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Environmental Chemical Analysis [Mīkstie vāki]

(New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA), (New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 344 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 544 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 27-Nov-1997
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 075140456X
  • ISBN-13: 9780751404562
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 344 pages, height x width: 234x156 mm, weight: 544 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 27-Nov-1997
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 075140456X
  • ISBN-13: 9780751404562
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
The study of the environment requires the reliable and accurate measurement of extremely small quantities of chemicals and the ability to determine if they are pollutants or naturally occurring species. Historically, a "dilute and disperse" method of waste disposal has been accepted; yet as we learn the long-term consequences of such an approach, it is clear that more rigorous waste management techniques are necessary to understand the sources and fates of contaminants and to regulate their discharge.

This volume presents the details of the basic analytical science involved in making these measurements. It concentrates on the basic principles of sampling and sample preparation, followed by the chemical principles of the major instrumental methods used in chemical analysis, and detailed discussions of the major environmental matrices. This book also provides coverage of topics usually only partially discussed in textbooks, such as quality assurance plans and statistical data handling.

Students majoring in environmental sciences need a foundation in measurement techniques used in the field. Environmental Chemical Analysis gives students a thorough grounding in this field and enough information to judge the quality and interpret the information produced in the analytical laboratory.
Preface xiii
Introduction to environmental measurements
1(30)
Role of measurement in environmental studies
1(4)
Units of measurement
2(2)
Significant figures
4(1)
Pollutants: sources and measurements
5(5)
Classes of environmental contaminants
6(3)
Regulating the environment
9(1)
Design of environmental studies
10(1)
Sampling and analysis
10(1)
Basic statistical data handling
11(6)
Errors in quantitative analysis
12(1)
Statistics of repeated measurements: precision
13(1)
Distribution of error
14(2)
Confidence interval and the t-distribution
16(1)
Significance tests
17(5)
Comparison between a measured and a known value
17(1)
Comparison of the mean of two samples
18(1)
Comparison of standard deviations using the F-test
19(1)
Outliers
20(1)
Reporting data
21(1)
Hypothesis testing
21(1)
Standards and calibration
22(2)
Calibration methods
22(1)
Standard addition method
23(1)
Performance of analytical methods: figures of merit
24(7)
Sensitivity
25(1)
Detection limit
25(1)
Linear dynamic range
26(1)
Validation of new methods
27(1)
Suggested reading
28(1)
Study questions
29(2)
Environmental sampling
31(23)
The sampling plan
31(7)
Spatial and temporal variability
32(1)
Development of the plan
33(2)
Sampling strategies
35(3)
Types of samples
38(1)
Sampling and analysis
39(2)
Samples in the laboratory
41(1)
Statistical aspects of sampling
41(2)
Water sampling
43(3)
Surface water sampling
44(1)
Ground water well sampling
45(1)
Biological tissue sampling
46(1)
Soil sampling
47(1)
Sampling statified levels in containers
48(1)
Preservation of samples
49(5)
Volatilization
51(1)
Choice of proper containers
51(1)
Absorption of gases from the atmosphere
51(1)
Chemical changes
51(1)
Sample preservation for soil, sludges, and hazardous wastes
52(1)
Suggested reading
52(1)
Study questions
53(1)
Spectroscopic methods
54(49)
Spectroscopic methods for environmental analysis
54(7)
Properties of electromagnetic radiation
55(1)
The electromagnetic spectrum
