 Quality of Energy to Quasi-One-Dimensional Flow

345

(2)

17.1 Quality of energy

345

(1)

17.2 Quantised levels of different modes of energy

345

(1)

17.3 Quantum mechanics

345

(1)

17.4 Quantum state

345

(1)

17.5 Quasi-equilibrium process

346

(1)

17.6 Quasi-one-dimensional flow

346

(1)

18 Radar to Runway

347

(22)

18.1 Radar

347

(1)

18.2 Radial flow

347

(1)

18.3 Radian

347

(1)

18.4 Radiation

347

(1)

18.5 Radiation pyrometer

347

(1)

18.6 Rain

348

(1)

18.7 Rain gauge

348

(1)

18.8 Rainbow

348

(1)

18.9 Rakes

348

(1)

18.10 Ramjet

348

(2)

18.11 Random error

350

(1)

18.12 Random motion

350

(1)

18.13 Range of an aircraft

350

(1)

18.14 Rankine cycle

351

(1)

18.15 Rankine's half-body

351

(1)

18.16 Rankine scale

352

(1)

18.17 Rankine's theorem

352

(1)

18.18 Ranque--Hilsch vortex tube

352

(1)

18.19 Rarefied flow

352

(1)

18.20 Rarefied gas dynamics

353

(1)

18.21 Rathakrishnan limit

353

(1)

18.22 Ratio of specific heats

353

(1)

18.23 Rayleigh flow

353

(1)

18.24 Rayleigh number

354

(1)

18.25 Rayleigh supersonic pitot formula

354

(1)

18.26 Reactants

354

(1)

18.27 Reaction turbine

354

(1)

18.28 Reagent

355

(1)

18.29 Real gas

355

(1)

18.30 Real-gas equation of state

355

(1)

18.31 Reciprocating engine

355

(1)

18.32 Reciprocating pump

355

(1)

18.33 Rectangular aerofoil

355

(1)

18.34 Rectilinear vortex

356

(1)

18.35 Reduced-gravity aircraft

356

(1)

18.36 Reduced pressure

356

(1)

18.37 Reduced temperature

356

(1)

18.38 Reflexed camber aerofoil

356

(1)

18.39 Refraction

356

(1)

18.40 Refractive index

356

(1)

18.41 Refrigerant

357

(1)

18.42 Refrigeration

357

(1)

18.43 Refrigerator

357

(1)

18.44 Regenerator

357

(1)

18.45 Regimes of fluid mechanics

357

(1)

18.46 Relative density

357

(1)

18.47 Relative humidity

358

(1)

18.48 Relative velocity

358

(1)

18.49 Relaxation time

358

(1)

18.50 Research tunnels

358

(1)

18.51 Resistance temperature detector

358

(1)

18.52 Resonance

359

(1)

18.53 Respiration

359

(1)

18.54 Reverse process

359

(1)

18.55 Reverse transition

359

(1)

18.56 Reversible adiabatic process

359

(1)

18.57 Reversible process

359

(1)

18.58 Reversible work

360

(1)

18.59 Reynolds analogy

360

(1)

18.60 Reynolds experiment

360

(1)

18.61 Reynolds number

360

(1)

18.62 Reynolds stresses

361

(1)

18.63 Rheology

361

(1)

18.64 Rhodium

361

(1)

18.65 Rich mixture

361

(1)

18.66 Ridge lift

362

(1)

18.67 Right hydraulic jump

362

(1)

18.68 Right-running wave

362

(1)

18.69 River

362

(1)

18.70 Rocket engine

362

(1)

18.71 Rocket engine nozzle

363

(1)

18.72 Rocket propellant

363

(1)

18.73 Rocket propulsion

363

(1)

18.74 Rohsenow correlation

363

(1)

18.75 Role of large-scale structures in subsonic mixing enhancement

364

(1)

18.76 Role of shear layer in flow control

364

(1)

18.77 Rolling

364

(1)

18.78 Rolling moment

364

(1)

18.79 Root chord

364

(1)

18.80 Rossby number

365

(1)

18.81 Rotameter

365

(1)

18.82 Rotary vane pump

366

(1)

18.83 Rotational energy

366

(1)

18.84 Rotational flow

366

(1)

18.85 Rotational speed of the Earth

367

(1)

18.86 Rotating-vane meter

367

(1)

18.87 Rudder

367

(1)

18.88 Runway

368

(1)

19 Sake to System

369

(58)

19.1 Sake

369

(1)

19.2 Saline water

369

(1)

19.3 Sand

369

(1)

19.4 Sand flow

369

(1)

19.5 Sanitation

370

(1)

19.6 Satellite

370

(1)

19.7 Saturated liquid

370

(1)

19.8 Saturated solution

370

(1)

19.9 Saturated vapour

370

(1)

19.10 Saturation pressure

370

(1)

19.11 Saturation state

371

(1)

19.12 Saturation temperature

371

(1)

19.13 Scalar quantities

371

(1)

19.14 Scale effect

371

(1)

19.15 Schlichting jet

371

(1)

19.16 Schlieren technique

371

(1)

19.17 Schmidt number

372

(1)

19.18 Scramjet

372

(1)

19.19 Sea

372

(1)

19.20 Seawater

372

(1)

19.21 Sea waves

372

(1)

19.22 Second law of thermodynamics

372

(1)

19.23 Second throat

373

(1)

19.24 Sediment transport

373

(1)

19.25 Sedimentation

373

(1)

19.26 Seebeck principle

373

(1)

