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Engineering Geology and Geomorphology of Glaciated and Periglaciated Terrains: Engineering Group Working Party Report [Hardback]

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Engineering Geology and Geomorphology of Glaciated and Periglaciated Terrains: Engineering Group Working Party ReportPalielināt
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Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781786203021.html
Keywords:
Foreword xix
Acknowledgements xx
Dedication xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction to engineering geology and geomorphology of glaciated and periglaciated terrains 1(30)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 A history of engineering difficulties in formerly glaciated and periglaciated terrain
3(15)
Case History 1.1: A glacially over-deepened valley and a tunnel heading in Switzerland
5(2)
Case History 1.2: The first identification of solifluction shear surfaces at low slope angles, Sevenoaks Bypass, Kent
7(3)
Case History 1.3: Landslide in quick clay at Rissa, Norway, 1978 (Gregersen 1981)
10(1)
Case History 1.4: Residential apartment blocks constructed on loess, Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast, Russia
11(1)
Case History 1.5: Reactivation of periglacial shear surfaces resulting in embankment dam failure
12(1)
Case History 1.6: A51 Grenoble to Sisteron Autoroute through former glacial Lac de Trieves
13(3)
Case History 1.7: Glaciotectonic raft of Chalk interpreted during an offshore ground investigation, southern North Sea, UK
16(2)
1.3 The Working Party
18(2)
1.3.1 Background
18(1)
1.3.2 Membership
18(2)
1.3.3 Objectives
20(1)
1.4 Scope of the report
20(2)
1.5 Structure of the book and its contents
22(3)
1.6 Using the Working Party book
25(2)
References
27(4)
Chapter 2 The Quaternary 31(28)
2.1 Introduction
31(3)
2.1.1 Terms and definitions
33(1)
2.1.2 Origins of, and mechanisms driving, Quaternary climate change
33(1)
2.1.3 Purpose and focus of this report
34(1)
2.2 Reconstructing Quaternary environmental change
34(6)
2.2.1 Archives recording Quaternary history
34(3)
2.2.1.1 Oxygen isotope stages
35(1)
2.2.1.2 Climate change in both archives and implications: a synthesis
36(1)
2.2.1.3 Glaciological implications of Heinrich events
36(1)
2.2.1.4 A scenario of ice-sheet-climate-ocean interaction
37(1)
2.2.1.5 Terrestrial archives
37(1)
2.2.2 Dating Quaternary sediments
37(3)
2.3 Resulting subdivision and timing of the Quaternary
40(4)
2.3.1 Terrestrial stratigraphy
41(1)
2.3.2 Quaternary cold-climate lithostratigraphy
41(1)
2.3.3 The Wolstonian 'problem'
42(2)
2.4 The depositional record of sea-level changes in glaciated terrains
44(1)
2.5 Terrestrial sedimentary response to Quaternary climatic fluctuations
45(7)
2.6 Implications for engineering geology
52(1)
References
52(7)
Chapter 3 Geomorphological framework: glacial and periglacial sediments, structures and landforms 59(310)
3.1 Introduction
59(1)
3.2 Terrain evaluation
60(1)
3.3 Terrain classification
60(2)
3.4 Engineering geological, glacial and periglacial ground models
62(16)
3.4.1 Engineering geological ground models
62(3)
3.4.2 Geomorphological landsystem models
65(155)
3.4.2.1 Glacial landsystems
65(4)
3.4.2.2 Periglacial landsystems
69(9)
3.5 Glaciogenic sediment descriptors
78(50)
3.5.1.1 Subglacial traction till
83(3)
3.5.1.2 Glaciotectonite
86(3)
3.5.1.3 Supraglacial mass-flow diamicton/glaciogenic debris-flow deposit
89(2)
3.5.1.4 Melt-out till
91(2)
3.5.2.1 Rhythmites (non-genetic)
93(2)
3.5.2.2 Varves (seasonal rhythmites)
95(2)
3.5.2.3 Cycopels and cyclopsams (tidally influenced rhythmites)