56(1)
Radiation and matter
57(4)
Absorption spectroscopy
61(3)
Beer's law
61(3)
Emission spectroscopy
64(2)
Fluorescence
64(1)
Atomic emission
65(1)
Spectroscopic apparatus
66(5)
Light sources
67(1)
Wavelength selection
67(3)
Detectors
70(1)
Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy
71(6)
UV and visible instrumentation
73(2)
Colorimetry
75(2)
Infrared spectroscopy
77(9)
Scanning infrared instrumentation
78(1)
Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
79(7)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
86(7)
Flame atomic absorbance spectroscopy
88(1)
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
88(3)
Interference in atomic absorption
91(2)
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
93(3)
Comparison of atomic spectroscopic methods
95(1)
X-ray fluorescence
96(5)
Wavelength dispersive XRF versus energy dispersive XRF
97(1)
X-ray instrumentation
97(4)
Hyphenated spectroscopic methods
101(2)
Suggested reading
101(1)
Study questions
101(2)
Chromatographic methods
103(52)
Principles of chromatography
103(10)
Column efficiency
106(6)
The general elution problem
112(1)
Quantitation in chromatography
113(1)
External standard method
113(1)
The internal standard method
114(1)
Gas chromatography
114(11)
Injection devices
115(1)
Columns
116(9)
GC detectors
125(7)
Thermal conductivity detector (TCD)
125(1)
Flame ionization detector (FID)
126(1)
Electron capture detector (ECD)
127(1)
Photoionization detector (PID)
128(1)
Electrolytic conductivity detector (EICD)
129(1)
Flame photometric detector (FPD)
130(1)
Thermionic ionization or nitrogen-phosphorous detector (NPD)
131(1)
Mass selective detector (MSD)
132(1)
Comparison of detectors
132(1)
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
132(4)
Reverse phase liquid chromatography
133(2)
Normal phase liquid chromatography
135(1)
HPLC instrumentation
136(6)
Solvent delivery systems
136(1)
Solvent gradient systems
137(1)
Sample injectors
138(1)
HPLC columns
138(4)
HPLC detectors
142(5)
Ultraviolet absorption detectors
143(2)
Fluorescence detectors
145(1)
Mass spectrometric detection
146(1)
Ion chromatography
147(1)
Supercritical fluid chromatography
148(4)
SFC instrumentation
150(2)
Applications of chromatography in environmental analysis
152(3)
Suggested reading
153(1)
Study questions
153(2)
Mass spectrometry
155(29)
Interpretation of spectra
156(3)
Basic instrumentation
159(3)
Vacuum system
159(1)
Inlet
160(2)
Ion sources
162(4)
Electron impact ionization
162(1)
Chemical ionization
163(2)
Atmospheric pressure ionization sources
165(1)
Mass analyzers
166(6)
Quadrupole mass analyzer
166(2)
Magnetic sector mass analyzer
168(1)
The ion trap mass analyzer
168(4)
Ion detectors
172(1)
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
172(3)
Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (C/MS)
175(1)
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS)
175(3)
Data collection
178(2)
Library searching techniques
180(4)
Suggested reading
183(1)
Study questions
183(1)
Sample preparation techniques
184(25)
Extraction of organic analytes from liquid samples
185(7)
Liquid--liquid extraction
185(4)
Solid phase extraction
189(3)
Solid phase microextraction
192(1)
Extraction of organic analytes from solid samples
192(7)
Soxhlet extraction
192(2)
Accelerated solvent extraction
194(1)
Ultrasonic extraction of organics
195(1)
Supercritical fluid extraction
196(3)
Post-extraction procedures
199(2)
Concentration of sample extracts
199(1)
Sample clean-up
199(2)
Extraction of metals from sample matrices
201(5)
Acid digestion of samples for determination of metals
201(1)
Extraction procedures
202(1)
Microwave digestion
202(1)
Ultrasonic extraction
202(1)
Organic extraction of metals
203(3)
Speciation of metals in environmental samples
206(3)
Suggested reading
208(1)
Study questions
208(1)
Methods for air analysis
209(38)
Keeping the air clean
209(1)
Determination of gaseous species
210(8)
Carbon monoxide
211(2)
Determination of sulfur species
213(1)
