Preface |
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xv | |
Section I: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) |
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1 | (280) |
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3 | (22) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (6) |
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1.3 Contributions in Sections I and II |
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10 | (3) |
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1.4 Abbreviations and Nomenclature |
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13 | (11) |
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1.4.1 Abbreviations Used in This Book |
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13 | (5) |
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1.4.2 Nomenclature Used in This Book |
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18 | (5) |
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1.4.3 Mathematical Concerns |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (20) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (7) |
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33 | (2) |
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2.4 Reformulation from Fractional Programming to Linear Programming |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.6 Example for Computational Description |
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39 | (5) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (22) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Origin of L1 Regression |
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46 | (4) |
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3.3 Origin of Goal Programming |
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50 | (3) |
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3.4 Analytical Properties of L1 Regression |
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53 | (2) |
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3.5 From Ll Regression to L2 Regression and Frontier Analysis |
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55 | (4) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.5.2 L1-Based Frontier Analyses |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (2) |
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3.7 Relationships between GP and DEA |
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61 | (3) |
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3.8 Historical Progress from L1 Regression to DEA |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (28) |
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67 | (3) |
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4.2 Radial Models: Input-Oriented |
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70 | (5) |
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4.2.1 Input-Oriented RM(v) under Variable RTS |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Input-Oriented RM(c) under Constant RTS |
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74 | (1) |
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4.3 Radial Models: Desirable Output-Oriented |
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75 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Desirable Output-oriented RM(v) under Variable RTS |
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75 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Desirable Output-oriented RM(c) under Constant RTS |
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77 | (2) |
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4.4 Comparison between Radial Models |
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79 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Comparison between Input-Oriented and Desirable Output-Oriented Radial Models |
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79 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Hybrid Radial Model: Modification |
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81 | (1) |
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4.5 Multiplier Restriction and Cross-reference Approaches |
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82 | (6) |
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4.5.1 Multiplier Restriction Methods |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Cross-reference Method |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (6) |
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4.6.1 Cost Efficiency Measures |
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88 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Type of Efficiency Measures in Production and Cost Analyses |
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89 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Illustrative Example |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (20) |
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95 | (2) |
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5.2 Characterization and Classification on DMUs |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (2) |
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5.5 Range-Adjusted Measure |
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105 | (1) |
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5.6 Slack-Adjusted Radial Measure |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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5.8 Methodological Comparison: An Illustrative Example |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (34) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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6.3 Supplementary Discussion |
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119 | (1) |
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6.4 Previous Studies on Desirable Properties |
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120 | (2) |
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6.5 Standard Formulation for Radial and Non-Radial Models |
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122 | (4) |
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6.6 Desirable Properties for DEA Models |
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126 | (14) |
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126 | (2) |
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6.6.2 Frontier Shift Measurability |
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128 | (3) |
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6.6.3 Invariance to Alternate Optima |
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131 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Formal Definitions on Other Desirable Properties |
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132 | (1) |
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6.6.5 Efficiency Requirement |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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6.6.7 Strict Monotonicity |
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136 | (1) |
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6.6.8 Unique Projection for Efficiency Comparison |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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6.6.10 Translation Invariance |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Proof of Proposition 6.10 |
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147 | (1) |
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Proof of Proposition 6.11 |
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147 | (2) |
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7 Strong Complementary Slackness Conditions |
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149 | (24) |
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149 | (1) |
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7.2 Combination between Primal and Dual Models for SCSCs |
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150 | (4) |
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7.3 Three Illustrative Examples |
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154 | (8) |
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155 | (3) |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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7.4 Theoretical Implications of SCSCs |
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162 | (5) |
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7.5 Guideline for Non-Radial Models |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (16) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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8.3 Production-Based RTS Measurement |
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178 | (4) |
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8.4 Cost-Based RTS Measurement |
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182 | (3) |
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8.5 Scale Efficiencies and Scale Economies |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (26) |
