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Environmental Chemistry: Eleventh Edition 11th edition [Hardback]

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(University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, Columbia, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 730 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1542 g, 37 Tables, black and white; 389 Line drawings, black and white; 389 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367558874
  • ISBN-13: 9780367558871
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Environmental Chemistry: Eleventh Edition 11th editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 730 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1542 g, 37 Tables, black and white; 389 Line drawings, black and white; 389 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Jun-2022
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367558874
  • ISBN-13: 9780367558871
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780367558871.html
Keywords:
With clear explanations, real-world examples and updated ancillary material, the 11th edition of Environmental Chemistry emphasizes the concepts essential to the practice of environmental science, technology and chemistry. The format and organization popular in preceding editions is used, including an approach based upon the five environmental spheres and the relationship of environmental chemistry to the key concepts of sustainability, industrial ecology and green chemistry. The new edition provides a comprehensive view of key environmental issues, and significantly looks at diseases and pandemics as an environmental problem influenced by other environmental concerns like climate change.

Features:











The most trusted and best-selling text for environmental chemistry has been fully updated and expanded once again





The author has preserved the basic format with appropriate updates including a comprehensive overview of key environmental issues and concerns





New to this important text is material on the threat of pathogens and disease, deadly past pandemics that killed millions, recently emerged diseases and the prospects for more environment threats related to disease





This outstanding legacy appeals to a wide audience and can also be an ideal interdisciplinary book for graduate students with degrees in a variety of disciplines other than chemistry

New! Long-awaited companion website featuring additional ancillary material
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxi
About the Author xxxiii
Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry: An Essential Discipline in Coping with Challenges Facing Humankind
1(20)
1.1 A Catastrophic Year for Earth and Humankind
1(1)
1.2 Earth and the Earth System
2(1)
1.3 Biogeochemical Cycles in the Earth System
3(2)
1.3.1 Oxygen Cycle
4(1)
1.3.2 Nitrogen Cycle
4(1)
1.3.3 Sulfur Cycle
5(1)
1.3.4 Phosphorus Cycle
5(1)
1.4 Natural Capital of the Earth System
5(1)
1.5 What is Environmental Chemistry?
6(1)
1.5.1 Environmental Chemistry and the Spheres of the Earth System
7(1)
1.6 Environmental Chemistry of Water and the Hydrosphere
7(1)
1.7 Environmental Chemistry of Air and the Atmosphere
8(2)
1.8 Environmental Chemistry of the Geosphere
10(3)
1.8.1 Soil
12(1)
1.9 Environmental Chemistry of the Anthrosphere
13(1)
1.10 Environmental Chemistry of the Biosphere
14(2)
1.11 Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry
16(1)
1.12 As We Enter the Anthropocene
17(1)
1.13 Special Challenges to Environmental Chemistry as Global Climate Change Becomes Reality
17(4)
References
18(1)
Further Reading
18(3)
Chapter 2 The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry
21(38)
2.1 Water: An Essential Part of Earth's Natural Capital
21(2)
2.2 Sources and Uses of Water
23(3)
2.2.1 The Groundwater Crisis
25(1)
2.3 H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule
26(1)
2.4 Life in Water
27(1)
2.5 Chemistry of Water
28(1)
2.6 Gases in Water
29(2)
2.6.1 Oxygen in Water
30(1)
2.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water
31(3)