Determination of nitrogen oxides in air
214(2)
Determination of ozone in air samples
216(1)
Determination of radon in air
216(2)
Determination of volatile organic compounds
218(12)
Adsorbent trap sampling
219(6)
Whole air sampling
225(3)
GC analysis of VOC
228(2)
Other methods for analysis of volatiles and gases
230(5)
Determination of non-methane organic carbon
230(1)
Annular denuder methods for air analysis
231(2)
Impinger methods for air sampling
233(2)
Determination of pollutants in particulate material
235(8)
Particle size fractionators
238(1)
Filters for air sampling
238(2)
Determination of total suspended particulates in air
240(1)
Determination of metals in airborne particulates
241(2)
Determination of anions in airborne particulates
243(1)
Determination of organic species in particulate material
243(1)
Field methods for air analysis
243(1)
Methods for stack monitoring
244(3)
Suggested reading
245(1)
Study questions
245(2)
Methods for water analysis
247(32)
Sample collection and preservation
249(1)
Potentiometry for ions and gases in aqueous solution
250(5)
pH measurement
251(1)
Other specific ion electrodes
252(3)
Metals in water samples
255(9)
Sample filtration
256(1)
Digestion of metal samples
256(1)
Preconcentrating the sample
257(1)
Separating `labile' metal species
257(1)
Atomic absorption methods
258(2)
Inductively coupled plasma methods
260(1)
Determination of metals by voltammetry
261(3)
Inorganic anions in water
264(1)
Ion chromatographic analysis for common anions
264(1)
Organic compounds in water
265(4)
Biochemical oxygen demand
266(1)
Chemical oxygen demand
267(1)
Total organic carbon
268(1)
Volatile organic compounds in water
269(4)
Measurement of VOCs using purge and trap
269(3)
Head space screening for VOCs
272(1)
Screening for VOCs by solid phase microextration
273(1)
Semivolatile organics in water
273(3)
Extractable base/neutrals and acids
273(1)
Pesticides
274(2)
Field methods for water
276(3)
Suggested reading
277(1)
Study questions
277(2)
Methods for analysis of solid samples
279(26)
Sampling
280(3)
Preparation of solid samples
282(1)
Measurement of soil pH
283(1)
Analysis of metals in soil and solids
284(4)
Determination of mercury
286(1)
Determination of arsenic and selenium
286(1)
Analysis of solids with X-ray fluorescence
287(1)
Analysis of soil for total nitrogen
288(1)
Colorimetric tests for soil and sludge analysis
288(1)
Determination of phosphorous
288(1)
Determination of aluminum
289(1)
Measurement of total organic carbon in soil
289(1)
Volatile organics in soils or solids
290(2)
Measurement of VOCs using purge and trap
290(1)
Head space analysis
291(1)
Determination of VOC using solid phase microextraction
291(1)
Total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil and sludge
292(1)
Semi-volatile organics in soil and sludge
293(6)
Dioxin in a herbicide
293(3)
Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in solids
296(3)
Leaching tests for wastes
299(2)
Immunoassay tests
301(2)
Field methods for solids
303(2)
Suggested reading
303(1)
Study questions
303(2)
Quality assurance and quality control
305(15)
Determination of accuracy and precision
307(1)
Statistical control
307(4)
Control charts
307(2)
Control samples
309(1)
Background or control site samples
310(1)
Performance evaluation samples
311(1)
Preparation of evaluation samples
311(1)
Stability of evaluation samples
312(1)
Contamination control
312(4)
Blanks
313(3)
Quality assurance for the example determinations
316(4)
Determination of VOC in air by Tenax trapping and thermal desorption
316(1)
Determination of haloacetic acid and trichlorophenol in water
317(1)
Determination of metals in dry sludge
318(1)
Suggested reading
318(1)
Study questions
319(1)
Appendix 1: Percentiles of the t-distribution 320(1)
Appendix 2: Critical values of the f-test at 5% level of significance 321(2)
Index 323
Kebbekus; Barbara New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA,Mitra; Somenath New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA,