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E-grāmata: Energy Storage: A New Approach

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119083962
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Energy Storage: A New ApproachPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Sep-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119083962
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This new revision of an instant classic presents practical solutions to the problem of energy storage on a massive scale.  This problem is especially difficult for renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar power, that, currently, can only be utilized while the wind is blowing or while the sun is shining.  If energy storage on a large scale were possible, this would solve many of our society’s problems.  For example, power grids would not go down during peak usage.  Power plants that run on natural gas, for example, would no longer burn natural gas during the off-hours, as what happens now.  These are just two of society’s huge problems that could be solved with this new technology.

This new edition includes additional discussion and new sections on energy problem including increasing population and greenhouse effects, and an expanded overview of energy storage types. Chapter two has been expanded to provide further discussion of the fundamentals of energy and new sections on elastic, electrical, chemical, and thermal energy. Two new chapters have been added that provide a discussion of electrolytes and membranes and on flexible and stretchable energy storage devices. A new section has also been added on the future of energy storage in the final chapter.

This is a potentially revolutionary book insofar as technical books can be “revolutionary.”  The technologies that are described have their roots in basic chemistry that engineers have been practicing for years, but this is all new material that could revolutionize the energy industry.  Whether the power is generated from oil, natural gas, coal, solar, wind, or any of the other emerging sources, energy storage is something that the industry must learn and practice.  With the world energy demand increasing, mostly due to the industrial growth in China and India, and with the West becoming increasingly more interested in fuel efficiency and “green” endeavors, energy storage is potentially a key technology in our energy future.

