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Energy Economics [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 432 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 861 g, 12 Tables, black and white; 71 Line drawings, black and white; 71 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Textbooks in Environmental and Agricultural Economics
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415676770
  • ISBN-13: 9780415676779
  • Formāts: Hardback, 432 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 861 g, 12 Tables, black and white; 71 Line drawings, black and white; 71 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sērija : Routledge Textbooks in Environmental and Agricultural Economics
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Aug-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415676770
  • ISBN-13: 9780415676779
With interest in topics such as climate change, energy security, and alternative energy sources being at an all-time high, the effects of today's decisions now rest on the shoulders of future generations. There are no easy answers to our energy issues, so costs and benefits must be considered when evaluating all energy alternatives; alongside that, prices must be right and need to reflect the full social costs to society of a given source of energy.

Energy Economics outlines the fundamental issues and possible solutions to the challenges of energy production and use, and presents a framework for energy decisions based upon sound economic analysis. It considers market forces and policy goals, including economic prosperity, environmental protection, and other considerations that affect societal well-being. This book focuses on both energy choices and the impact of these choices on market performance, environmental conditions, and sustainability. The initial section covers the fundamental economic concepts for analyzing energy markets. Following this, a detailed analysis of established energy sources, specifically fossil fuels and nuclear energy, leads into consideration of energy alternatives such as renewable energy and next-generation alternatives. Electricity production and regulatory trends are covered in depth. The final section considers policy: environmental considerations, sustainability, and energy security. The concluding chapter is a comprehensive vision for our energy future.

Drawing on current energy headlines, perspectives familiar from the popular press, and views outside economics, this text sharpens students' ability to understand, evaluate, and critique policy using appropriate economic analysis. The text builds a foundation that culminates in a view of a comprehensive energy policy that improves upon the vacillations of past decades.

Recenzijas

The economics of energy resources and their markets is one of the most active areas of research today. We have been in need of a text that can match the demands of an important and rapidly changing field. There is no doubt Schwarz has given us that text! He has produced a unique text that brings readers inside and up to date on this rapidly changing field. His book is comprehensive in its coverage of all energy resources. Readers will appreciate how he is able in each chapter to integrate the institutional, scientific, and economic dimensions unique to each energy resource. Rather than separate chapters on economics, geology, and regulations he brings them together and demonstrates how each contributes to understanding the special allocation questions posed for each type of energy resource. The book closes by considering how decisions on which energy resources society should use must confront the broader questions of environmental protection and sustainability. The books design, with integrated treatment of each individual energy resource, allows instructors to use it as a full text or select components for specialized courses. V. Kerry Smith, Emeritus Regents Professor and Emeritus University Professor of Economics, Arizona State University, USA

Schwarzs work is an adroit combination of explanations of energy markets and the environmental issues that arise from such markets. The text ably combines traditional market structure issues with the impact of new and potential energy technology in a way that will open students to the challenges and opportunities in todays energy issues. Andrew N. Kleit, Professor of Energy and Environmental Economics, The Pennsylvania State University, USA

Energy markets and policies are moving targets; economics is an important way to maintain ones ability to understand and assess what we see and what may come next. Applying his extensive research and teaching experience in energy economics, Prof. Schwarz provides here a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the field. He covers the background and evolution of traditional sources and upcoming fuels, the basic economics of competitive markets, resource management and market failures, as well as policy concerns relating to the environment and sustainability. Teachers and students with a wide range of interests will find much gain from this book. Tim Brennan, Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland Baltimore County, and Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future, USA

Schwarzs book, Energy Economics, integrates microeconomic theory and applications into the technical, regulatory and policy complexities of alternative energy uses, substitutes, sources, technologies, and prices. He carefully keeps front and center consideration of the multiple energy-related environmental damages, national security concerns, reliability issues, and potential for technological change. The students this text is designed to serve will find it is easy to understand, as it is written by a scholar with a lifetime of widely-respected research on energy economics and a firm grasp on key principles. This book is a valuable, up-to-date survey that will provide a comprehensive framework for those engaged in energy economics research, and those who want to understand this complex and important field. Darwin C. Hall, Professor Emeritus of Economics, California State University Long Beach, USA