97(2)
3.5.2.4 Turbidites
99(2)
3.5.2.5 Dropstone mud and plumites/silt and mud drapes (ice-rafted debris)
101(2)
3.5.2.6 Dropstone diamicton and glaciomarine varves (ice-rafted debris)
103(2)
3.5.2.7 Undermelt diamicton
105(1)
3.5.2.8 Iceberg-contact deposits (ice keel turbate, iceberg dump structures and mounds)
106(2)
3.5.2.9 Glaciogenic debris flow (debrites)/subaqueous slide and slump deposits (including cohesive and cohesionless)
108(3)
3.5.2.10 Subaqueous debris-fall deposits (including olistostromes)
111(2)
3.5.2.11 Palimpsest lags
113(1)
3.5.3.1 Hyperconcentrated flow deposits ( jokulhlaup-type flood deposits)
114(2)
3.5.3.2 Gravel rhythmites (flood facies)
116(3)
3.5.3.3 Plane bed deposits
119(1)
3.5.3.4 Cross-bedded facies (dunes and antidunes)
120(3)
3.5.3.5 Ripple cross-laminations (including climbing ripple drift)
123(3)
3.5.3.6 Gravel sheets
126(2)
3.6 Periglacial sediment descriptors
128(36)
3.6.1.1 Granular head deposits
129(2)
3.6.1.2 Clay-rich head deposits
131(2)
3.6.1.3 Slopewash deposits
133(2)
3.6.1.4 Fluvio-colluvial deposits
135(2)
3.6.1.5 Talus deposits
137(3)
3.6.1.6 Avalanche deposits
140(3)
3.6.1.7 Blockslope deposits
143(2)
3.6.1.8 Debris-flow deposits
145(2)
3.6.2.1 Sorted sand and gravel
147(1)
3.6.2.2 Channel scours
148(1)
3.6.2.3 Fine-grained sediments and organic beds in channel fills and on floodplains
149(1)
3.6.3.1 Fluvio-aeolian sand
150(1)
3.6.4.1 Loess
151(1)
3.6.4.2 Coversand (sand-sheet deposits)
152(2)
3.6.4.3 Dune sand
154(1)
3.6.4.4 Niveo-aeolian sand deposits
155(3)
3.6.5.1 Blockfield deposits
158(3)
3.6.5.2 Brecciated bedrock
161(3)
3.7 Macrostructural, erosional and sediment architectural element descriptors
164(50)
3.7.1.1 Clastic dykes, intrusions and hydrofracture fills
165(2)
3.7.1.2 Soft sediment deformation and slump and loading structures
167(1)
3.7.1.3 Dewatering structures
168(2)
3.7.1.4 Microfluting
170(1)
3.7.1.5 Boulder pavements
171(1)
3.7.1.6 Canal fills
172(1)
3.7.2.1 Glaciotectonic foliations
173(1)
3.7.2.2 Glaciotectonic lineations
174(1)
3.7.2.3 Glaciotectonic boudinage
175(2)
3.7.2.4 Glaciotectonic shear zones
177(1)
3.7.2.5 Glaciotectonic folds
178(2)
3.7.2.6 Glaciotectonic faults and thrusts
180(3)
3.7.2.7 Glaciotectonic grabens and half-grabens
183(1)
3.7.3.1 P-forms
184(1)
3.7.3.2 Lunate fractures
185(1)
3.7.3.3 Crescentic gouges
186(1)
3.7.3.4 Crescentic fractures
187(1)
3.7.3.5 Chattermarks
188(1)
3.7.3.6 Rat tails
189(1)
3.7.3.7 Grooves, striations and polished surfaces,
190(1)
3.7.4.1 Channel elements
191(1)
3.7.4.2 Downstream accretion elements
192(1)
3.7.4.3 Lateral accretion elements
193(1)
3.7.4.4 Gravel bar and bedform elements
194(1)
3.7.4.5 Sediment gravity-flow elements
195(1)
3.7.4.6 Sandy bedform elements
196(1)
3.7.4.7 Laminated sand-sheet elements
197(1)
3.7.4.8 Overbank fines elements
198(1)
3.7.5.1 Periglacial involutions
199(1)
3.7.5.2 Periglacial creep folds
200(1)
3.7.5.3 Platy structures
201(1)
3.7.5.4 Relict periglacial shears
202(1)
3.7.5.5 Thermal contraction cracks
203(1)
3.7.5.6 Ice-wedge pseudomorphs
204(2)
3.7.5.7 Relict sand wedges
206(1)
3.7.5.8 Composite-wedge pseudomorphs
207(1)
3.7.5.9 Vertical to steeply dipping elongate clasts
208(1)
3.7.5.10 Downslope-deflected strata
209(1)
3.7.5.11 Gulls
210(1)
3.7.5.12 Dip and fault structures
211(1)
3.7.5.13 Superficial valley disturbances and valley bulges
212(1)
3.7.5.14 Buried hollows
213(1)
3.7.6 Superimposed or overprinted sedimentary and structural signatures
214(6)
3.7.6.1 Interbedded diamictons and thin stratified lenses
214(1)
3.7.6.2 Glaciotectonite
215(1)
3.7.6.3 Ice-wedge pseudomorph developed in glaciolacustrine sediments
