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Energy Efficiency in the Urban Environment [Mīkstie vāki]

(University of Cairo, Egypt),
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 301 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 453 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367377810
  • ISBN-13: 9780367377816
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Energy Efficiency in the Urban EnvironmentPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 301 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 453 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 19-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367377810
  • ISBN-13: 9780367377816
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780367377816.html
Energy Efficiency in the Urban Environment is a study of energy crisis, urbanisation, and climate change, as well as a discussion of how to combat these global challenges. With a special focus on Egypt, this book addresses the macroscale of urbanism from the perspective of city dwellers quality of life, and explores the microscale of buildings and the perspective of ensuring indoor air quality within the boundaries of energy efficiency.





Offering an integrated view of energy systems and urban planning supported by extensive data, references, and case studies, this text:















Examines the energy efficiency performance of cities following sustainable urbanism principles





Investigates how informal areas in developing countries achieve sustainable development





Presents energy-efficient urban planning as a tool for improving city energy performance





Proposes the development of a common procedure for obtaining an energy performance certificate





Calculates the energy performance of buildings, accounting for heating/cooling systems and other variables





Energy Efficiency in the Urban Environment demonstrates the importance of implementing an energy performance directive to aid energy savings in large buildings and set regulations for energy-efficient designs based on standard calculation methods. This book provides engineers working with sustainable energy systems, urban planners needing information on energy systems and optimisation, and professors and students of engineering, environmental science, and urban planning with a valuable reference on energy sustainability.
List of Figures
xvii
List of Tables
xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
About the Authors xxvii
1 Energy-Efficient Quality of Life
1(26)
1.1 General
1(1)
1.2 Energy Efficiency Concepts, Definitions and Measures
1(2)
1.3 Quality of Life as an Indicator for Human Progress
3(3)
1.3.1 Quality of Life versus Standard of Living Concepts
4(1)
1.3.2 Quality of Life Indices
4(2)
1.4 Ecological Footprint and Human Development Index
6(2)
1.5 Quality of Life and Sustainability
8(6)
1.5.1 Quality of Life, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energies in the Built Environment
11(3)
1.6 Energy Performance
14(3)
1.7 Energy Efficiency Indicators
17(2)
1.8 Energy Efficiency Standards
19(1)
1.9 Energy Labels
19(3)
1.10 Concluding Remarks
22(5)
References
23(4)
2 Energy Efficiency Strategies in Urban Planning of Cities
27(40)
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Cities and Energy Consumption: The Macrolevel
27(6)
2.2.1 Size
27(1)
2.2.1.1 Mega Growth, Mega Complexity
28(1)
2.2.2 Role and Competitiveness
29(4)
2.3 Cities and Energy Consumption: The Microlevel
33(14)
2.3.1 Urban Pattern
33(1)
2.3.1.1 Compact versus Dispersed Development
34(1)