2.7.1 Carbon Dioxide in Water
31(3)
2.8 Alkalinity
34(3)
2.8.1 Contributors to Alkalinity at Different pH Values
35(1)
2.8.2 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Alkalinity
36(1)
2.8.3 Influence of Alkalinity on C02 Solubility
37(1)
2.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water
37(3)
2.9.1 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids
37(1)
2.9.2 Calcium in Water
38(1)
2.9.3 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate Minerals
39(1)
2.10 Complexation and Chelation
40(3)
2.10.1 Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water
42(1)
2.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes
43(1)
2.11.1 Selectivity and Specificity in Chelation
43(1)
2.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations
44(1)
2.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands
45(1)
2.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands
46(1)
2.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA
47(4)
2.15.1 Reaction of NTA with Metal Carbonate
48(2)
2.15.2 Effect of Calcium Ion on the Reaction of Chelating Agents with Slightly Soluble Salts
50(1)
2.16 Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water
51(2)
2.16.1 Polyphosphates
51(1)
2.16.2 Hydrolysis of Polyphosphates
52(1)
2.16.3 Complexation by Polyphosphates
52(1)
2.16.4 Phosphonates
52(1)
2.17 Complexation by Humic Substances
53(1)
2.18 Complexation and Redox Processes
54(5)
References
55(1)
Further Readings
55(4)
Chapter 3 Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry
59(20)
3.1 The Significance of Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry
59(2)
3.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions
61(2)
3.3 Electron Activity and pE
63(1)
3.4 The Nernst Equation
64(1)
3.5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions
65(1)
3.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium
66(1)
3.7 The Relationship of pE to Free Energy
67(1)
3.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole
67(2)
3.9 The Limits of pE in Water
69(1)
3.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems
70(1)
3.11 pE-pH Diagrams
71(3)
3.12 Humic Substances as Natural Reductants
74(1)
3.13 Photochemical Processes in Oxidation/Reduction
74(1)
3.14 Corrosion
75(4)
References
76(1)
Further Readings
76(3)
Chapter 4 Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry
79(22)
4.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water
79(1)
4.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments
79(2)
4.2.1 Formation of Sediments
79(2)
4.2.2 Organic and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Materials
81(1)
4.3 Solubilities
81(3)
4.3.1 Solubilities of Solids
82(1)
4.3.2 Solubilities of Gases
83(1)
4.4 Colloidal Particles in Water
84(3)
4.4.1 Colloids in Water and Contaminant Transport by Colloids
85(1)
4.4.2 Kinds of Colloidal Particles
85(1)
4.4.3 Colloid Stability
86(1)
4.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays
87(1)
4.6 Aggregation of Colloidal Particles
88(1)
4.6.1 Flocculation of Colloids by Polyelectrolytes
88(1)
4.6.2 Flocculation of Bacteria by Polymeric Materials
89(1)
4.7 Surface Sorption by Solids
89(1)
4.8 Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments
90(5)
4.8.1 Trace-Level Metals in Suspended Matter and Sediments
91(1)
4.8.2 Phosphorus Exchange with Bottom Sediments
92(1)
4.8.3 Organic Compounds on Sediments and Suspended Matter
92(2)
4.8.4 Bioavailability of Sediment Contaminants
94(1)
4.9 Interstitial Water
95(1)
4.10 Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport
95(6)
4.10.1 Rivers
95(1)
4.10.2 Lakes and Reservoirs
95(1)
4.10.3 Exchange with the Atmosphere
96(1)
4.10.4 Exchange with Sediments
96(1)
References
97(1)
Further Readings
98(3)
Chapter 5 Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry
101(28)
5.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes
101(1)
5.1.1 Microorganisms at Interfaces
101(1)
5.2 Algae
102(2)
5.3 Fungi
104(1)
5.4 Protozoa
104(1)
5.5 Bacteria
104(2)
5.5.1 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria
105(1)
5.5.2 Oxic and Anoxic Bacteria
106(1)