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189 | (2) |
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9.2 An Illustrative Example |
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191 | (4) |
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9.3 Fundamental Discussions |
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195 | (5) |
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9.4 Supporting Hyperplane |
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200 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Location of Supporting Hyperplane |
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200 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Visual Description of Congestion and RTS |
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201 | (3) |
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9.5 Congestion Identification |
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204 | (3) |
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9.5.1 Slack Adjustment for Projection |
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204 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Congestion Identification on Projected Point |
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206 | (1) |
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9.6 Theoretical Linkage between Congestion and RTS |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (2) |
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9.8 Economic Implications |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (28) |
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215 | (1) |
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10.2 Network Computing Architecture |
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216 | (2) |
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10.3 Network Computing for Multi-Stage Parallel Processes |
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218 | (11) |
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10.3.1 Theoretical Preliminary |
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218 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Computational Strategy for Network Computing |
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221 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Network Computing in Multi-Stage Parallel Processes |
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221 | (8) |
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229 | (12) |
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241 | (2) |
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11 DEA-Discriminant Analysis |
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243 | (22) |
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243 | (2) |
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11.2 Two MIP Approaches for DEA-DA |
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245 | (10) |
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11.2.1 Standard MIP Approach |
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245 | (3) |
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11.2.2 Two-stage MIP Approach |
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248 | (6) |
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11.2.3 Differences between Two MIP Approaches |
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254 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Differences between DEA and DEA-DA |
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255 | (1) |
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11.3 Classifying Multiple Groups |
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255 | (4) |
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11.4 Illustrative Examples |
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259 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (2) |
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12 Literature Study for Section I |
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265 | (16) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (3) |
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12.3 Pedagogical Linkage from Conventional Use to Environmental Assessment |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (11) |
Section II: DEA Environmental Assessment |
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281 | (404) |
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283 | (22) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (11) |
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13.3.1 Fossil Fuel Energy |
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286 | (7) |
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293 | (4) |
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13.4 Secondary Energy (Electricity) |
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297 | (2) |
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13.5 Petroleum Price and World Trade |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (2) |
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14 Environmental Protection |
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305 | (20) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (4) |
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14.2.1 General Description |
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306 | (2) |
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14.2.2 Environmental Action Program |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (4) |
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14.5 The United States of America |
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315 | (7) |
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14.5.1 General Description |
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315 | (2) |
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14.5.2 Regional Comparison between PJM and California ISO |
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317 | (1) |
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14.5.3 Federal Regulation on PJM and California ISO |
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318 | (1) |
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14.5.4 Local Regulation on PJM |
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319 | (1) |
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14.5.5 Local Regulation on California ISO |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (26) |
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325 | (2) |
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15.2 Role of DEA in Measuring Unified Performance |
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327 | (4) |
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15.3 Social Sustainability Versus Corporate Sustainability |
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331 | (5) |
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15.3.1 Why Is Social Sustainability Important? |
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332 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Why Is Corporate Sustainability Important? |
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333 | (3) |
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15.4 Strategic Adaptation |
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336 | (3) |
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15.5 Two Disposability Concepts |
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339 | (2) |
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15.6 Unified Efficiency under Natural and Managerial Disposability |
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341 | (2) |
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15.7 Difficulty in DEA Environmental Assessment |
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343 | (2) |
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15.8 Undesirable Congestion and Desirable Congestion |
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345 | (1) |
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15.9 Comparison with Previous Disposability Concepts |
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346 | (4) |
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15.9.1 Weak and Strong Disposability |
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347 | (1) |
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15.9.2 Null-joint Relationship (Assumption on "Byproducts") |
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347 | (3) |
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350 | (1) |
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16 Non-Radial Approach for Unified Efficiency Measures |
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351 | (24) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (8) |
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352 | (5) |
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16.2.2 Visual Implications of UE |
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357 | (3) |