19.27 Seepage

373

(1)

19.28 Seismology

374

(1)

19.29 Self-similar flow

374

(1)

19.30 Semifluid

374

(1)

19.31 Semi-infinite vortex

374

(1)

19.32 Semisolid

374

(1)

19.33 Separation bubble

374

(1)

19.34 Separation point

374

(1)

19.35 SERN

375

(1)

19.36 Sewage

375

(1)

19.37 Sewage treatment

375

(1)

19.38 Sewer

376

(1)

19.39 Sewerage

376

(1)

19.40 Shadowgraph method

376

(1)

19.41 Shaft power

376

(1)

19.42 Shaft work

376

(1)

19.43 Shallow

376

(1)

19.44 Shallow flow

377

(1)

19.45 Shallow water

377

(1)

19.46 Shallow water effects

377

(1)

19.47 Shape factor

377

(1)

19.48 Shear flow

377

(1)

19.49 Shear folding

377

(1)

19.50 Shear force

378

(1)

19.51 Sherwood number

378

(1)

19.52 Ship

378

(1)

19.53 Shock

378

(1)

19.54 Shock absorber

379

(1)

19.55 Shock-associated noise

379

(1)

19.56 Shock-cell

379

(1)

19.57 Shock detachment distance

380

(1)

19.58 Shock detachment Mach number

380

(1)

19.59 Shock diamond

380

(1)

19.60 Shock-expansion theory

380

(1)

19.61 Shock polar

381

(1)

19.62 Shock strength

381

(1)

19.63 Shock swallowing

381

(1)

19.64 Shock-train

381

(1)

19.65 Shock tubes

381

(1)

19.66 Shock tunnel

382

(1)

19.67 Shock wave

382

(1)

19.68 Shoulder wing

382

(1)

19.69 Sideslipping

382

(1)

19.70 Silica

382

(1)

19.71 Silica gel

382

(1)

19.72 Similarity

382

(1)

19.73 Similarity rule

383

(1)

19.74 Simple-compressible substance

383

(1)

19.75 Simple-compressible system

384

(1)

19.76 Simple distillation

384

(1)

19.77 Simple harmonic motion

384

(1)

19.78 Simple pendulum

384

(1)

19.79 Simple region

384

(1)

19.80 Simple system

384

(1)

19.81 Simple vortex

385

(1)

19.82 Simple and nonsimple regions

385

(1)

19.83 Sink

385

(1)

19.84 Siphon

385

(1)

19.85 Skidding

386

(1)

19.86 Skin friction

386

(1)

19.87 Skin friction drag

386

(1)

19.88 Sky

387

(1)

19.89 Skydiving

387

(1)

19.90 Slant hydraulic jump

387

(1)

19.91 Sleet

387

(1)

19.92 Slender body

387

(1)

19.93 Slender-body theory

387

(1)

19.94 Slender wing theory

388

(1)

19.95 Slip flow

388

(1)

19.96 Slipstream

388

(1)

19.97 Slotted flap

389

(1)

19.98 Slowest flying bird

389

(1)

19.99 Slug flow

389

(1)

19.100 Slush flow

389

(1)

19.101 Small-density-ratio assumption

390

(1)

19.102 Small disturbance

390

(1)

19.103 Small perturbation theory

390

(1)

19.104 Smog

390

(1)

19.105 Smoke

391

(1)

19.106 Smoke flow visualisation

391

(1)

19.107 Smoke tunnel

391

(1)

19.108 Snow

391

(1)

Ethirajan Rathakrishnan is professor of Aerospace Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. He is well known internationally for his research in the area of high-speed jets. The limit for the passive control of jets, called the Rathakrishnan Limit, is his contribution to the field of jet research, and the concept of breathing blunt nose (BBN), which simultaneously reduces the positive pressure at the nose and increases the low pressure at the base is his contribution to drag reduction at hypersonic speeds. Positioning the twin-vortex Reynolds number at around 5000, by changing the geometry from cylinder, for which the maximum limit for the Reynolds number for positioning the twin-vortex was found to be around 160, by von Karman, to flat plate, is his addition to vortex flow theory. He has published a large number of research articles in many reputed international journals. He is a Fellow of many professional societies including the Royal Aeronautical Society. Rathakrishnan serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE) and International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME) journals.

He has authored the following books: Gas Dynamics, 7th ed. (PHI Learning, New Delhi, 2020); Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. (PHI Learning, New Delhi, 2005); Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction, 4th ed. (PHI Learning, New Delhi, 2022); Gas Tables, 3rd ed. (Universities Press, Hyderabad, India, 2012); Theory of Compressible Flows (Maruzen Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan, 2008); Gas Dynamics Work Book, 2nd ed. (Praise Worthy Prize, Napoli, Italy, 2013); Elements of Heat Transfer (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2012); Theoretical Aerodynamics (John Wiley, New Jersey, USA, 2013); High Enthalpy Gas Dynamics (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015); Dynamique Des Gaz (Praise Worthy Prize, Napoli, Italy, 2015); and Instrumentation, Measurements and Experiments in Fluids, 2nd ed. (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2017), Helicopter Aerodynamics, (PHI Learning, New Delhi, 2019); Applied Gas Dynamics 2nd ed. (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2019); Introduction to Aerospace Engineering : Basic Principles of Flight, Wiley, (New Jercy, 2021); Japan, (Praise Worthy Prize, Napoli, Italy, 2021); Mind Power : The Sixth Sense, (Routlege, Taylor and Francis Group, UK, 2022).

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