216(1)
3.7.6.4 Ground ice developed in refrozen mass-flow deposits
217(1)
3.7.6.5 Periglacial involutions within refrozen mass-flow deposits
218(1)
3.7.6.6 Banded massive ground ice beneath glacial diamicton
219(1)
3.8 Microstructures in glacial and periglacial sediments
220(28)
3.8.1 Periglacial microstructures in engineering soils
220(7)
3.8.1.1 Relict periglacial shear microstructure
221(1)
3.8.1.2 Platy or lenticular microstructure
222(1)
3.8.1.3 Banded microstructure or 'banded fabric'
223(1)
3.8.1.4 Granular microstructure
224(1)
3.8.1.5 Silt cappings microstructure
225(1)
3.8.1.6 Vesicular microstructure
226(1)
3.8.2 Periglacial microstructures superimposed on glaciogenic sediments
227(8)
3.8.2.1 Platy or lenticular microstructure
228(1)
3.8.2.2 Granular microstructure
229(1)
3.8.2.3 Silt cappings microstructure
230(1)
3.8.2.4 Calcitans microstructure
231(1)
3.8.2.5 Clay cutans or ferri-argillans microstructure
232(1)
3.8.2.6 Oriented clay domains microstructure
233(1)
3.8.2.7 Banded microstructure
234(1)
3.8.3 Glaciogenic sediment microstructures
235(134)
3.8.3.1 Base of subglacial traction till
235(1)
3.8.3.2 Base of subglacial mass-flow diamicton
236(1)
3.8.3.3 Bedrock-rich subglacial traction till
237(1)
3.8.3.4 Faulted lake sediments
238(1)
3.8.3.5 Hydrofracture
239(1)
3.8.3.6 Massive till
240(2)
3.8.3.7 Soft-sediment deformation
242(1)
3.8.3.8 Pseudo-stratified diamicton
243(2)
3.8.3.9 Glaciotectonite in lake sediments
245(1)
3.8.3.10 Till over laminated lake sediments
246(1)
3.8.3.11 Melt-out till
247(1)
3.9 Terrain unit descriptors
248(1)
3.10 Glacial landsystems
248(59)
3.10.1.1 Areal scouring
249(1)
3.10.1.2 Glaciated valleys and glacial troughs
250(1)
3.10.1.3 Hanging valleys
251(1)
3.10.1.4 Aretes
252(1)
3.10.1.5 Glacial watershed breaches
253(1)
3.10.1.6 Whalebacks
254(1)
3.10.1.7 Trough heads
255(1)
3.10.1.8 Rock basins
256(1)
3.10.1.9 Rock steps
257(1)
3.10.1.10 Cirques (corrie or cwm)
258(1)
3.10.1.11 Cols
259(1)
3.10.1.12 Horns
260(1)
3.10.1.13 Nunataks
261(1)
3.10.1.14 Roche moutonnees
262(1)
3.10.1.15 Rothlisberger channels
263(1)
3.10.1.16 Crag and tail ridges
264(1)
3.10.1.17 Riegel
265(1)
3.10.1.18 Push and squeeze moraines
266(1)
3.10.1.19 Dump moraines and ice-marginal aprons
267(1)
3.10.1.20 Latero-frontal fans and ramps
268(1)
3.10.1.21 Medial moraines
269(1)
3.10.1.22 Hummocky moraine and controlled moraines
270(1)
3.10.1.23 Ribbed terrain
271(1)
3.10.1.24 Glacial erratics
272(1)
3.10.1.25 Crevasse-fill ridges (including crevasse-squeeze ridges)
273(1)
3.10.1.26 Megascale glacial lineations, megaflutes and megagrooves
274(1)
3.10.1.27 Flutes
275(1)
3.10.1.28 Drumlins
276(1)
3.10.1.29 Glacial trimlines
277(1)
3.10.2.1 Composite ridges and thrust block moraines
278(1)
3.10.2.2 Hill-hole pairs
279(1)
3.10.2.3 Cupola hills
280(1)
3.10.2.4 Megablocks and rafts
281(1)
3.10.3.1 Tunnel valleys, tunnel channels, rinnentaler
282(1)
3.10.3.2 Lateral meltwater channels
283(1)
3.10.3.3 Ice-marginal channels
284(1)
3.10.3.4 Subglacial gorges
285(1)
3.10.3.5 Nye channels
286(1)
3.10.3.6 Eskers
287(1)
3.10.3.7 Kame mounds
288(1)
3.10.3.8 Kame terraces
289(1)
3.10.3.9 Valley trains
290(1)
3.10.3.10 Sandar/Outwash fans and plains
291(1)
3.10.3.11 Pitted sandar (kettled outwash plain)
292(1)
3.10.3.12 Kettle holes/ponds
293(1)
3.10.3.13 Iceberg melt-out pits and scours
294(1)
3.10.4.1 Morainal banks and coalescent subaqueous fans
295(1)
3.10.4.2 De Geer (washboard) moraines
296(1)
3.10.4.3 Ice-shelf moraines
297(1)
3.10.4.4 Shorelines or strandlines
298(1)
3.10.4.5 Fjords
299(1)
3.10.4.6 Submarine troughs (cross-shelf troughs)
300(1)
3.10.4.7 Grounding line or subaqueous outwash fans