Preface to Second Edition xi
Acknowledgements to First Edition xv
Acknowledgements to Second Edition xvi
1 Introduction 1(14)
1.1 The Energy Problem
1(4)
1.1.1 Increasing Population and Energy Consumption
2(1)
1.1.2 The Greenhouse Effect
3(1)
1.1.3 Energy Portability
4(1)
1.2 The Purposes of Energy Storage
5(1)
1.3 Types of Energy Storage
6(4)
1.4 Sources of Energy
10(2)
1.5 Overview of this Book
12(3)
2 Fundamentals of Energy 15(28)
2.1 Classical Mechanics and Mechanical Energy
15(13)
2.1.1 The Concept of Energy
15(4)
2.1.2 Kinetic Energy
19(7)
2.1.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
26(1)
2.1.4 Elastic Potential Energy
27(1)
2.2 Electrical Energy
28(3)
2.3 Chemical Energy
31(8)
2.3.1 Nucleosynthesis and the Origin of Elements
31(4)
2.3.2 Breaking and Forming the Chemical Bonds
35(1)
2.3.3 Chemical vs. Electrochemical Reactions
36(1)
2.3.4 Hydrogen
37(2)
2.4 Thermal Energy
39(4)
2.4.1 Temperature
39(1)
2.4.2 Thermal Energy Storage Types
40(2)
2.4.3 Phase Change Materials
42(1)
3 Conversion and Storage 43(16)
3.1 Availability of Solar Energy
46(2)
3.2 Conversion Processes
48(6)
3.2.1 Photovoltaic Conversion Process
49(1)
3.2.2 Thermoelectric Effects: Seebeck and Peltier
49(1)
3.2.3 Multiple P-N Cell Structure Shown with Heat
50(1)
3.2.4 Early Examples of Thermoelectric Generators
50(1)
3.2.5 Thermionic Converter
51(1)
3.2.6 Thermogalvanic Conversion
51(3)
3.3 Storage Processes
54(5)
3.3.1 Redox Full-Flow Electrolyte Systems
54(1)
3.3.2 Full Flow and Static Electrolyte System Comparisons
55(4)
4 Practical Purposes of Energy Storage 59(12)
4.1 The Need for Storage
59(3)
4.2 The Need for Secondary Energy Systems
62(2)
4.2.1 Comparisons and Background Information
63(1)
4.3 Sizing Power Requirements of Familiar Activities
64(5)
4.3.1 Examples of Directly Available Human Manual Power Mechanically Unaided
66(3)
4.3.1.1 Arm Throwing
66(1)
4.3.1.2 Vehicle Propulsion by Human Powered Leg Muscles
66(1)
4.3.1.3 Mechanical Storage: Archer's Bow and Arrow
67(2)
4.4 On-the-Road Vehicles
69(1)
4.4.1 Land Vehicle Propulsion Requirements Summary
69(1)
4.5 Rocket Propulsion Energy Needs Comparison
70(1)
5 Competing Storage Methods 71(18)
5.1 Problems with Batteries
72(3)
5.2 Hydrocarbon Fuel: Energy Density Data
75(2)
5.3 Electrochemical Cells
77(1)
5.4 Metal-Halogen and Half-Redox Couples
78(5)
5.5 Full Redox Couples
83(2)
5.6 Possible Applications
85(4)
6 The Concentration Cell 89(74)
6.1 Colligative Properties of Matter
89(2)
6.2 Electrochemical Application of Colligative Properties
91(10)
6.2.1 Compressed Gas
93(1)
6.2.2 Osmosis
94(1)
6.2.3 Electrostatic Capacitor
95(1)
6.2.4 Concentration Cells: CIR (Common Ion Redox)
96(5)
6.3 Further Discussions on Fundamental Issues
101(6)
6.4 Adsorption and Diffusion Rate Balance
107(2)
6.5 Storage by Adsorption and Solids Precipitation
109(4)
6.6 Some Interesting Aspects of Concentration Cells
113(3)
6.7 Concentration Cell Storage Mechanisms that Employ Sulfur
116(2)
6.8 Species Balance
118(1)
6.9 Electrode Surface Potentials
119(1)
6.10 Further Examination of Concentration Ratios
120(2)
6.11 Empirical Results with Small Laboratory Cells
122(4)
6.12 Iron/Iron Concentration Cell Properties
126(1)
6.13 The Mechanisms of Energy Storage Cells
127(5)
6.14 Operational Models of Sulfide Based Cells
132(2)
6.15 Storage Solely in Bulk Electrolyte
134(3)
6.16 More on Storage of Reagents in Adsorbed State
137(3)
6.17 Energy Density
140(1)
6.18 Observations Regarding Electrical Behavior
141(2)
6.19 Concluding Comments
143(2)
6.20 Typical Performance Characteristics
145(1)
6.21 Sulfide/Sulfur Half Cell Balance
145(1)
6.22 General Cell Attributes
146(1)
6.23 Electrolyte Information
146(3)
6.24 Concentration Cell Mechanism and Associated Mathematics
149(1)
6.25 Calculated Performance Data
150(3)
6.26 Another S/S-2 Cell Balance Analysis Method
153(2)
6.27 A Different Example of a Concentration Cell, Fe+2/Fe+3
155(1)
6.28 Performance Calculations Based on Nernst Potentials
156(4)
6.28.1 Constant Current Discharge
157(1)
6.28.2 Constant Power Discharge
158(2)
6.29 Empirical Data
160(3)
7 Thermodynamics of Concentration Cells 163(12)
7.1 Thermodynamic Background
163(3)
7.2 The CIR Cell
166(9)
8 Polysulfide - Diffusion Analysis 175(52)
8.1 Polarization Voltages and Thermodynamics
176(1)
8.2 Diffusion and Transport Processes at the (-) Electrode Surface
177(2)
8.3 Electrode Surface Properties, Holes, and Pores
