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xv | |
Foreword |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
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PART I THE HEART AS AN ENDOCRINE ORGAN |
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Chapter 1 Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides |
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3 | (38) |
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3 | (1) |
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Gene Structure of Natriuretic Peptides |
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4 | (3) |
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
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4 | (1) |
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Brain or B-Type Natriuretic Peptide |
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5 | (1) |
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C-Type Natriuretic Peptide |
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6 | (1) |
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Translation, Processing, and Storage of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides |
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7 | (2) |
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
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7 | (1) |
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Brain or B-Type Natriuretic Peptide |
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8 | (1) |
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C-Type Natriuretic Peptide |
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9 | (1) |
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Circulating Concentrations, Forms, and Metabolism of Natriuretic Peptides |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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Circulating Forms and Metabolism |
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9 | (2) |
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Natriuretic Peptide Receptors |
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11 | (1) |
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Circulating Natriuretic Peptide Signal Peptides |
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12 | (1) |
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Assays Measuring Natriuretic Peptides in the Circulation |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Integrative Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology |
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14 | (1) |
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Natriuretic Peptide as Therapeutic Agents |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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Combined ACE and NEP Inhibitors |
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17 | (1) |
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Combined ARB and NEP Inhibitors---New Frontier in Heart Failure Therapy |
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17 | (1) |
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Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers in Heart Failure |
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18 | (10) |
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Natriuretic Peptides in Diagnosis of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure |
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18 | (5) |
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BNP and NT-proBNP for Community Screening for Cardiac Impairment |
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23 | (2) |
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B-Type Natriuretic Peptides for Prognosis in Heart Failure |
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25 | (1) |
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Marker Guided Therapy in Heart Failure |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (13) |
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41 | (18) |
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41 | (1) |
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Molecular Forms, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Adrenomedullin |
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41 | (3) |
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The Adrenomedullin Receptor |
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44 | (1) |
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Cardiac Actions of Adrenomedullin |
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45 | (2) |
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Effect of Adrenomedullin on Cardiac Contractility |
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45 | (1) |
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Effect of Adrenomedullin on Cardiac Structure |
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46 | (1) |
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Pathophysiological Function of Adrenomedullin in Cardiac Disease |
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47 | (3) |
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Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure |
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47 | (2) |
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Acute Myocardial Infarction |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications of Adrenomedullin to Cardiac Disease |
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50 | (4) |
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Effect of Adrenomedullin Administration in Patients With Heart Failure |
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50 | (1) |
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Clinical Application of Adrenomedullin in Acute Myocardial Infarction |
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51 | (1) |
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Clinical Trials With Adrenomedullin |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Endothelin-1 as a Cardiac-Derived Autocrine, Paracrine and Intracrine Factor in Heart Health and Disease |
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59 | (28) |
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59 | (2) |
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Cardiac Production of ET-1 |
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61 | (3) |
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Cardiac ET-1 Production in Heart Disease |
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64 | (1) |
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Expression of Cardiac ET Receptors |
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64 | (1) |
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Intracellular ET Receptors: Evidence for an Intracrine Role of ET-1 in the Cardiac Cell |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Mechanisms Underlying Inotropic Responses |
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66 | (1) |
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Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Cardiac-Derived ET-1: General Concepts |
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67 | (6) |
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67 | (1) |
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Association of ET-1 With Cardiac Diseases |
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68 | (1) |
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ET-1 in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure |
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68 | (4) |
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Endogenous Modulation of ET-1: Keeping ET-1 in Check? |
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72 | (1) |
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Potential Beneficial Effects of ET-1 in Cardiac Function |
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73 | (1) |
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Development of Clinical Strategies Aimed at Targeting ET-1 |
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74 | (1) |
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Clinical Evaluation of ET Receptor Antagonists for Treating Heart Disease |
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74 | (2) |
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Potential Reasons for Failed Clinical Trials |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (10) |
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Chapter 4 The Cardiokines: An Expanding Family of the Heart Secretome |
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87 | (28) |
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87 | (1) |
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Cellular Components of the Heart Involved in the Cardiac Secretome |
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87 | (3) |
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Myofibroblasts, Myocytes and Vascular Cells |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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The Autocrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Heart: Components of the Cardiac Secretome |
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90 | (1) |
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Growth Factor Generation in the Heart |