2.3.1.2 Density
35(3)
2.3.2 Land-Use Distribution and Home-Work Trip
38(1)
2.3.2.1 New Urbanism and Transit-Oriented Development
39(1)
2.3.2.2 Long-Distance Leisure Time Travel: Compensatory Travel?
40(1)
2.3.3 Road Network and Transportation Network
40(1)
2.3.3.1 Road Network
41(1)
2.3.3.2 Transportation
41(1)
2.3.3.3 Parking
41(1)
2.3.4 Buildings: Form, Height and Facade Treatment
42(2)
2.3.5 Renewable Energy
44(3)
2.4 City Consumption and City Impact
47(3)
2.4.1 Ecological Footprint
47(2)
2.4.2 Sustainability Assessment
49(1)
2.5 Roles of Stakeholders in Planning for EE
50(2)
2.5.1 Legislations and Laws Addressing Environmental Issues
50(1)
2.5.2 Governance
50(2)
2.6 The Middle East Context
52(7)
2.6.1 The Gulf Area
52(1)
2.6.1.1 A Return to Compact Cities
52(1)
2.6.1.2 Masdar City: Innovative Technologies
52(2)
2.6.2 Egypt
54(1)
2.6.2.1 Strategic Planning for Cities Programme
55(2)
2.6.2.2 Cairo
57(2)
2.7 Conclusions
59(8)
References
60(7)
3 Energy-Efficient Urban Areas: Theories and Green Rating Systems
67(20)
3.1 Introduction
67(1)
3.2 Quality of Life Is a Right
68(1)
3.3 Measuring Sustainable Development
69(3)
3.3.1 Indices to Rate Urban Agglomerations
70(1)
3.3.1.1 Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE)
70(1)
3.3.1.2 LEED for Neighbourhood Development
71(1)
3.3.1.3 Green City Index
72(1)
3.4 Sustainable Urbanism Theories
72(4)
3.4.1 NU and Smart Growth
73(2)
3.4.2 Transit-Oriented Development
75(1)
3.4.3 Sustainable Urbanism
76(1)
3.5 Best Practices in Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Urbanism Principles
76(1)
3.6 Guidelines for Egyptian Sustainable Cities
77(7)
3.7 Conclusions
84(3)
References
84(3)
4 Energy-Efficient Informalisation
87(16)
4.1 Introduction: Scarce Resources, Efficient Practices, Urbanisation and Sustainability
87(1)
4.2 Western Urbanisation and the Call for Sustainable Urban Development
88(1)
4.3 The Developing World Urbanisation: Informalisation
89(1)
4.3.1 Informal Areas Built on Agricultural Land
89(1)
4.3.2 Informal Areas Built on Desert Land
90(1)
4.3.3 Informal Area Upgrading Programmes
90(1)
4.4 Do Informal Areas Possess Sustainable Potentials? Is Informalisation `Smart'?
90(10)
4.4.1 Defined Neighbourhood (with Quality Architecture and Urban Design)
91(1)
4.4.2 Compactness
91(1)
4.4.2.1 Walkability
91(1)
4.4.2.2 Connectivity
91(1)
4.4.2.3 Increased Density
92(1)
4.4.3 Completeness with Daily and Lifelong Utilities
93(1)
4.4.3.1 Mixed Use and Diversity
94(1)
4.4.3.2 Mixed Housing
95(1)
4.4.4 Connectedness with Integrating Transportation and Land Use
95(1)
4.4.5 Enhancing the Quality of Life
96(1)
4.4.6 Stakeholder Participation
96(4)
4.5 Conclusions
100(3)
References
100(3)
5 Energy Generation Plants and Leakages of Energy in Urban Egypt
103(12)
5.1 Conventional Power Plants
103(4)
5.1.1 General
103(1)
5.1.2 Need for Power
104(1)
5.1.3 Characteristics of a Steam Power Plant
104(1)
5.1.4 Classification of Power Plant Cycle
105(1)
5.1.4.1 Rankine Steam Cycle
105(2)
5.1.4.2 Gas Cycles
107(1)
5.2 Strategic Urban Planning Programme: Lacking Energy Component
107(4)
5.2.1 Description of SUP Processes
108(1)
5.2.1.1 Basic Stages of an SUP Process
109(1)
5.2.1.2 Critical Comments on SUP Processes
109(1)
5.2.1.3 Theoretical Development
109(2)
5.3 Building New Communities in Desert Areas
111(4)
5.3.1 Strategic Plan Highlights
112(1)
5.3.2 Partnerships
113(1)
5.3.3 Leveraging
113(1)
5.3.4 Community Involvement
113(1)
References
113(2)
6 Energy in Buildings
115(54)
6.1 Energy-Efficient Buildings: A Challenging Era
115(7)
6.1.1 Energy Declaration of Buildings
115(3)