5.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
106(1)
5.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
107(1)
5.8 Bacterial Metabolism
107(4)
5.8.1 Factors Affecting Bacterial Metabolism
108(1)
5.8.2 Microbial Oxidation and Reduction
109(2)
5.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon
111(2)
5.9.1 Methane-Forming Bacteria
111(1)
5.9.2 Bacterial Utilization of Hydrocarbons
112(1)
5.9.3 Microbial Utilization of Carbon Monoxide
112(1)
5.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter
113(1)
5.10.1 Oxidation
113(1)
5.10.2 Microbial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
113(1)
5.10.3 Other Biochemical Processes in Biodegradation of Organics
114(1)
5.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
114(4)
5.11.1 Nitrogen Fixation
116(1)
5.11.2 Nitrification
117(1)
5.11.3 Nitrate Reduction
117(1)
5.11.4 Denitrification
117(1)
5.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur
118(2)
5.12.1 Phosphorus Compounds
118(1)
5.12.2 Sulfur Compounds
118(1)
5.12.3 Oxidation of H2S and Reduction of Sulfate by Bacteria
119(1)
5.12.4 Microorganism-Mediated Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds
119(1)
5.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
120(1)
5.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids
121(8)
5.14.1 Acid Mine Waters
122(1)
5.14.2 Microbial Transitions of Selenium
123(1)
5.14.3 Microbial Corrosion
123(1)
References
124(1)
Further Readings
124(5)
Chapter 6 Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
129(40)
6.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
129(1)
6.1.1 Markers of Water Pollution
129(1)
6.2 Elemental Pollutants
129(2)
6.3 Heavy Metals
131(2)
6.3.1 Cadmium
131(1)
6.3.2 Lead
132(1)
6.3.3 Mercury
132(1)
6.4 Metalloids
133(1)
6.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
134(2)
6.5.1 Organotin Compounds
135(1)
6.6 Inorganic Species
136(1)
6.6.1 Cyanide
136(1)
6.6.2 Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants
136(1)
6.6.3 Asbestos in Water
137(1)
6.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication
137(1)
6.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
138(1)
6.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
139(1)
6.10 Organic Pollutants
140(4)
6.10.1 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants
140(1)
6.10.2 Sewage
140(1)
6.10.3 Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders
141(1)
6.10.3.1 Soaps
141(1)
6.10.3.2 Detergents
142(2)
6.10.3.3 Microbial Toxins
144(1)
6.11 Pesticides in Water
144(9)
6.11.1 Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids
145(1)
6.11.2 The Emergence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides
145(3)
6.11.3 DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides
148(1)
6.11.4 Organophosphate Insecticides
148(1)
6.11.5 Carbamates
149(1)
6.11.6 Fungicides
150(1)
6.11.7 Herbicides
150(1)
6.11.8 Bipyridylium Compounds
151(1)
6.11.9 Herbicidal Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
151(1)
6.11.10 Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
151(1)
6.11.11 Miscellaneous Herbicides
152(1)
6.12 Organochlorine Compounds in Water
153(3)
6.12.1 By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture
153(1)
6.12.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
154(1)
6.12.3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Groundwater
155(1)
6.12.4 Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds
156(1)
6.13 Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes
156(4)
6.13.1 Bactericides and Antibiotics
157(1)
6.13.2 Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents
158(1)
6.13.3 Biorefractory Organic Pollutants
158(2)
6.14 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
160(9)
References
164(1)
Further Readings
164(5)
Chapter 7 World Water Crisis and Climate Change: Water Renovation and Recycling
169(36)
7.1 The Most Important Body of Water--You
169(1)
7.2 Water Treatment and Water Use
170(1)
7.3 Municipal Water Treatment
170(1)
7.3.1 Failures in Water Treatment
170(1)
7.4 Treatment of Water for Industrial and Commercial Use
171(1)
7.5 Wastewater Treatment
172(1)