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91 | (5) |
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Transforming Growth Factor-Beta |
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91 | (1) |
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Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor |
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92 | (3) |
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Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and FGF-16 |
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95 | (1) |
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Inflammatory Mediators Generated in the Heart |
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96 | (7) |
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96 | (3) |
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IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and Soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L) |
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100 | (1) |
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Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (MANF), Secreted Frizzled Related Protein (SFRP)-2, and Protease Inhibitor 16 (PI-16) |
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101 | (1) |
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High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein |
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101 | (1) |
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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor |
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102 | (1) |
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Cardiac Exosomes and miRNA |
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103 | (1) |
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Insight Into Future Directions |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (10) |
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Chapter 5 Novel Small Peptide Hormones |
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115 | (1) |
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Endocrine Factors Regulating Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function: Neuronostatin and Adropin |
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115 | (7) |
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Neuronostatin: Discovery and Sites of Production |
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115 | (2) |
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Neuronostatin and the Central Control of Blood Pressure |
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117 | (1) |
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Neuronostatin and Cardiac Function |
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118 | (1) |
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Assessing the Physiologic Relevance of Neuronostatin |
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118 | (2) |
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Adropin: A Cardio-Metabolic Peptide |
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120 | (1) |
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Adropin: An Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease |
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120 | (2) |
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Novel Adipokines in the Control of Cardiovascular Function: Nesfatin-1 and Omentin |
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122 | (5) |
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Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ |
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122 | (1) |
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Nesfatin-1: Discovery, Production, and Signaling |
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122 | (2) |
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Nesfatin-1 and the Central Control of Blood Pressure |
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124 | (1) |
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Nesfatin-1 and Cardiac Function |
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124 | (1) |
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Omentin: Discovery, Expression, and Signaling |
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124 | (1) |
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Omentin and the Vasculature |
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125 | (1) |
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The Protective Effect of Omentin in the Heart |
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125 | (2) |
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Role of Myokines in Cardiovascular Health: Irisin |
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127 | (2) |
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Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Irisin and Maintenance of the Vascular Endothelium |
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127 | (2) |
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Modulatory Peptides Encoded by Upstream Short Open Reading Frames of Hormone Receptors: PEP7 |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (7) |
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PART II THE HEART AS AN ENDOCRINE TARGET |
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Chapter 6 Gut-Derived Hormones---Cardiac Effects of Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 |
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139 | (28) |
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139 | (9) |
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Gene Structure and Derived-Peptides |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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Type 1a GHS Receptor (GHS-R1a) |
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142 | (1) |
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Non type 1a GHS Receptors |
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143 | (1) |
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Ghrelin Effects on the Cardiovascular System |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Modulation of the Sympathetic Control of Cardiovascular Function |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Antiapoptotic Effects in Cardiac Cells |
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146 | (1) |
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Ghrelin in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Heart Failure |
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147 | (1) |
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Ghrelin in the Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (8) |
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Gene Structure and Derived-Peptides |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) |
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150 | (2) |
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DPP-4 Inhibitors (Gliptins) |
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152 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular Effects of GLP-1 |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (11) |
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Chapter 7 Fat Hormones, Adipokines |
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167 | (40) |
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167 | (1) |
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Obesity as a Chronic Proinflammatory State |
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168 | (2) |
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Proinflammatory Adipokines |
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170 | (11) |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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Adipocyte-Fatty Acid Binding Protein |
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177 | (4) |
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Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines |
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181 | (10) |
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181 | (4) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (15) |
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Chapter 8 Neuronal Hormones and the Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Regulation of the Heart |
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207 | (22) |
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207 | (1) |
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Electrical System of the Heart |
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207 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Nervous System of the Heart |
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208 | (14) |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System of the Heart |
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213 | (1) |
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Measuring Autonomic Nervous System Regulation of the Heart |
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214 | (1) |
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Circadian Rhythm Regulation of the Autonomic System |
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215 | (3) |