301(1)
3.10.4.8 Grounding-zone wedges
302(1)
3.10.4.9 Trough-mouth fans
303(1)
3.10.4.10 Ice-contact deltas
304(1)
3.10.4.11 Gilbert-type deltas
305(1)
3.10.4.12 Hjulstrom-type deltas
306(1)
3.11 Periglacial landsystems
307(30)
3.11.1.1 Blockfields/felsenmeer
308(1)
3.11.1.2 Frost-patterned ground
309(1)
3.11.1.3 Periglacial trimlines
310(1)
3.11.1.4 Tors
311(1)
3.11.1.5 Deflation scars
312(1)
3.11.1.6 Deflation surfaces
313(1)
3.11.1.7 Wind stripes
314(1)
3.11.1.8 Wind crescents
315(1)
3.11.2.1 Solifluction sheets and aprons
316(1)
3.11.2.2 Solifluction lobes
317(1)
3.11.2.3 Solifluction benches and terraces
318(1)
3.11.2.4 Ploughing boulders
319(1)
3.11.3.1 Talus accumulations and slopes
320(1)
3.11.3.2 Rock glaciers
321(1)
3.11.3.3 Protalus ramparts and pronival ramparts
322(1)
3.11.3.4 Cryoplanation terraces
323(1)
3.11.3.5 Nivation hollows
324(1)
3.11.3.6 Cliffs
325(1)
3.11.4.1 Periglacial debris flows
326(1)
3.11.4.2 Periglacial debris cones
327(1)
3.11.4.3 Boulder sheets and lobes
328(1)
3.11.4.4 Alluvial fans
329(1)
3.11.5.1 Periglacial river terraces
330(1)
3.11.5.2 Dry valleys
331(1)
3.11.5.3 Relict frost mounds/relict ramparted ground-ice depressions: pingos
332(1)
3.11.5.4 Relict frost mounds/relict ramparted ground-ice depressions: palsas and lithalsas
333(1)
3.11.5.5 Large relict thermokarst depressions
334(1)
3.11.5.6 Cambered strata
335(1)
3.11.6.1 Buried valleys
336(1)
3.12 Slope failures in glaciated and periglaciated terrains
337(8)
3.12.1 Active-layer slides (shallow translational slides)
338(1)
3.12.2 Retrogressive thaw slumps
339(1)
3.12.3 Deep-seated rotational slides
340(1)
3.12.4 Translational rockslides
341(1)
3.12.5 Rockfalls and rock avalanches
342(1)
3.12.6 Mountain slope deformation (deep-seated gravitational failures)
343(1)
3.12.7 Sensitive clay spreads and flowslides
344(1)
Photo credits
345(1)
References
345(21)
Quaternary Research Association (London) Field Guides
366(3)
Chapter 4 Conceptual glacial ground models: British and Irish case studies 369(132)
4.1 Introduction and rationale
369(6)
4.1.1 The glacial debris cascade and till sedimentology
369(4)
4.1.2 The glacial landsystems approach
373(2)
4.1.3 British and Irish palaeoglaciology
375(1)
4.2 Ice-sheet-related landsystems
375(32)
4.2.1 Sediment-landform associations
375(11)
4.2.1.1 Subglacial footprint
377(6)
4.2.1.2 Ice-marginal complexes
383(2)
4.2.1.3 Supraglacial debris complexes
385(1)
4.2.2 Typical British and Irish ground models
386(21)
4.2.2.1 Ice-sheet beds
386(9)
4.2.2.2 Ice-sheet marginal settings
395(8)
4.2.2.3 Supraglacial assemblages
403(4)
4.3 Upland glacial landsystems (hard bedrock terrain)
407(15)
4.3.1 Sediment-landform associations
407(7)
4.3.1.1 Subglacial footprint
409(1)
4.3.1.2 Ice-marginal complexes
409(4)
4.3.1.3 Supraglacial debris complexes
413(1)
4.3.2 Typical British and Irish ground models
414(8)
4.3.2.1 Ice-sheet recessional settings/topographically constrained ice flow
414(1)
4.3.2.2 Mountain icefields
414(7)
4.3.2.3 Smaller mountain glaciers
421(1)
4.4 Glaciofluvial sediment-landform associations
422(26)
4.4.1 Sediment-landform associations
423(11)
4.4.1.1 Ice-contact settings
423(8)
4.4.1.2 Proglacial settings
431(3)
4.4.2 Typical British and Irish ground models
434(14)
4.4.2.1 The Brampton kame belt and Pennine Escarpment meltwater channels
434(7)
4.4.2.2 Lleyn Peninsula
441(2)
4.4.2.3 Strathallan
443(2)
4.4.2.4 Carstairs
445(3)
4.5 Subaqueous glacial depositional sequences
448(16)
4.5.1 Sediment-landform associations
449(7)
4.5.1.1 Ice-proximal depocentres
453(1)
4.5.1.2 Distal subaqueous sediment assemblages
453(3)
4.5.2 Typical British and Irish ground models