7.5.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
172(1)
7.6 Advanced Water Treatment
172(1)
7.7 Aeration of Water
173(1)
7.8 Removal of Solids
173(3)
7.8.1 Dissolved Air Flotation
174(1)
7.8.2 Membrane Filtration Processes
175(1)
7.9 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
176(4)
7.9.1 Removal of Iron and Manganese
179(1)
7.9.2 Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
179(1)
7.10 Removal of Biodegradable Organics from Water and Sewage Treatment
180(5)
7.10.1 Biodegradable Organics Removal from Wastewater
180(3)
7.10.2 Membrane Bioreactor
183(1)
7.10.3 Sludge Handling and Disposal
184(1)
7.10.4 Chemical Sludges
185(1)
7.10.5 Additional Purification of Water from Secondary Wastewater Treatment
185(1)
7.11 Removal of Dissolved Organics
185(2)
7.11.1 Removal of Herbicides
187(1)
7.12 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
187(3)
7.12.1 Ion Exchange
187(1)
7.12.2 Reverse Osmosis
188(1)
7.12.3 Phosphorus Removal
189(1)
7.12.4 Nitrogen Removal
190(1)
7.13 Water Disinfection
190(3)
7.13.1 Chlorine Dioxide
191(1)
7.13.2 Green Ozone for Water Disinfection
191(1)
7.13.3 Ferrate and Percarbonate
192(1)
7.13.4 Disinfection with Ultrav iolet Radiation and Photocatalytic Processes
193(1)
7.13.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment
193(1)
7.14 Natural Water Purification Processes
193(1)
7.14.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil
194(1)
7.15 Green Water and Total Water Recycle
194(5)
7.16 Water Conservation
199(1)
7.17 Protecting Water Supplies from Attack
200(5)
References
201(1)
Further Readings
201(4)
Chapter 8 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
205(32)
8.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
205(3)
8.1.1 Atmospheric Composition
206(1)
8.1.2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur
207(1)
8.1.3 Atmospheric Methane, Hydrocarbons, and Photochemical Smog
207(1)
8.1.4 Particulate Matter
207(1)
8.1.5 Primary and Secondary Pollutants
207(1)
8.2 How the Atmosphere Got That Way and its Natural Capital
208(1)
8.2.1 Chemical and Biochemical Processes in Evolution of the Atmosphere
208(1)
8.2.2 Self-Purification of the Atmosphere
209(1)
8.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
209(3)
8.3.1 Variation of Pressure and Density with Altitude
209(2)
8.3.2 Stratification of the Atmosphere
211(1)
8.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
212(2)
8.4.1 The Earth's Radiation Budget
213(1)
8.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
214(4)
8.5.1 Atmospheric Water in Energy and Mass Transfer
214(1)
8.5.2 Air Masses
215(1)
8.5.3 Topographical Effects
216(1)
8.5.4 Movement of Air Masses
216(1)
8.5.5 Global Weather
217(1)
8.5.6 Weather Fronts and Storms
218(1)
8.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
218(1)
8.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
218(2)
8.7.1 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Human Modifications of Climate
219(1)
8.7.2 Microclimate
219(1)
8.7.3 Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate
220(1)
8.8 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
220(8)
8.8.1 Photochemical Processes
222(2)
8.8.2 Ions and Radicals in the Atmosphere
224(1)
8.8.3 Ions at Lower Altitudes in the Troposphere
225(1)
8.8.4 Free Radicals
225(1)
8.8.5 Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere
225(3)
8.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
228(1)
8.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
228(2)
8.10.1 Tropospheric Ozone in the Unpolluted Atmosphere
229(1)
8.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
230(1)
8.12 Atmospheric Water
230(1)
8.13 Influence of the Anthrosphere
231(1)
8.14 Metals from Meteoroids in the Mesosphere
231(1)
8.15 Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere
231(6)
References
233(1)
Further Readings
233(4)
Chapter 9 Particles in the Atmosphere
237(24)
9.1 Particles in the Atmosphere
237(2)
9.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
239(1)
9.2.1 Size and Settling of Atmospheric Particles
240(1)
9.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation
240(1)