6.1.2 Energy Performance
118(1)
6.1.3 Need for Further Development
119(1)
6.1.4 Mathematical Simulation Tools
120(1)
6.1.5 Arab Energy in Buildings Code
121(1)
6.1.6 Conclusions
122(1)
6.2 Indoor Environmental Quality
122(14)
6.2.1 General
122(1)
6.2.2 Definitions
123(2)
6.2.3 Requirements
125(1)
6.2.4 Minimum Ventilation Rates
125(1)
6.2.5 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
125(1)
6.2.5.1 Spaces Ventilated by Mechanical Systems
125(1)
6.2.5.2 Naturally Ventilated Spaces
126(1)
6.2.5.3 C02 Sensors
126(1)
6.2.6 Filtration and Air Cleaner Requirements
127(1)
6.2.6.1 Particulate Matter
127(1)
6.2.6.2 Ozone
127(1)
6.2.6.3 Bypass Pathways
127(1)
6.2.7 Building Requirements
127(1)
6.2.7.1 Building Entrances
127(1)
6.2.8 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Comfort
128(1)
6.2.9 Acoustical Control
129(1)
6.2.9.1 Exterior Sound
129(1)
6.2.9.2 Interior Sound
129(1)
6.2.9.3 OITCandSTC
129(1)
6.2.10 Day Lighting by Top Lighting
130(1)
6.2.10.1 Minimum Daylight Zone by Top Lighting
130(1)
6.2.10.2 Skylight Characteristics
130(1)
6.2.11 Isolation of the Building from Pollutants in Soil
131(1)
6.2.12 Prescriptive Option
131(1)
6.2.12.1 Day Lighting by Side Lighting
131(1)
6.2.13 Materials
131(1)
6.2.13.1 Adhesives and Sealants
132(1)
6.2.13.2 Emissions
133(1)
6.2.13.3 Floor Covering Materials
133(1)
6.2.13.4 Composite Wood, Wood Structural Panel and Agrifibre Products
133(1)
6.2.13.5 Office Furniture Systems and Seating
134(1)
6.2.13.6 Ceiling and Wall Systems
134(1)
6.2.14 Performance Option
134(1)
6.2.14.1 Day Lighting Simulation
134(1)
6.2.14.2 Direct Sun Limitation on Work Plane Surface in Offices
135(1)
6.2.14.3 Materials
135(1)
6.3 Rating Systems of Energy-Efficient Buildings
136(33)
6.3.1 Introduction
136(1)
6.3.2 Major Appliances
137(1)
6.3.2.1 European Union Energy Label
137(5)
6.3.2.2 U.K. Energy Performance Certificate
142(3)
6.3.2.3 Non-Domestic EPCs
145(1)
6.3.2.4 Display Energy Certificates
146(1)
6.3.2.5 Criticism
147(1)
6.3.2.6 The Energy Label Australia
147(2)
6.3.2.7 Base Energy Consumption and Star Rating
149(11)
6.3.2.8 U.S. Energy Star
160(3)
6.3.2.9 Energy Performance Ratings
163(1)
6.3.3 Summary of Energy Standards and Labelling
164(1)
Reference Standards
165(1)
Related Acts
166(1)
References
167(2)
7 Low Carbon Buildings
169(26)
7.1 Energy-Efficient Designs of Low Carbon Buildings
169(5)
7.1.1 Summary
169(1)
7.1.2 Rationale and Benefits
170(1)
7.1.3 The Holistic Approach: Think `Pyramids'
171(3)
7.2 Energy-Efficient Buildings
174(5)
7.2.1 Energy Declaration of Buildings
174(1)
7.2.2 Energy Declaration of Existing Buildings
175(1)
7.2.3 Energy Declaration of New Buildings
176(1)
7.2.4 Issues for International Collaboration
176(2)
7.2.5 Concluding Remarks
178(1)
7.3 New Design Practices
179(16)
7.3.1 General
179(1)
7.3.2 Comfort Levels
180(1)
7.3.2.1 Introduction
180(1)
7.3.2.2 Problem Identification
180(1)
7.3.2.3 Status Quo
181(1)
7.3.2.4 Closure
181(1)
7.3.3 Air Quality
181(1)
7.3.3.1 Introduction
181(2)
7.3.3.2 Problem Identification
183(1)
7.3.3.3 Status Quo
183(1)
7.3.3.4 Closure
184(1)
7.3.4 Energy-Efficient Building Design
184(1)
7.3.4.1 Introduction
184(1)
7.3.4.2 Problem Identification: Pyramid Concept
184(1)
7.3.4.3 Status Quo
185(1)
7.3.4.4 Closure
186(1)
7.3.5 Air-Conditioning System Design of Commercial Buildings
186(1)
7.3.5.1 Load Characteristics
186(1)
7.3.5.2 Design Concepts
187(1)
7.3.5.3 Special Considerations
187(1)
7.3.5.4 Design Criteria
188(1)
7.3.5.5 Building Contents
188(1)
7.3.5.6 Effect of Ambient Atmosphere
188(1)
7.3.5.7 Sound and Vibration
189(1)
7.3.6 Evaluation Indices