456(45)
4.5.2.1 Rhosesmor and Wrexham deltas
456(2)
4.5.2.2 Achnasheen
458(1)
4.5.2.3 NW Britain continental shelf
458(4)
4.5.2.4 Waterville, Ireland
462(2)
4.6 Conclusions: reconciling landsystems and domains
464(26)
References
490(11)
Chapter 5 Periglacial and permafrost ground models for Great Britain 501(98)
5.1 Introduction and rationale
501(12)
5.1.1 Conceptual framework
501(1)
5.1.2 Periglacial, permafrost and paraglacial environments
502(3)
5.1.2.1 Periglacial environments
502(1)
5.1.2.2 Permafrost
502(2)
5.1.2.3 Paraglacial landscape modification
504(1)
5.1.3 Ground ice
505(3)
5.1.3.1 Occurrence
505(1)
5.1.3.2 Pore ice
506(1)
5.1.3.3 Segregated ice
506(1)
5.1.3.4 Intrusive ice
507(1)
5.1.3.5 Wedge ice
508(1)
5.1.4 Periglacial disturbance, periglacial debris system and frost susceptibilty
508(1)
5.1.4.1 Periglacial disturbance
508(1)
5.1.4.2 Periglacial debris system
508(1)
5.1.4.3 Frost susceptibility
509(1)
5.1.5 Periglacial landsystems, terrains and regions
509(4)
5.1.5.1 Periglacial landsystems
509(1)
5.1.5.2 Periglacial regions
510(3)
5.2 Lowland periglacial terrains
513(45)
5.2.1 Lowland periglacial landsystems
513(3)
5.2.1.1 Chronology
513(2)
5.2.1.2 Environmental conditions and permafrost extent
515(1)
5.2.1.3 Permafrost thickness
516(1)
5.2.2 Lowland plateau landsystems
516(12)
5.2.2.1 Weathering profiles (brecciated bedrock)
516(5)
5.2.2.2 Cold-climate aeolian deposits and erosional features
521(2)
5.2.2.3 Involutions
523(1)
5.2.2.4 Large-scale frost-patterned ground
523(2)
5.2.2.5 Periglacial-karst features
525(3)
5.2.3 Sediment-mantled hillslope landsystems
528(9)
5.2.3.1 Deformed weathered bedrock
528(2)
5.2.3.2 Relict periglacial slope (head) deposits
530(3)
5.2.3.3 Cambered strata and widened vertical joints (gulls)
533(4)
5.2.4 Rock-slope landsystems
537(1)
5.2.5 Slope-foot landsystems
537(4)
5.2.5.1 Sediment lobes
538(1)
5.2.5.2 Alluvial fans
538(1)
5.2.5.3 Aprons, sheets or remnant patches of head deposits
538(1)
5.2.5.4 Deep-seated landslides
538(3)
5.2.6 Valley landsystems
541(11)
5.2.6.1 Superficial valley disturbances (bedrock)
541(1)
5.2.6.2 Dry valleys, slopewash and fiuvio-colluvial deposits
542(2)
5.2.6.3 Periglacial fluvial deposits and river terraces
544(3)
5.2.6.4 Thermal contraction crack structures
547(2)
5.2.6.5 Relict frost mounds
549(3)
5.2.6.6 Large relict thermokarst depressions
552(1)
5.2.7 Buried landsystems
552(1)
5.2.8 Submerged landsystems
553(2)
5.2.8.1 Southern North Sea Basin
553(1)
5.2.8.2 English Channel (La Manche)
553(2)
5.2.9 Typical lowland ground models
555(3)
5.2.9.1 Limestone plateau-clay vale ground model
555(3)
5.2.9.2 Caprock plateau-mudstone valley ground model
558(1)
5.3 Upland periglacial terrains
558(19)
5.3.1 Upland periglacial landsystems: chronology and environment
558(1)
5.3.2 Upland plateau landsystems
558(6)
5.3.2.1 Blockfields, trimlines and tors
558(5)
5.3.2.2 Frost-patterned ground
563(1)
5.3.2.3 Aeolian landforms and deposits on high plateaux
564(1)
5.3.3 Sediment-mantled hillslope landsystems
564(2)
5.3.4 Rock-slope landsystems
566(3)
5.3.4.1 Rock-slope failures
566(2)
5.3.4.2 Talus accumulations
568(1)
5.3.4.3 Rock glaciers and protalus ramparts
569(1)
5.3.5 Slope-foot landsystems
569(4)
5.3.5.1 Periglacial valley-fill deposits
569(2)
5.3.5.2 Snow avalanche deposits
571(1)
5.3.5.3 Debris flows and debris cones
571(2)
5.3.5.4 Alluvial fans
573(1)
5.3.6 Terrain models and typical upland ground models
573(4)
5.4 Conclusions
577(6)
References
583(16)
Chapter 6 Material properties and geohazards 599(142)
6.1 Introduction
599(1)
6.2 Ice-related terrains: subglacial, supraglacial and glaciated valley
600(41)