179(4)
8.4 Electric (Ionic) Current Density Estimates
183(1)
8.5 Diffusion and Supply of Reagents
184(2)
8.6 Cell Dynamics
186(12)
8.6.1 Electrode Processes Analyses
186(1)
8.6.2 Polymeric Number Change
186(12)
8.7 Further Analysis of Electrode Behavior
198(8)
8.7.1 Flat Electrode with Some Storage Properties
198(8)
8.8 Assessing the Values of Reagent Concentrations
206(1)
8.9 Solving the Differential Equations
207(12)
8.10 Cell and Negative Electrode Performance Analysis
219(6)
8.11 General Comments
225(2)
9 Design Considerations 227(18)
9.1 Examination of Diffusion and Reaction Rates and Cell Design
227(1)
9.2 Electrodes
228(1)
9.3 Physical Spacing in Cell Designs
229(4)
9.3.1 Electrode Structures
229(4)
9.4 Carbon-Polymer Composite Electrodes
233(4)
9.4.1 Particle Shapes and Sizes
235(1)
9.4.2 Metal to Carbon Resistance
235(1)
9.4.3 Cell Spacing
236(1)
9.5 Resistance Measurements in Test Cells
237(2)
9.6 Electrolytes and Membranes
239(1)
9.7 Energy and Power Density Compromises
240(4)
9.8 Overcharging Effects on Cells
244(1)
9.9 Imbalance Considerations
244(1)
10 Electrolytes, Separators, and Membranes 245(38)
10.1 Electrolyte Classifications
246(1)
10.2 Ionic Conductivity
247(4)
10.2.1 Measurement Techniques
247(2)
10.2.2 Nyquist Plot Circuit Fitting
249(2)
10.3 Ion Conduction Theory
251(11)
10.3.1 Ion Conduction in Liquid Electrolytes
252(4)
10.3.2 Ion Conduction in Polymer Electrolytes
256(4)
10.3.3 Ion Conduction in Ceramic Electrolytes
260(2)
10.4 Factors Affecting Ion Conductivity
262(1)
10.5 Transference Number
263(1)
10.6 Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries
264(8)
10.6.1 Liquid Electrolytes
264(6)
10.6.1.1 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes
264(4)
10.6.1.2 Aqueous Electrolytes
268(2)
10.6.2 Solid and Quasi-Solid Electrolytes
270(32)
10.6.2.1 Polymer Electrolytes
270(2)
10.6.2.2 Ceramic Electrolytes
272(1)
10.7 Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
272(4)
10.8 Electrolytes for Fuel Cells
276(6)
10.9 Fillers and Additives
282(1)
11 Single Cell Empirical Data 283(6)
11.1 Design and Construction of Cells and the Materials Employed
283(4)
11.2 Experimental Data
287(2)
12 Conclusions and Future Trends 289(18)
12.1 Future of Energy Storage
289(1)
12.2 Flexible and Stretchable Energy Storage Devices
290(4)
12.3 Self-Charging Energy Storage Devices
294(1)
12.4 Recovering Wasted Energy
295(3)
12.5 Recycling Energy Storage Devices
298(2)
12.6 New Chemistry for Electrochemical Cells
300(1)
12.7 Non-Electrochemical Energy Storage
301(1)
12.8 Concentration Cells
302(5)
12.8.1 Pros and Cons of Concentration Cells
303(1)
12.8.2 Future Performance and Limitations
304(3)
Appendix 1 307(16)
Appendix 2 323(12)
Bibliography 335(6)
Index 341
Ralph Zito, PhD, was a pioneer in the field of electrical energy for over 30 years. With more than 40 patents and 60 papers to his credit, his resume is a virtual who's who of energy companies, such as GE, Westinghouse, and Sylvania, to name a few. He taught at the Carnegie Institute, where he obtained his doctorate, and did research at New York University, where he received his baccalaureate. Ralph Zito passed away in 2012.

Haleh Ardebili, PhD, is currently the Bill D. Cook Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston. She also holds a joint appointment in Materials Science and Engineering Program. She received her B.S. Honors degree in Engineering Science and Mechanics from Pennsylvania State University (1994), M.S. in Mechanical Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University (1996), and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland at College Park (2001). Ardebili was a research scientist at General Electric R&D, and later a postdoctoral fellow at Rice University in 2010 before joining University of Houston. Her current research work focuses on materials for energy storage and topics include flexible and stretchable lithium ion batteries, next-generation polymer nanocomposite electrolytes among others. She has several publications and patents in the areas of energy storage and electronics. Her awards and honors include the NSF CAREER, Texas Space Grants Consortium New Investigators Program, and the Kittinger award for teaching. She is a regular contributor to the National Public Radio Show, "Engines of Our Ingenuity".
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