I am happy to strongly endorse the publication of Peter Schwarz's book Energy Economics. I actually wish I had such an introduction to the field of energy economics when I studied energy policy in Germany and in the U.S. From my perspective, the specific value of this book lies in the application of many things we know from Economics to the very dynamic field of energy. This application makes the book unique and important. I particularly like the straightforward way of describing and explaining economic terms. In this regard, the highlighted keywords throughout the book help to quickly look up specific terms. I can very well imagine that students of Economics and other Social Sciences will find the book helpful to get an orientation in the field of energy economics. For professionals, the book can be a guide on how to maneuver through the complex world of energy policy, economics, and technology. Finally, it is very welcome that the book is not only titled "energy economics" and then continues by addressing electricity economics only but actually addresses all aspects of energy, i.e. also oil, shale gas, transportation, heating, sustainability, climate, security, etc. Dr. Steffen Jenner, Policy Fellow, Das Progressive Zentrum, Germany

This book is a comprehensive treatment of the energy markets as they relate to economic efficiency, government regulation and environmental policy. The book extensively uses the tools of economic analysis to establish a framework for evaluating past, present and future energy market operations and government policies, but at a level that is useful for economist and non-economist readers alike. Although the pivotal point for serious analysis of energy was the oil crisis of the 1970s, there are many current and near future energy issues that receive a thorough treatment in this book, such as market-based instruments for renewable resources (including financial instruments), energy sustainability and security, and other environmental concerns. This book is must read for anyone seriously interested in the evolving energy public policy debate. Herb Thompson, Former President at Thompson Consulting and Associate Professor at J. Warren McClure School of Information and Telecommunication Systems, Ohio University, USA, now retired

Peter Schwarz's new book, Energy Economics, is a must read. College students, activists of all stripes, the informed layman and government policy makers can profit from all or parts of his comprehensive treatment of this all important subject. Christopher Garbacz, Ph.D., Formerly Professor of Economics, Director, Economics, Mississippi Public Utilities Staff, USA

I can't wait to read Energy Economics with my students! The book begins with an accessible discussion of market efficiency and market failures. This sets the stage for discussions of the history, science, and economics of different energy resources: oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, renewables, and next-generation alternatives with specific attention to electricity. The book closes with chapters focusing on policies related to the environment, national security, and sustainability. Along the way students are introduced to a host of topics in industrial organization, environmental, and natural resource economics through well-motivated examples from energy policy. A great way to learn about both energy and economics! Stephen Holland, Professor, University of North Carolina, Greensboro Department of Economics, USA

"A strength of the book is the wide use of real world energy issues and studies to motivate the use of economic tools. Such issues sprinkled liberally throughout the book often in separate boxes should be highly moti-vational for readers of the book, might also be of interest to more general readers, and could provide useful examples to instructors of other more general courses in micro, regulation, environmental economics, policy, political economy, and even more advanced courses in energy economics."- The Energy Journal, Kevin F. Forbes- The Catholic University of America

