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E-grāmata: Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS

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Jesper Jarl Fanų

Formāts: 432 pages
Izdošanas datums: 26-Dec-2019
Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781509927784

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Law of the sea

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Formāts: 432 pages
Izdošanas datums: 26-Dec-2019
Izdevniecība: Hart Publishing
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781509927784

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Law of the sea

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This book explores the scope and applicability of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), relating to the enforcement of international maritime legislation on air pollution. It focuses on enforcement of Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Annex VI) and the strengthened global sulphur limit which comes into force in 2020. The first chapters in Part I provide an overall introduction to relevant regulations of MARPOL Annex VI, UNCLOS, Port State Control (PSC), the EU Sulphur Directive and basic jurisdictional principles of international law. Part II analyses the amplified enforcement and notifying obligations of UNCLOS chapter XII placed on flag States and the broadened jurisdictions for port and coastal States to enforce. This includes extraterritorial enforcement by port States on the high seas and how overlapping jurisdictions are resolved. These theoretical discussions on jurisdiction are tied to practical applications pertaining to PSC and sanctioning. Part III builds upon the conclusions of Part II in relation to the enforcement of other legislation adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), including regulations on Greenhouse Gases (GHG) which the IMO is set to adopt through its GHG Strategy. Finally, with the increased environmental challenges relating to global warming, and given the special legal status of ships, Part IV offers an analysis of whether specific IMO regulations on GHG could, in the future, be considered peremptory norms of a 'jus cogens' character, and addresses the potential legal implications.

Papildus informācija

Much needed comprehensive review of UNCLOS Ch XII on the enforcement of international environmental maritime legislation.

Preface

vii

Acknowledgements

PART I ENFORCEMENT OF EMISSIONS LEGISLATION THROUGH UNCLOS

1 Introduction

(26)

I The Layout of the Book

(1)

II Man-made Pollution Emanating from Ships

(1)

III The IMO

(1)

IV Development of International Maritime Rules for the Protection of the Environment

(5)

V Sulphur Pollution -- Harmful to Humans and the Environment

(3)

VI What Shipowners Can Gain by Not Complying with the Sulphur Regulations

(2)

VII UNCLOS -- A Lex Superior Framework Convention of the Sea

(4)

VIII Challenges with Detecting and Proving Violations on the High Seas

(6)

IX Conclusion

(2)

2 The Regulation of Sulphur in MARPOL Annex VI

(12)

I Regulation 1 -- All Ships are Covered by Regulation 14

(1)

II Regulation 3 -- Exemptions in Cases of Force Majeure or Damage to the Ship

(1)

III Regulation 4.1 -- Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems: Equivalent Compliance Solutions

(2)

IV Regulation 14.3 and 14.4 -- Special Sulphur Limits in SEC A Zones

(2)

V Regulation 14.8 -- The 2020 Sulphur Limit was Not Delayed Until 2025

(1)

VI Regulation 18.2 -- Claims of Non-availability

(1)

VII Documentation for the Fulfilment of the Requirements in Annex VI

(5)

VIII Regulation 10 and Regulation 11 -- PSC, Detection and Enforcement of Violations

(1)

IX Conclusion

(1)

3 Unclos

(26)

I The 1958 Conventions

(1)

II The Law of the Sea is Dynamic and Constantly Evolving

(2)

III UNCLOS -- Protecting against Pollution of the `Marine Environment'

(1)

IV The Connection between UNCLOS and MARPOL Annex VI

(1)

V Coastal State Jurisdiction

(10)

VI The High Seas

(4)

VII Special Protection of the Marine Environments and Biodiversity through UNCLOS

(4)

VIII Conclusion

(2)

4 Port State Control

(32)

I Port State Control Coordinated on an International Scale

(5)

II The Principle of `No More Favourable Treatment'

(3)

III The A--Z of Port State Control

(3)

IV Initial Port State Control Inspections

(2)

V Detailed Port State Control Inspection

(2)

VI Port State Control Sanctions

(8)

VII Different Databases Relating to Port State Control Inspections

(6)