6.2.1 Tills
600(41)
6.2.1.1 Introduction
600(3)
6.2.1.2 Glacial till stratigraphy
603(18)
6.2.1.3 Geotechnical properties
621(6)
6.2.1.4 Geotechnical properties
627(6)
6.2.1.5 Weathering of glacial tills
633(8)
6.2.2 Eskers, kames and kame terraces
641(1)
6.3 Water-related domains (fluvial, lacustrine and marine): glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine and glaciomarine
641(22)
6.3.1 Sands and gravels
641(1)
6.3.2 Glaciolacustrine deposits
641(17)
6.3.2.1 The glacial lake environment
641(2)
6.3.2.2 Glaciolacustrine deposits and depositional processes
643(1)
6.3.2.3 Geotechnical properties
644(3)
6.3.2.4 Geohazard behaviour
647(11)
6.3.2.5 UK lithostratigraphy
658(1)
6.3.3 Quick clay
658(4)
6.3.4 Ice-rafted debris (including dropstones) and iceberg-contact deposits
662(1)
6.4 Ice-front-related terrains: glaciotectonic and ice marginal
663(1)
6.4.1 Deformed/shattered bedrock
663(1)
6.4.2 Subglacial deformation of soils
663(1)
6.5 Upland periglacial terrains
664(1)
6.5.1 Boulder fields and tongues
664(1)
6.5.2 Scree and talus
664(1)
6.6 Lowland periglacial terrains
664(14)
6.6.1 Solifluction deposits and colluvium
664(5)
6.6.2 Periglaciated rock surfaces
669(1)
6.6.3 Ice-wedge pseudomorphs and involutions
670(1)
6.6.4 Loessic deposits/brickearth
670(8)
6.6.4.1 Distribution and identification
670(3)
6.6.4.2 Composition
673(1)
6.6.4.3 Geotechnical properties
673(1)
6.6.4.4 Geohazards associated with loessic deposits
674(4)
6.6.4.5 Engineering treatment
678(1)
6.7 Local geohazards
678(11)
6.7.1 Superficial valley disturbances: cambering, gulls and valley bulging
678(4)
6.7.1.1 Engineering aspects
680(2)
6.7.2 Solifluction shears
682(1)
6.7.3 Kettle holes
683(1)
6.7.4 Relict cryogenic mounds
683(2)
6.7.4.1 Characteristics of the relict forms
683(1)
6.7.4.2 Occurrence in the UK
684(1)
6.7.4.3 Processes of formation
684(1)
6.7.4.4 Engineering geological characteristics
685(1)
6.7.4.5 Mitigation measures
685(1)
6.7.5 Relict scour hollows
685(4)
6.7.5.1 Occurrence
687(1)
6.7.5.2 Formational processes
687(1)
6.7.5.3 Engineering geological characteristics
687(1)
6.7.5.4 Mitigation measures
687(2)
6.8 Regional geohazards
689(12)
6.8.1 Neotectonics: differential crustal movements across SE England during the Holocene following deglaciation
689(9)
6.8.1.1 The eustatic record
691(1)
6.8.1.2 The isostatic record
691(1)
6.8.1.3 Case studies of two areas
691(6)
6.8.1.4 Summary of eustatic changes in SE England
697(1)
6.8.2 Quaternary palaeoseismicity
698(3)
6.9 Summary and conclusions
701(1)
Appendix 6.1: Summary description of British till formations and members
702(11)
A6.1.1 Caledonia Glacigenic Group (CALI)
703(7)
A6.1.2 Albion Glacigenic Group (ALBI)
710(3)
Appendix 6.2: Additional Geotechnical Plots
713(8)
Appendix 6.3: Particle Size Distribution and SPT 'N' Value Depth Plots by 100 km Grid Square
721(11)
References
732(9)
Chapter 7 Engineering investigation and assessment 741(90)
7.1 Introduction
742(1)
7.2 Preliminaries
742(18)
7.2.1 Desk studies and field reconnaissance
743(1)
7.2.2 Remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS)
743(3)
7.2.3 Engineering geological and geomorphological mapping
746(2)
7.2.4 Use of archaeology
748(11)
7.2.4.1 Tools
749(1)
7.2.4.2 Interpretation
750(3)
7.2.4.3 Case studies
753(6)
Case Study 7.1: Dogger bank
753(3)
Case Study 7.2: Olympic Park
756(3)
7.2.4.4 Conclusions
759(1)
7.2.5 Additional requirements for planning offshore and nearshore SI
759(1)
7.2.5.1 Phases of site investigation
759(1)
7.2.5.2 Nature of deposits
759(1)
7.2.5.3 Weather and the management of risk
760(1)
7.2.5.4 Gas risk
760(1)
7.2.5.5 Additional standards
760(1)