9.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
241(2)
9.4.1 Inorganic Particles
241(1)
9.4.2 Organic Particles
242(1)
9.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
243(2)
9.5.1 Fly Ash
244(1)
9.5.2 Asbestos
244(1)
9.6 Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere
245(1)
9.6.1 Atmospheric Mercury
245(1)
9.6.2 Atmospheric Lead
246(1)
9.6.3 Atmospheric Beryllium
246(1)
9.7 Radioactive Particles
246(1)
9.8 Organic Particles in the Atmosphere
247(2)
9.8.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
248(1)
9.8.2 Carbonaceous Particles from Diesel Engines
249(1)
9.9 Effects of Particles
249(2)
9.9.1 The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects
250(1)
9.9.2 Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Substances between Air and Particles
251(1)
9.10 Water as Particulate Matter
251(1)
9.11 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles
252(2)
9.12 Control of Particle Emissions
254(7)
9.12.1 Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia
254(1)
9.12.2 Particle Filtration
254(1)
9.12.3 Scrubbers
255(1)
9.12.4 Electrostatic Removal
256(1)
References
256(1)
Further Readings
257(4)
Chapter 10 Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants
261(24)
10.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
261(1)
10.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
261(1)
10.2.1 Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions
262(1)
10.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO
262(1)
10.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
262(2)
10.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
264(5)
10.5.1 Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
266(1)
10.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide Removal
266(2)
10.5.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Recovery
268(1)
10.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
269(7)
10.6.1 Atmospheric Reactions of NOx
271(2)
10.6.2 Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides
273(1)
10.6.3 Control of Nitrogen Oxides
274(1)
10.6.4 Limiting Production and Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides
274(1)
10.6.5 Removal of Nitrogen Oxides from Stack Gas and Engine Exhaust Gases
275(1)
10.7 Acid Rain
276(1)
10.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere
276(1)
10.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and their Gaseous Compounds
277(2)
10.9.1 Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
278(1)
10.9.2 Hydrogen Chloride in the Atmosphere
278(1)
10.10 Reduced Sulfur Gases
279(6)
References
281(1)
Further Readings
281(4)
Chapter 11 Organic Air Pollutants
285(26)
11.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
285(1)
11.1.1 Loss of Organic Substances from the Atmosphere
285(1)
11.1.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants
285(1)
11.1.3 Global Distillation and Fractionation of POPs
286(1)
11.2 Biogenic Organic Compounds
286(4)
11.2.1 Biogenic Methane
287(1)
11.2.2 Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Plants
287(2)
11.2.3 Removal of Atmospheric Organic Compounds by Plants
289(1)
11.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
290(4)
11.3.1 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
292(1)
11.3.2 Reactions of Atmospheric Aromatic Hydrocarbons
293(1)
11.4 Carbonyl Compounds
294(2)
11.5 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
296(3)
11.5.1 Alcohols
297(1)
11.5.2 Phenols
297(1)
11.5.3 Ethers
298(1)
11.5.4 Oxides
298(1)
11.5.5 Carboxylic Acids
298(1)
11.6 Organonitrogen Compounds
299(2)
11.7 Organohalide Compounds
301(4)
11.7.1 CFCs and Halons
303(1)
11.7.2 Atmospheric Reactions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
304(1)
11.7.3 Perfluorocarbons
304(1)
11.7.4 Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans
305(1)
11.8 Organosulfur Compounds
305(1)
11.9 Organic Particulate Matter
306(1)
11.10 Hazardous Air Pollutant Organic Compounds
307(4)
References
307(1)
Further Readings
308(3)
Chapter 12 Photochemical Smog
311(26)
12.1 Reduced Visibility When the Sun Shines
311(1)
12.2 Smog-Forming Emissions