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16.3 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability |
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360 | (2) |
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16.4 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability |
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362 | (2) |
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16.5 Properties of Non-Radial Approach |
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364 | (2) |
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16.6 National and International Firms in Petroleum Industry |
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366 | (7) |
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16.6.1 Business Structure |
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366 | (1) |
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16.6.2 National and International Oil Companies |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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16.6.4 UE Measures under Natural Disposability |
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369 | (1) |
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16.6.5 UE Measures under Managerial Disposability |
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369 | (4) |
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373 | (2) |
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17 Radial Approach for Unified Efficiency Measures |
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375 | (20) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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17.3 Radial Unification between Desirable and Undesirable Outputs |
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378 | (3) |
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17.4 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability |
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381 | (2) |
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17.5 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability |
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383 | (2) |
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17.6 Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States |
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385 | (7) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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17.6.3 Unified Efficiency |
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388 | (2) |
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17.6.4 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability |
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390 | (1) |
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17.6.5 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (22) |
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395 | (1) |
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18.2 Scale Efficiency under Natural Disposability: Non-Radial Approach |
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396 | (3) |
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18.3 Scale Efficiency under Managerial Disposability: Non-Radial Approach |
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399 | (2) |
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18.4 Scale Efficiency under Natural Disposability: Radial Approach |
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401 | (2) |
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18.5 Scale Efficiency under Managerial Disposability: Radial Approach |
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403 | (1) |
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18.6 United States Coal-Fired Power Plants |
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404 | (10) |
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404 | (2) |
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18.6.2 Production Factors |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (3) |
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18.6.4 Unified Efficiency Measures of Power Plants |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (4) |
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414 | (3) |
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19 Measurement in Time Horizon |
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417 | (26) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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19.3 Frontier Shift in Time Horizon |
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419 | (5) |
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19.3.1 No Occurrence of Frontier Crossover |
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419 | (3) |
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19.3.2 Occurrence of Frontier Crossover |
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422 | (2) |
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19.4 Formulations for Natural Disposability |
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424 | (6) |
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19.4.1 No Occurrence of Frontier Crossover |
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425 | (3) |
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19.4.2 Occurrence of Frontier Crossover |
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428 | (2) |
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19.5 Formulations under Managerial Disposability |
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430 | (5) |
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19.5.1 No Occurrence of Frontier Crossover |
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430 | (2) |
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19.5.2 Occurrence of Frontier Crossover |
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432 | (3) |
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19.6 Energy Mix of Industrial Nations |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (3) |
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440 | (3) |
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20 Returns to Scale and Damages to Scale |
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443 | (20) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (3) |
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444 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Differences between RTS and DTS |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (4) |
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20.3.1 Scale Economies and RTS under Natural Disposability |
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447 | (3) |
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20.3.2 Scale Damages and DTS under Managerial Disposability |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (4) |
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20.4.1 Scale Economies and RTS under Natural Disposability |
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451 | (3) |
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20.4.2 Scale Damages and DTS under Managerial Disposability |
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454 | (1) |
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20.5 Japanese Chemical and Pharmaceutical Firms |
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455 | (6) |
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461 | (2) |
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21 Desirable and Undesirable Congestions |
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463 | (20) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (5) |
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21.3 Unified Efficiency and UC under Natural Disposability |
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469 | (4) |
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21.4 Unified Efficiency and DC under Managerial Disposability |
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473 | (3) |
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21.5 Coal-Fired Power Plants in United States |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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21.5.2 Occurrence of Congestion |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (6) |
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22 Marginal Rate of Transformation and Rate of Substitution |
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483 | (22) |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (4) |
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22.2.1 Desirable Congestion |
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485 | (1) |
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485 | (4) |
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22.3 A Possible Occurrence of Desirable Congestion (DC) |
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489 | (2) |
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22.4 Measurement of MRT and RSU under DC |