7.3 Near-surface geophysics
760(7)
7.3.1 Geophysical techniques and the physical properties of glacial and periglacial materials
761(1)
7.3.2 Physical properties of glacial and periglacial materials
761(2)
7.3.2.1 Fines (clays and silts)
761(1)
7.3.2.2 Sands
761(2)
7.3.2.3 Gravels
763(1)
7.3.2.4 Diamicton
763(1)
7.3.3 Geophysical techniques
763(2)
7.3.4 Marine geophysical investigation: additional considerations
765(1)
7.3.5 Conclusions for best practices with geophysical surveying
765(2)
7.4 Soil and rock descriptions
767(8)
7.4.1 Introduction
767(4)
7.4.2 Grain size
771(1)
7.4.3 Consistency
772(1)
7.4.4 Widely graded soils
772(1)
7.4.5 Coarse and very coarse fractions
773(1)
7.4.6 Bedding
774(1)
7.4.7 Discontinuities
775(1)
7.4.8 The soil-rock boundary
775(1)
7.4.9 Expectations from the conceptual model
775(1)
7.5 Ground investigation
775(23)
7.5.1 Introduction: issues with the investigation of glacial and periglacial deposits
776(1)
7.5.2 Planning investigations
776(2)
7.5.2.1 Defining investigation objectives
776(1)
7.5.2.2 Conceptual models of the ground
777(1)
7.5.3 Choice of ground investigation techniques and plant applicable to glacial and periglacial deposits
778(1)
7.5.4 Offshore and nearshore intrusive investigations
778(6)
7.5.4.1 Nearshore delivery systems
783(1)
7.5.4.2 Offshore delivery systems
783(1)
7.5.5 Resolution of data
784(2)
7.5.6 Choice of sampling and laboratory testing
786(5)
7.5.6.1 Disturbed sampling
788(1)
7.5.6.2 Intact and undisturbed sampling
788(3)
7.5.6.3 Sample screening
791(1)
7.5.7 Specialist investigation
791(5)
7.5.8 Integration of site, geophysical and laboratory data
796(2)
7.6 Hydrogeological investigation
798(17)
7.6.1 Introduction
798(1)
7.6.2 Approach
798(1)
7.6.3 Desk study and preliminary conceptual model
798(4)
7.6.4 Data analysis
802(7)
7.6.4.1 Boreholes and completions
802(1)
7.6.4.2 Permeability testing
803(1)
7.6.4.3 Interpreting permeability measurements
804(1)
7.6.4.4 Head measurements
804(2)
7.6.4.5 Interpreting head measurements
806(3)
7.6.5 Site investigation
809(3)
7.6.6 Numerical model
812(2)
7.6.6.1 Numerical modelling approach and code selection
812(1)
7.6.6.2 Model configuration
812(1)
7.6.6.3 Model parameterization and calibration
813(1)
7.6.6.4 Contaminant transport models
813(1)
7.6.6.5 Iteration and confidence building
814(1)
7.6.7 Applying the model
814(1)
7.6.7.1 Water resources and engineering
814(1)
7.6.7.2 Groundwater quality and contaminant transport
814(1)
7.6.8 Summary
815(1)
7.7 Engineering ground model
815(8)
7.7.1 A ground model
815(1)
7.7.2 A basic idea
816(1)
7.7.3 Adding the glacial and periglacial component
817(1)
7.7.4 Staff and time resources
818(1)
7.7.5 Assumptions, classifications and baseline values
819(1)
7.7.6 Risk
819(4)
7.7.6.1 Approach 1
820(2)
7.7.6.2 Approach 2
822(1)
7.7.7 End note
823(1)
7.8 Conclusion
823(1)
References
824(7)
Chapter 8 Design and construction considerations 831(60)
8.1 Introduction
831(3)
8.2 Earthworks and man-made slopes
834(15)
8.2.1 Earthworks
834(7)
8.2.2 Cuttings
841(3)
8.2.3 Embankments
844(3)
8.2.4 Trenches
847(1)
8.2.4.1 Stability of trench walls
847(1)
8.2.4.2 Excavatability
847(1)
8.2.4.3 Pipeline foundations
848(1)
8.2.4.4 Drainage, seepage and inundation
848(1)
8.2.4.5 Reuse of materials
848(1)
8.2.4.6 Corrosion (pipelines/cables) due to ground geochemistry
848(1)
8.2.5 Aggregates and other materials
848(1)
8.2.6 Conclusions
849(1)
8.3 Tunnels and underground structures
849(6)
8.3.1 Tunnelling considerations
849(2)
8.3.2 Groundwater lowering
851(1)
8.3.3 Common problems
852(1)
8.3.4 Tunnelling techniques
853(1)
8.3.5 Conclusions
854(1)
8.4 Dams and reservoirs
855(8)