312(5)
12.2.1 Control of Exhaust Hydrocarbons
313(2)
12.2.2 Automotive Emission Standards
315(1)
12.2.3 Polluting Green Plants
316(1)
12.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
317(2)
12.3.1 Photochemical Reactions of Methane
317(1)
12.3.2 Addition Reactions in the Atmosphere
318(1)
12.4 Overview of Smog Formation
319(2)
12.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
321(6)
12.5.1 Nitrate Radical
326(1)
12.5.2 Photolyzable Compounds in the Atmosphere
327(1)
12.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
327(1)
12.7 Importance of HOx/VOC Ratios
328(1)
12.8 Inorganic Products from Smog
328(1)
12.9 Effects of Smog
329(8)
References
332(1)
Further Readings
332(5)
Chapter 13 The Endangered Global Atmosphere
337(36)
13.1 Saving the Atmosphere to Save Ourselves
337(1)
13.1.1 Preservation of the Atmosphere's Natural Capital
338(1)
13.2 The Earth's Evolving Atmosphere and Climate Change
338(2)
13.2.1 Changes in Climate
339(1)
13.3 Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Atmosphere and Climate
340(1)
13.3.1 Destroying the Earth's Lungs: Destruction of the Amazon Forest
340(1)
13.4 The Greatest Threat to the Atmosphere and the Earth System: Global Warming
341(4)
13.4.1 Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases
343(2)
13.4.2 Particles and Global Warming
345(1)
13.5 Consequences of Global Climate Change
345(4)
13.5.1 Increasing Temperature
345(2)
13.5.2 Passing the Tipping Points
347(1)
13.5.3 Loss of Ice Cover
347(1)
13.5.4 Glaciers and Water Supply
348(1)
13.5.5 Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought
348(1)
13.5.6 Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change
348(1)
13.6 Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming
349(3)
13.6.1 Minimization
349(2)
13.6.2 Counteracting Measures
351(1)
13.6.3 Adaptation
352(1)
13.7 Acid Rain
352(3)
13.8 Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
355(5)
13.8.1 Shielding Effect of the Ozone Layer
356(1)
13.8.2 Ozone Layer Destruction
357(2)
13.8.3 Green Chemistry Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
359(1)
13.9 Atmospheric Brown Clouds
360(2)
13.9.1 Yellow Dust
361(1)
13.10 Atmospheric Damage by Photochemical Smog
362(1)
13.11 The Urban Aerosol
363(1)
13.12 Nuclear Winter
364(2)
13.12.1 "Doomsday Visitors" from Space
366(1)
13.13 What Is to Be Done?
366(7)
References
368(1)
Further Readings
369(4)
Chapter 14 The Geosphere and Geochemistry
373(30)
14.1 The Geosphere
373(2)
14.1.1 The Fragile Solid Earth and its Relationship with the Other Environmental Spheres
373(2)
14.2 Physical Form of the Geosphere
375(2)
14.2.1 Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
375(1)
14.2.2 Structural Geology
376(1)
14.3 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere
377(2)
14.3.1 Structure and Properties of Minerals
377(1)
14.3.2 Kinds of Minerals
377(1)
14.3.3 Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock in the Rock Cycle
378(1)
14.3.4 Rock Cycle
379(1)
14.4 Geochemistry and Weathering of Rock in the Geosphere
379(4)
14.4.1 Physical Aspects of Weathering
380(1)
14.4.2 Chemical Weathering
380(2)
14.4.3 Biological Aspects of Weathering
382(1)
14.5 Clays: Especially Important Weathering Products and Secondary Minerals
383(1)
14.6 Sediments
384(1)
14.7 Groundwater in the Geosphere
385(3)
14.7.1 Water Wells
387(1)
14.7.2 Water Wells and the Arsenic Problem
387(1)
14.8 The Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital
388(1)
14.8.1 The Extraordinary Importance of Lithium
389(1)
14.9 Environmental Phenomena of the Geosphere
389(2)
14.9.1 Natural Hazards
390(1)
14.9.2 Anthropogenic Hazards
390(1)
14.10 Volcanoes
391(1)
14.11 Earthquakes
392(2)
14.12 Surface Earth Movement
394(2)
14.13 Effects of Human Activities
396(1)
14.13.1 Extraction of Geospheric Resources: Surface Mining
396(1)
14.13.2 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
396(1)
14.14 Air Pollution and the Geosphere
397(1)
14.15 Water Pollution and the Geosphere
398(1)
14.16 The Geosphere as a Waste Repository
399(4)
References
400(1)
Further Readings
400(3)
Chapter 15 Soil: Earth's Lifeline
403(40)