List of figures xvi
List of tables xviii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxii
List of abbreviations xxiii
Part I: Fundamentals of energy economics
1 Introduction
3(18)
Why energy economics?
3(4)
Oil market performance from the 1970s to the present
3(1)
The content of energy economics
4(3)
Energy is indispensable to modern life
7(4)
Energy intensity
8(1)
Transportation
8(1)
Electricity
9(2)
Buildings
11(1)
Key energy issues
11(3)
Are we running out?
11(2)
Effects on the planet
13(1)
Economic approach
14(5)
Efficiency and inefficiency
14(1)
Market failure and government failure
15(1)
A roadmap
15(4)
Notes
19(1)
References
19(2)
2 Energy, markets, and society
21(17)
Introduction
21(3)
What is different about energy?
24(1)
Efficiency
25(4)
Market failure
25(2)
Externalities
27(1)
Public goods
27(1)
Other potential market failures
28(1)
Social welfare
29(2)
Pareto and Hicks-Kaldor efficiency
30(1)
Efficiency vs. equity
30(1)
Cost-benefit analysis
30(1)
Sustainability
31(2)
Sustainability may conflict with efficiency and social welfare
32(1)
Equity for future generations
33(1)
Summary
33(2)
Notes
35(1)
References
36(2)
3 Static efficiency: applying supply and demand to energy markets
38(31)
Introduction
38(1)
Supply and demand
39(10)
Demand
39(4)
Supply
43(6)
Supply and demand
49(1)
Perfect competition
49(7)
Assumptions of the perfectly competitive model
50(1)
Short-run equilibrium
51(2)
Long-run equilibrium
53(1)
Efficiency and social welfare
54(2)
Market failure
56(5)
Monopoly
56(2)
Externalities
58(1)
Public goods
59(2)
Coming full circle: social welfare
61(1)
Summary
62(1)
Appendix 3A: Supply and demand basics
63(3)
Appendix 3B: The calculus behind supply and demand
66(2)
Notes
68(1)
References
68(1)
4 Dynamic efficiency: energy decisions over time
69(30)
Introduction
69(1)
Dynamic efficiency
70(3)
When to use dynamic efficiency
71(2)
Competition in a dynamic framework
73(12)
MC=0
73(8)
MC>0
81(4)
Monopoly
85(2)
Other factors influencing dynamic efficiency
87(5)
Change in demand
87(1)
Change in total reserves
88(1)
Change in technology
89(1)
Change in backstop technology
90(1)
Change in interest rate
91(1)
Implications for sustainability
92(2)
Managing energy price volatility
94(1)
Summary
94(1)
Notes
95(2)
References
97(2)
Part II: Conventional energy sources 99(92)
5 Oil: there at the creation of energy economics
101(25)
Introduction
101(1)
A brief economic history
102(5)
Rockefeller and Standard Oil
103(2)
The majors
105(1)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
106(1)
Oil consumption
107(2)
Oil as a transportation fuel
108(1)
Other uses of petroleum
108(1)
Oil production
109(5)
The supply chain for oil and gasoline
113(1)
Market models of OPEC behavior
114(4)
Cartel model
115(2)
Dominant firm price leadership model
117(1)
Environmental regulation
118(2)
Oil financial instruments
120(2)
Forwards and futures
120(2)
Summary
122(1)
Notes
123(1)
References
124(2)
6 Natural gas: a new golden age?
126(23)
Introduction
126(2)
Brief economic history of natural gas use
128(4)
Natural history
128(2)
Regulation and deregulation
130(2)
Natural gas production
132(3)
Supply chain
132(3)
Cost
135(3)
Levelized cost
136(2)
Greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts
138(1)
Determining price
139(6)
Determining price under regulation
140(1)
Market determination of price
141(4)
Summary
145(2)
Notes
147(1)
References
147(2)
7 Coal
149(22)
Introduction
149(1)
A brief economic history of coal
150(1)
Production and the supply chain
151(4)
Extraction
152(2)
Processing
154(1)
Transportation
154(1)
Cost
155(5)
Extraction
155(2)
Processing costs
157(1)
Transportation costs
158(1)
Cost to generate electricity
158(2)
Market structure
160(2)
Competition
160(1)
Noncompetitive markets
161(1)
Emissions and other environmental impacts
162(5)
Greenhouse gases and other emissions
162(2)
Water contamination
164(2)
Land degradation
166(1)
Human health effects
166(1)
Summary
167(1)
Notes
168(1)
References
168(3)
8 Nuclear energy
171(20)
Introduction
171(1)
A brief economic history of nuclear power
172(4)
Fission vs. fusion
174(2)
Regulation
176(1)
Spent fuel
176(1)
Reprocessing
176(1)
Private cost
177(5)
Levelized cost
177(4)
Private cost revisited
181(1)
Social cost
182(4)
Nuclear waste
183(1)
Terrorist threats
184(1)
Carbon emissions
185(1)
Summary
186(1)
Notes
187(1)
References
187(4)
Part III: Alternative energy sources 191(68)
9 Renewable energy: ready for prime time?
193(20)
Introduction
193(1)
Why alternative fuels?
194(3)
Advantages of renewable fuels
195(1)
Political support
196(1)
Government subsidies
197(5)
Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
198(2)
Feed-in tariffs (FITS)
200(2)
The rising tide of alternative energy
202(1)
Barriers to acceptance of alternative fuels
203(2)
Private cost of alternative fuels
203(1)
Social cost comparison
204(1)
Other currently available renewables
205(2)
Hydropower
205(2)
Geothermal
207(1)
Summary
207(1)
Notes
208(2)
References
210(3)
10 Next-generation alternatives: the future or flavor of the month?
213(21)
Introduction
213(1)
What is a next-generation energy alternative?
214(2)
Alternatives to the automobile combustion engine
214(1)