VIII Conclusion on Port State Control

(2)

5 The EU and the Sulphur Directive Pertaining to UNCLOS

(19)

I The Sulphur Directive's Connection to MARPOL Annex VI

101

(2)

II Differences in Relation to MARPOL Annex VI

103

(5)

III The EU's Relationship with the IMO

108

(1)

IV The EU's Position on UNCLOS

109

(1)

V EU Enforcement of IMO Regulations in Accordance with UNCLOS

110

(5)

VI Conclusions

115

(3)

6 Basic Jurisdictional Principles of International Law

118

(13)

I Basic Principles of Jurisdiction

118

(3)

II Extraterritorial Jurisdiction for Prescribing, Enforcing and Adjudicating

121

(1)

III UNCLOS Provides a Legal Basis for Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

122

(3)

IV Customary Law Provides a Legal Basis for Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

125

(2)

V Conclusion

127

(4)

PART II SPECIAL OBLIGATIONS AND JURISDICTIONS UNDER UNCLOS PART XII TO ENFORCE AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS

7 Protecting the Environment: UNCLOS Part XII

131

(18)

I Introduction to Part XII of UNCLOS

132

(1)

II The Development of Part XII of UNCLOS

133

(1)

III Obligations to Cooperate in Protecting the Marine Environment

134

(1)

IV Implementing International Rules and Adopting National Laws for the Protection of the Marine Environment

135

(4)

V Special Regulations on Air Pollution: Article 212 and Article 222

139

(3)

VI Legal Basis for Adopting National Sulphur Limits and Scrubber Rules

142

(4)

VII Unlawful for States Parties to Annex VI to Lower Protection Standards

146

(1)

VIII National Regulations on Greenhouse Gases

147

(1)

IX Conclusion

147

(2)

8 Special Obligations of the Flag State: Article 217

149

(18)

I Obligation to Enforce Effectively: Article 217(1)

150

(5)

II Obligation to Detain Ships until they Comply with IMO Regulations: Article 217(2)

155

(1)

III Obligation to Comply with Requirements for Certificates and Surveys: Article 217(3)

156

(1)

IV Obligation Ex Officio to Investigate and Initiate Proceedings: Article 217(4)

157

(1)

V Right to Request Assistance from Other States: Article 217(5)

158

(1)

VI Obligation to Investigate and Prosecute Alleged Violations: Article 217(6)

158

(2)

VII Obligation to Inform the IMO and All States of All Enforcement: Article 217(7)

160

(3)

VIII Obligation to Ensure National Legislation Can Enforce Effectively: Article 217(8)

163

(1)

IX Flag State Obligations under Article 223

164

(1)

X Conclusion on Flag State Obligations Pursuant under Article 217

165

(2)

9 Special Jurisdiction for Coastal States: Article 220

167

(21)

I Jurisdiction under Article 220

169

(9)

II Article 220 Used in Conjunction with Article 111

178

(2)

III Article 220 Read in Conjunction with Articles 223, 230 and 231

180

(2)

IV Other Provisions of Part XII Bestowing Rights on Coastal States

182

(3)

V Conclusion on Coastal State Enforcement

185

(3)

10 The Special Jurisdiction for Port States: Article 218

188

(27)

I Article 218 in General

190

(1)

II Requirements for Exercising High Seas Jurisdiction: Article 218(1)

191

(3)

III Discharge Violations

194

(8)

IV Port State Enforcement of MARPOL Annex VI on the High Seas

202

(3)

V Article 218(1) Represents Customary International Law

205

(1)

VI Limitation of Port State Jurisdiction: Article 218(2)--(4)

206

(3)

VII Article 218 Provides Grounds for Complete Enforcement of the Sulphur Limits

209

(3)

VIII Conclusion on Port State Enforcement under Article 218

212

(3)

11 Resolving Overlapping Jurisdiction: Article 228(1)

215

(27)

I The Wording and Overall Content of Article 228(1)

216

(1)

II The Scope of Article 228(1)

217

(2)