15.1 Have You Thanked A Clod Today?
403(2)
15.1.1 What Is Soil?
403(1)
15.1.2 Agriculture and Soil
403(2)
15.2 Structure of Soil
405(1)
15.3 Composition of Soil
406(4)
15.3.1 Water in Soil
406(2)
15.3.2 The Soil Solution
408(1)
15.3.3 Air in Soil
408(1)
15.3.4 Inorganic Solids in Soil
408(1)
15.3.5 Soil Organic Matter
408(2)
15.4 Acid-Base and Ion-Exchange Reactions in Soil
410(3)
15.4.1 Acid-Base Reactions of Soil
410(2)
15.4.2 Adjustment of Soil Acidity
412(1)
15.4.3 Ion-Exchange Equilibria in Soil
412(1)
15.5 Macronutrients in Soil
413(1)
15.5.1 Sulfur in Soil and as a Macronutrient
414(1)
15.6 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
414(3)
15.6.1 Nitrogen
414(3)
15.6.2 Phosphorus
417(1)
15.6.3 Potassium
417(1)
15.7 Micronutrients in Soil
417(1)
15.8 Fertilizers
418(3)
15.8.1 Fertilizer Pollution
420(1)
15.9 Pesticides and their Residues in Soil
421(1)
15.9.1 Soil Fumigants
422(1)
15.10 Wastes and Pollutants and their Degradation on Soil
422(3)
15.10.1 Soil Pollutants from Livestock Production
424(1)
15.10.2 Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere
425(1)
15.11 Soil Loss and Degradation
425(2)
15.11.1 Soil Sustainability and Water Resources
426(1)
15.12 Saving the Land
427(3)
15.12.1 Agroforestry
427(1)
15.12.2 Soil Restoration
428(1)
15.12.3 Poduculture in Soil Restoration
429(1)
15.13 Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture
430(3)
15.14 Genetics and Agriculture
433(5)
15.14.1 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
433(2)
15.14.2 The Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics
435(1)
15.14.3 Crops versus Pests
435(1)
15.14.4 Future Crops
436(2)
15.15 Agriculture and Health
438(1)
15.15.1 Food Contamination
438(1)
15.16 Protecting the Food Supply from Attack
438(5)
References
439(1)
Further Readings
440(3)
Chapter 16 The Anthrosphere: Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
443(32)
16.1 Changing the Bad Old Ways
443(1)
16.2 Green Chemistry
444(2)
16.3 Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure
446(2)
16.3.1 The Risks of Not Taking Risks
447(1)
16.4 Waste Prevention and Green Chemistry
448(1)
16.5 Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry
448(2)
16.5.1 Yield and Atom Economy
449(1)
16.6 Feedstocks
450(2)
16.6.1 Biological Feedstocks
451(1)
16.7 Reagents
452(1)
16.8 Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reagents
453(1)
16.9 Media and Solvents
453(3)
16.9.1 Water, the Greenest Solvent
454(1)
16.9.2 Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent
455(1)
16.9.3 Gas-Expanded Solvents
456(1)
16.10 Enhancing Reactions
456(2)
16.11 Industrial Ecology
458(1)
16.12 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem
459(1)
16.13 Industrial Metabolism
460(1)
16.14 The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
460(1)
16.15 Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems
461(2)
16.15.1 Diversity
462(1)
16.16 Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology
463(1)
16.17 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop
464(2)
16.17.1 Product Stewardship
465(1)
16.17.2 Embedded Utility
465(1)
16.18 Design for Environment
466(2)
16.18.1 Products, Processes, and Facilities
466(1)
16.18.2 Key Factors in Design for Environment
467(1)
16.18.3 Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment
468(1)
16.19 Inherent Safety
468(1)
16.19.1 Increased Safety with Smaller Size
469(1)
16.20 Industrial Ecology and Ecological Engineering
469(6)
References
470(1)
Further Readings
470(5)
Chapter 17 Resources and Sustainable Materials
475(18)