Incentives to develop next-generation energy alternatives
215(1)
Next-generation renewable energy
216(6)
Wind
216(2)
Solar
218(2)
Next-generation biofuels
220(2)
Nonrenewables
222(5)
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
222(1)
Nuclear energy
223(4)
Other next-generation alternatives
227(3)
Water power
227(1)
Fuel cells and batteries
228(2)
The role of markets and governments in next-generation technology
230(1)
Summary
230(1)
Notes
231(1)
References
232(2)
11 Energy efficiency: the cheapest fuel?
234(25)
Introduction
234(1)
Energy efficiency and economic efficiency
235(5)
Energy efficiency vs. economic efficiency
235(4)
Energy intensity
239(1)
Energy efficiency in production
240(5)
Energy input-product output relationship
240(4)
Energy input-energy output relationship
244(1)
Energy efficiency in consumption
245(2)
Energy efficiency and electric utility capacity
246(1)
Energy efficiency gap
247(4)
Reasons for an energy efficiency gap
248(3)
Reasons why there may not be a gap
251(1)
Rebound effect
251(3)
Taxonomy of rebound effects
253(1)
Magnitude of rebound effects
253(1)
Government intervention to encourage energy efficiency
254(1)
Standards vs. incentive-based approaches
254(1)
Government failures
254(1)
Summary
255(1)
Notes
256(1)
References
257(2)
Part IV: Electricity 259(54)
12 Traditional electricity regulation: the calm before the storm
261(27)
Introduction
261(1)
A brief economic history of electricity and its regulation
262(3)
The origins of electricity
262(2)
The evolution of U.S. electric utility regulation
264(1)
Overview of the electric industry
265(5)
Customer sectors
265(2)
Global trends in electricity use
267(1)
The electric system supply chain
268(2)
Regulating the electric industry
270(7)
State regulations
270(7)
Alternative forms of regulation
277(7)
Marginal cost pricing
277(6)
Other alternatives
283(1)
Summary
284(1)
Notes
285(1)
References
286(2)
13 Electricity restructuring and deregulation: the path forward?
288(25)
Introduction
288(1)
A brief economic history of electricity deregulation and restructuring
289(7)
Restructuring
290(2)
Challenges for electricity deregulation
292(3)
Transactions costs
295(1)
Two paths to restructuring
296(11)
The UK
296(8)
California
304(3)
Other examples of electricity deregulation and restructuring
307(2)
PJM
308(1)
ERCOT
308(1)
Summary
309(2)
Notes
311(1)
References
311(2)
Part V: Energy policy 313(82)
14 Energy and the environment
315(22)
Introduction
315(1)
Growth of the environmental movement
316(2)
Relationship between energy and the environment
318(11)
Energy production and the environment
319(7)
Electricity production and the environment
326(3)
Regulations
329(4)
Environmental regulation of energy production
329(2)
Environmental regulation of electricity production
331(2)
Policy options
333(1)
Summary
333(1)
Notes
334(1)
References
334(3)
15 Energy and sustainability
337(20)
Introduction
337(1)
Meaning of sustainability
338(3)
Limits to Growth revisited
339(1)
Ethics
340(1)
Dynamic energy market conditions
341(3)
Impacts of growing global demand for energy
342(1)
Supply considerations
343(1)
Sustainable energy
344(5)
Wind and solar energy
344(1)
Biomass energy
345(1)
Hydroelectric
346(1)
Algae
346(1)
Nuclear
346(1)
Coal
347(2)
Energy efficiency and conservation
349(2)
Negawatts vs. megawatts
349(1)
Energy efficiency
350(1)
Consumption strategies
351(2)
Renewable portfolio standards
351(1)
Feed-in tariffs
352(1)
Demand response mechanisms
352(1)
Summary
353(1)
Notes
354(1)
References
355(2)
16 Energy security
357(21)
Introduction
357(1)
Definition of energy security
358(1)
History of oil security since 1973
359(4)
OPEC and the 1973 embargo
359(3)
Prices and price volatility
362(1)
Explanations for the 2008 oil price spike
363(1)
Current issues in primary energy security
363(4)
Falling energy prices and imports reduce security concerns
363(1)
Natural gas
364(1)
Climate change
364(1)
Nuclear energy
365(1)
Energy infrastructure
366(1)
Electricity and energy security
367(2)
Outages
367(1)
Grid modernization
368(1)
Microgrids
369(1)
Costs and benefits of energy security
369(5)
Oil prices and oil price shocks
370(1)
Security petroleum reserve (SPR)
371(1)
Military costs
371(1)
Electricity outage costs
372(1)
Smart grid
373(1)
Summary
374(1)
Notes
375(1)
References
375(3)
17 A comprehensive energy policy: the hi g picture
378(17)
Introduction
378(1)
First-and second-best policies
379(2)
Incentive-based policies vs. command-and-control
380(1)
Energy-using sectors
381(9)
Transportation
381(3)
Electric utilities
384(3)
Industry
387(1)
Buildings and commercial users
387(2)
Buildings and residential users
389(1)
Markets and Government
390(1)
Summary
390(2)
Notes
392(1)
References
393(2)
Index 395
Peter M. Schwarz is a Professor of Economics and Associate, Energy Production and Infrastructure Center (EPIC) at UNC Charlotte, USA. He has published numerous articles on energy, environment, and electricity pricing that have appeared in such journals as the American Economic Review, the RAND Journal of Economics, and the Energy Journal. He has travelled internationally to present his work in these areas, including Israel, Germany, and China (five times).