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491 | (1) |
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22.5 Multiplier Restriction |
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492 | (1) |
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22.6 Explorative Analysis |
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493 | (2) |
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22.7 International Comparison |
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495 | (8) |
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503 | (2) |
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23 Returns to Damage and Damages to Return |
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505 | (32) |
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505 | (1) |
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23.2 Congestion, Returns to Damage and Damages to Return |
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506 | (6) |
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23.2.1 Undesirable Congestion (UC) and Desirable Congestion (DC) |
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506 | (2) |
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23.2.2 Returns to Damage (RTD) under Undesirable Congestion (UC) |
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508 | (2) |
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23.2.3 Damages to Return (DTR) under Desirable Congestion (DC) |
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510 | (1) |
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23.2.4 Possible Occurrence of Undesirable Congestion (UC) and Desirable Congestion (DC) |
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511 | (1) |
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23.3 Congestion Identification under Natural Disposability |
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512 | (7) |
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23.3.1 Possible Occurrence of Undesirable Congestion (UC) |
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512 | (4) |
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23.3.2 RTD Measurement under the Possible Occurrence of UC |
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516 | (3) |
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23.4 Congestion Identification under Managerial Disposability |
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519 | (5) |
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23.4.1 Possible Occurrence of Desirable Congestion (DC) |
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519 | (3) |
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23.4.2 DTR Measurement under the Possible Occurrence of DC |
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522 | (2) |
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23.5 Energy and Social Sustainability in China |
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524 | (10) |
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524 | (1) |
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524 | (10) |
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534 | (3) |
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24 Disposability Unification |
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537 | (24) |
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537 | (1) |
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24.2 Unification between Disposability Concepts |
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538 | (2) |
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24.3 Non-Radial Approach for Disposability Unification |
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540 | (5) |
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24.4 Radial Approach for Disposability Unification |
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545 | (4) |
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24.5 Computational Flow for Disposability Unification |
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549 | (2) |
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24.6 US Petroleum Industry |
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551 | (7) |
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551 | (3) |
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24.6.2 Unified Efficiency Measures |
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554 | (3) |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (3) |
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561 | (20) |
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561 | (3) |
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25.2 Computational Framework |
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564 | (1) |
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25.3 Computational Process |
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564 | (7) |
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571 | (1) |
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25.5 Japanese Electric Power Industry |
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571 | (9) |
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25.5.1 Underlying Concepts |
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571 | (2) |
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573 | (7) |
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580 | (1) |
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26 Property of Translation Invariance to Handle Zero and Negative Values |
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581 | (20) |
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581 | (1) |
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26.2 Translation Invariance |
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582 | (3) |
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26.3 Assessment in Time Horizon |
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585 | (5) |
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26.3.1 Formulations under Natural Disposability |
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585 | (3) |
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26.3.2 Formulations under Managerial Disposability |
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588 | (1) |
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588 | (2) |
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26.4 Efficiency Measurement for Fuel Mix Strategy |
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590 | (8) |
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26.4.1 Unified Efficiency Measures |
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591 | (4) |
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595 | (3) |
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598 | (3) |
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27 Handling Zero and Negative Values in Radial Measurement |
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601 | (24) |
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601 | (1) |
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602 | (1) |
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27.3 Unified Efficiency Measurement |
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603 | (6) |
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27.3.1 Conceptual Review of Disposability Unification |
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603 | (3) |
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27.3.2 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability with Disaggregation |
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606 | (1) |
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27.3.3 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability with Disaggregation |
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607 | (2) |
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27.4 Possible Occurrence of Desirable Congestion |
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609 | (6) |
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27.4.1 Unified Efficiency under Natural and Managerial Disposability (UENM) |
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609 | (1) |
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27.4.2 UENM with Desirable Congestion |
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610 | (3) |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
27.4.4 Computation Summary |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
27.5 US Industrial Sectors |
|
|
615 | (7) |
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
28 Literature Study for DEA Environmental Assessment |
|
|
625 | (60) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
28.2 Applications in Energy and Environment |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
628 | (6) |
|
|
628 | (3) |
|
28.3.2 Oil, Coal, Gas and Heat |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
28.3.3 Renewable Energies |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (44) |
Index |
|
685 | |