189(1)
7.3.6.1 Introduction
189(1)
7.3.6.2 Problem Identification
189(1)
7.3.6.3 Status Quo
189(2)
7.3.6.4 Closure
191(1)
References
192(2)
Further Readings
194(1)
8 Green Buildings
195(16)
8.1 General
195(2)
8.2 Concepts
197(2)
8.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment
198(1)
8.3 Measures and Assessments
199(6)
8.3.1 Guiding Principles for Sustainable Existing Buildings
199(5)
8.3.2 Design Considerations and Enforcement
204(1)
8.4 New Design Practices and Renewable Energy Blends
205(2)
8.4.1 Ocean and Alternative Energies
206(1)
8.5 Closure
207(4)
References
209(2)
9 Current Energy Leakages in Egyptian Buildings
211(32)
9.1 Examples of Public and Residential Buildings
211(1)
9.1.1 Building Blocks of a National Standards and Labelling Programme
211(1)
9.1.2 Technical/Policy
211(1)
9.1.3 Proposed Process
212(1)
9.2 Measures and Assessments
212(5)
9.2.1 Proposed Labels for Egypt: Major Appliances
212(1)
9.2.1.1 Refrigerators, Freezers and Combined Appliances
212(1)
9.2.1.2 Washing Machines and Tumble Dryers
213(2)
9.2.1.3 Dishwashers
215(1)
9.2.1.4 Air Conditioners
215(1)
9.2.1.5 Light Bulbs
216(1)
9.2.2 Concluding Remarks
216(1)
9.3 Laws, Codes and Standards
217(18)
9.3.1 Building Mechanical Systems
217(2)
9.3.2 Ventilation Controls for High-Occupancy Areas
219(13)
9.3.3 Building Service Water-Heating Systems
232(2)
9.3.4 Energy-Saving Equipment
234(1)
9.4 Energy Auditing
235(8)
9.4.1 General
235(2)
9.4.2 Benchmarking
237(1)
9.4.2.1 Walk-Through or Preliminary Audit
238(1)
9.4.2.2 General Audit
238(1)
9.4.2.3 Investment-Grade Audit
239(2)
9.4.2.4 Pollution Audits
241(1)
References
241(2)
10 Future Prospects
243(8)
10.1 Continuous Urbanisation and Climate Change
243(1)
10.2 Energy Efficiency and Urban Expansion
243(1)
10.3 Integrating Renewable Energies into Urban Planning
244(1)
10.4 Energy-Efficient Building Envelopes
245(1)
10.5 Providing Integrated Solutions for Low-Income Areas Constituting Most Urbanisation Activities
246(1)
10.6 Awareness Regarding Climate Change, Energy Crisis and Resource-Efficient Urbanism
247(1)
10.7 Bottom-Up Approaches versus Top-Down Interventions
248(1)
10.8 New Business Models of Green Economy that Support Energy-Efficient Urban Development
249(2)
References
250(1)
Bibliography 251(14)
Index 265
Heba Allah Essam E. Khalil holds a B.Sc (2000) in architectural engineering, M.Sc (2003) in urban planning, and Ph.D (2007) in architectural engineering from Cairo University, Egypt. Currently, she is an associate professor in the Department of Architectural Engineering at Cairo University, with 15 years of academic experience. She has pursued scientific research in various fields, including community development, participatory evaluation, informal areas development, sustainable urbanism, green rating systems, affordable housing, quality of life, and strategic planning. Dr. Khalil has additional professional experience as an architect and as an urban planner on various projects.





Essam E. Khalil holds a B.Sc (1971) and M.Sc (1973) in mechanical engineering from Cairo University, Egypt, and DIC (1976) and Ph.D (1977) from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London University, UK. Currently, he is a professor of mechanical engineering at Cairo University (since June 1988). Dr. Khalil has more than 44 years of experience in the design and simulation of combustion chambers for terrestrial and aerospace applications. He has published more than 600 papers in journals and conference proceedings, as well as 12 books on combustion, energy, and indoor air quality control.