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Other Endocrine Organs and the Heart: Posterior Pituitary |
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218 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous Hormones and the Heart |
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218 | (2) |
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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Function Involving the Autonomic System: Pregnancy and the Baroreflex |
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220 | (1) |
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Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction/Metabolic Syndrome (A Sympathetic Disease?) and Its Effects on the Heart |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cardiovascular Regulation |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (7) |
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Chapter 9 Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System and Heart Function |
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229 | (20) |
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The Conventional Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System |
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229 | (2) |
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RAAS and Heart Cell Communication |
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231 | (1) |
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ATI Receptor as a Mechanosensor |
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232 | (1) |
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Role of ACE Inhibitors and ATI Receptor Blockers |
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233 | (1) |
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ACE2/Ang (1-7) /Mas Receptor Axis Activation |
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234 | (1) |
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Local Cardiac RAAS, the Intracrine Component |
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235 | (2) |
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Intracellular Renin Alters Chemical Communication and Metabolic Cooperation |
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237 | (1) |
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Mitochondria, the Nucleus and the Intracrine Renin-Angiotensin System |
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238 | (1) |
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Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (7) |
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Chapter 10 Nuclear Receptors and the Adaptive Response of the Heart |
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249 | (36) |
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Nuclear Receptors: Introduction |
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249 | (2) |
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PGC Coactivators in the Developing and Diseased Heart |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (4) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Regulation of Mitochondrial Mass, Ca2+, and Apoptosis |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Estrogen-Related Receptors |
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256 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Transcriptional Control of Metabolism |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling |
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259 | (1) |
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Cardiomyocyte Ca2+ Handling and Contractile Function |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Mineralocorticoid Receptors |
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262 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling |
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262 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology: Inflammation and Fibrosis |
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263 | (1) |
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Mineralocorticoid Antagonists in Treating Heart Failure |
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264 | (1) |
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Thyroid Hormone Receptors |
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264 | (3) |
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Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Action |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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TH and THR Nonnuclear Regulation |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (5) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Posttranslational Mechanisms of PPAR Regulation |
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271 | (1) |
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Emerging and Associated Players |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (12) |
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Chapter 11 Adrenergic Receptors |
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285 | (32) |
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Adrenergic Signaling: Systematic and Updated Overview |
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285 | (2) |
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Sympathetic System and Hypertension |
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287 | (3) |
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Role of Adrenergic System in Regulation of Vascular Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress |
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287 | (1) |
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Adrenergic Signaling and ROS |
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287 | (2) |
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The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Vascular Homeostasis |
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289 | (1) |
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Adrenergic Signaling in Heart Failure |
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290 | (14) |
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Adrenergic System in the Heart: Beyond the Regulation of Contractility |
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293 | (2) |
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Adrenergic Receptors and Cardiac Metabolism |
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295 | (3) |
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Role of Adrenergic Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac Hypertrophy |
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298 | (3) |
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GRK2 Subcellular Localization: A Molecular Link Between Myocardial Contractility and Cardiac Metabolism |
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301 | (3) |
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Pharmacology of Adrenergic Receptor Blockade |
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304 | (2) |
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α-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade |
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304 | (1) |
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β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (11) |
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Chapter 12 Insulin Signaling in Cardiac Health and Disease |
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317 | (30) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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Functional Importance of Insulin Receptor Signaling in the Heart |
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320 | (2) |
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Metabolic Effects of Insulin Signaling in the Myocardium |
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322 | (5) |
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Effects of Insulin on Glucose Transport |
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322 | (1) |
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Effects of Insulin on Glucose Utilization |
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323 | (1) |
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Effects of Insulin on Fatty Acid Utilization |
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324 | (1) |
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Effects of Insulin on Protein Synthesis |
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325 | (2) |
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Cardiac Insulin Signaling During Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes |
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327 | (3) |
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Insulin Signaling and Cardiac Hypertrophy |
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330 | (3) |
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Cardio-Protective Role of Insulin Signaling in Ischemia Reperfusion and Contractile Failure |
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333 | (3) |
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Scope and Future Perspectives |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (11) |
Index |
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347 | |