8.4.1 Dam foundation problems
855(7)
8.4.1.1 Carsington Dam, Derbyshire, UK
856(2)
8.4.1.2 Zelazny Most Tailings Dam, Poland
858(3)
8.4.1.3 Empingham Dam, Rutland, UK
861(1)
8.4.2 Embankment dams constructed on clay-rich tills
862(1)
8.4.2.1 Compaction of glacial clay fill
862(1)
8.4.2.2 Sliding failure due to high fill pore pressures
862(1)
8.4.2.3 Potential for overtopping wave due to landslides
863(1)
8.4.3 Conclusions
863(1)
8.5 Foundations
863(12)
8.5.1 Shallow foundations
863(3)
8.5.2 Pile foundations
866(4)
8.5.3 Retaining walls
870(1)
8.5.4 Specific problems
871(4)
8.5.4.1 Drift-filled hollows in London Clay
871(1)
8.5.4.2 Infilled periglacial valley
871(1)
8.5.4.3 Ice wedge and involutions
872(1)
8.5.4.4 Gulls in limestone
872(1)
8.5.4.5 Valley bulges
872(2)
8.5.4.6 Solution features
874(1)
8.5.4.7 Slopewash
874(1)
8.5.5 Summary
875(1)
8.6 Offshore engineering and installation
875(9)
8.6.1 Introduction
875(1)
8.6.2 Central North Sea and German Bight: oil and gas, wind and tidal energy
875(2)
8.6.3 Norwegian Barents and Russian Kara seas: oil and gas
877(1)
8.6.4 Canadian Scotian Shelf: oil and gas and wind energy
878(1)
8.6.5 Gulf of Maine: wind and wave energy
878(1)
8.6.6 Driven-drilled and grouted piles
879(2)
8.6.6.1 Design issues
879(1)
8.6.6.2 Construction and installation issues
880(1)
8.6.7 Gravity-base structures
881(2)
8.6.7.1 Design issues
881(1)
8.6.7.2 Construction and installation issues
882(1)
8.6.8 Subsea templates and suction caissons
883(1)
8.6.8.1 Design issues
883(1)
8.6.8.2 Construction and installation issues
884(1)
8.6.9 Pipelines and cables
884(1)
8.6.10 Conclusions
884(1)
8.7 Summary and key conclusions
884(1)
References
885(6)
Chapter 9 Conclusions and illustrative case studies 891(46)
9.1 Introduction
891(1)
9.2 Case studies
892(39)
9.2.1 Glacial examples
892(20)
Case Study 9.1: Stress-relief fractures in deglaciated valleys in Norway
894(2)
Case Study 9.2: Sub-glacial channels and tunnel valleys, Doncaster, South Yorkshire
896(2)
Case Study 9.3: Glacial overflow and marginal channels on the M6, Walton's Wood, Staffordshire
898(1)
Case Study 9.4: Glacial lake deposits and infilled river channels at the Hylton Riverside Development, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear
899(1)
Case Study 9.5: Hydrofracture systems in glacial environments
900(2)
Case Study 9.6: The problems of identifying rockhead in Bolton, Lancashire
902(2)
Case Study 9.7: Glacial tills and glaciotectonic rafting in the Dublin Port Tunnel, Ireland
904(1)
Case Study 9.8: Pile installation in hard glacial tills: Clair Field west of Shetland, UK
905(3)
Case Study 9.9: Piling in glaciofluvial outwash deposits, Hound Point, Firth of Forth, Scotland
908(2)
Case Study 9.10: Glacial geo-engineering features along the A5 Llandygai to Chirk, north Wales
910(2)
9.2.2 Periglacial examples
912(19)
Case Study 9.11: Enigmatic cold-climate diamicton, Marsworth, Buckinghamshire
913(1)
Case Study 9.12: Landslide at Mam Tor in Derbyshire
914(2)
Case Study 9.13: UK Channel Tunnel portal at Castle Hill
916(2)
Case Study 9.14: Superficial valley disturbances A4-A46 Batheaston-Swainswick Bypass, Bath and NE Somerset
918(2)
Case Study 9.15: Periglacial discontinuities M25, Denham Corner, Buckinghamshire
920(2)
Case Study 9.16: Periglacial discontinuities at the Flint Hall Farm Landslide, M25, Surrey
922(2)
Case Study 9.17: Anomalous depressions and the London Water Ring Main
924(3)
Case Study 9.18: Creation of the Strait of Dover and the English Channel
927(1)
Case Study 9.19: Periglacial injection structures at Stanstead Abbots, Hertfordshire, UK
928(3)
9.3 Conclusions
931(2)
References
933(4)
Index 937