III The Main Rule in Article 228(1)

219

(7)

IV The Two Exceptions in Article 228(1)

226

(12)

V If Flag States are Not Party to UNCLOS or Annex VI

238

(2)

VI Conclusion on Article 228(1)

240

(2)

12 Safeguards, Liability and the Settlement of Disputes

242

(18)

I Safeguards: Section 7 of Part XII of UNCLOS

242

(9)

II Responsibility and Liability: Section 9 of Part XII of UNCLOS

251

(2)

III Settlement of Disputes: Part XV

253

(4)

IV Conclusion

257

(3)

13 Enforcement of Sulphur Regulations: Conclusion

260

(11)

I Obligations to Implement, Adopt and Enforce

260

(1)

II Flag State Jurisdiction

261

(1)

III Coastal State Jurisdiction

262

(1)

IV Port State Jurisdiction

263

(1)

V Clarifying Overlapping Jurisdictions

264

(3)

VI Safeguards

267

(1)

VII Enforcing MARPOL Annex VI: Conclusion

267

(4)

PART III ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING IMO REGULATIONS AND THE IMO GHG STRATEGY

14 Enforcement of Existing IMO Regulations

271

(33)

I MARPOL Annex VI

272

(11)

II Annexes I--V of the MARPOL Convention

283

(8)

III The Ballast Water Management Convention

291

(2)

IV The Anti-Fouling Systems Convention

293

(2)

V The London Convention

295

(3)

VI The Hong Kong Convention on Ship Recycling

298

(2)

VII The Intervention Convention

300

(1)

VIII Conclusion

301

(3)

15 Enforcement of Candidate Measures Relating to the IMO GHG Strategy

304

(23)

I The IMO GHG Strategy

305

(2)

II Enforcement of the Proposed Short-, Mid- and Long-term Measures

307

(13)

III IMO Prohibition on the Use of Fossil Fuels

320

(2)

IV Conclusion

322

(5)

PART IV CAN IMO'S FUTURE GHG REGULATION BE PROTECTED BY JUS COGENS?

16 Jus Cogens and Erga Omnes: General Description

327

(14)

I The Jus Cogens Principle

328

(3)

II The Erga Omnes Principle

331

(6)

III The ILC's Principles for Establishing a New Jus Cogens Norm

337

(2)

IV Conclusion

339

(2)

17 Whether Some International Environmental Norms Can be Considered Jus Cogens

341

(28)

I A Norm of General International Law

341

(1)

II The ICJ's Recognition of Environmental Norms as Jus Cogens Norms

342

(6)

III Reports and Commentaries of the ILC Accepting Environmental Jus Cogens Norms

348

(8)

IV The International Criminal Court: Destruction of the Environment and Universal Jurisdiction

356

(2)

V Interim Conclusions on Acceptance of Environmental Jus Cogens Norms by International Bodies

358

(1)

VI Types of Pollution that Can Threaten Human Existence

359

(7)

VII Conclusion

366

(3)

18 Future IMO Regulation on Fossil Fuels as a Jus Cogens Norm

369

(22)

I IMO Regulation Prohibiting Use of Fossil-based Marine Fuel is a Jus Cogens Norm

369

(1)

II Legal Implications of an IMO Ban on Fossil Fuel as a Jus Cogens Norm

370

(6)

III The Implications for Enforcement if an IMO Fossil Fuel Ban is a Jus Cogens Norm: Invoking the Principles of Erga Omnes and Universal Jurisdiction

376

(6)

IV Implications for the EU's Adoption of GHG Regulations on a Regional Basis

382

(2)

V Conclusion

384

(7)

PART V CONCLUSION

19 Conclusion

391

(4)

Index

395

Jesper Jarl Fanų has worked extensively on the implementation and enforcement of MARPOL Annex VI and the EU Sulphur Directive, first at the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, then at the Danish Maritime Authority while teaching international law (including UNCLOS) at Copenhagen University. He currently works at A.P. Mųller Męrsk.

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E-grāmata: Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS

DRM restrictions

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