17.1 Where to Get the Stuff We Need?
475(1)
17.2 Extraction of Materials from the Geosphere
476(1)
17.3 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
477(1)
17.4 Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources
477(2)
17.4.1 Metals
478(1)
17.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology
479(4)
17.5.1 Aluminum
479(1)
17.5.2 Chromium
480(1)
17.5.3 Copper
481(1)
17.5.4 Cobalt
481(1)
17.5.5 Lead
481(1)
17.5.6 Lithium
482(1)
17.5.7 Zinc
482(1)
17.5.8 Rare Earths
483(1)
17.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources
483(1)
17.7 Phosphates
484(1)
17.8 Sulfur
485(1)
17.8.1 Gypsum
486(1)
17.9 Wood: An Abundant Renewable Resource
486(1)
17.10 Extending Resources with Industrial Ecology
487(6)
17.10.1 Metals
487(1)
17.10.2 Plastics and Rubber
488(1)
17.10.3 Lubricating Oil
488(1)
References
489(1)
Further Readings
489(4)
Chapter 18 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything
493(48)
18.1 The Energy Problem
493(1)
18.2 Nature of Energy
494(1)
18.3 Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again
494(3)
18.3.1 The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels
495(1)
18.3.2 Back to the Sun
496(1)
18.4 Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future
497(2)
18.5 Energy Devices and Conversions
499(3)
18.5.1 Fuel Cells
502(1)
18.6 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources
502(5)
18.6.1 Renewable Energy
505(1)
18.6.2 Heavy Oil
506(1)
18.6.3 Shale Oil
507(1)
18.6.4 Natural Gas Liquids
507(1)
18.7 Natural Gas
507(1)
18.8 Coal
508(1)
18.8.1 Coal Conversion
509(1)
18.9 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
509(2)
18.10 The Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals
511(1)
18.11 Nuclear Energy
512(4)
18.11.1 Thorium-Fueled Reactors
515(1)
18.11.2 Nuclear Fusion
515(1)
18.12 Geothermal Energy
516(1)
18.13 The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source
516(4)
18.13.1 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
517(3)
18.13.2 Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy
520(1)
18.14 Energy from the Earth's Two Great Fluids in Motion
520(3)
18.14.1 The Success of Wind Power
521(1)
18.14.2 Energy from Moving Water
522(1)
18.14.3 Energy from Moving Water without Dams
523(1)
18.15 Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and their Resources
523(11)
18.15.1 Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms
526(1)
18.15.2 Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization
526(1)
18.15.3 Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels
527(1)
18.15.4 EthanolFuel
528(1)
18.15.5 Biodiesel Fuel
528(1)
18.15.6 Fuel from Algae
529(1)
18.15.7 The Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels
530(2)
18.15.8 Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels
532(1)
18.15.9 Biogas
533(1)
18.15.10 Biorefineries and Utilizing Biomass for Energy
533(1)
18.15.11 A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources
534(1)
18.16 Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy
534(2)
18.17 Combined Power Cycles
536(5)
References
537(1)
Further Readings
537(4)
Chapter 19 The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
541(30)
19.1 Introduction
541(2)
19.1.1 History of Hazardous Substances
541(1)
19.1.2 Legislation
542(1)
19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes
543(2)
19.2.1 Characteristics and Listed Wastes
543(1)
19.2.2 Hazardous Wastes
544(1)
19.2.3 Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control
544(1)
19.3 Sources of Wastes
545(2)
19.3.1 Types of Hazardous Wastes
545(1)
19.3.2 Hazardous Waste Generators
546(1)
19.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances
547(2)
19.4.1 Combustion of Finely Divided Particles
547(1)
19.4.2 Oxidizers
548(1)
19.4.3 Spontaneous Ignition
548(1)
19.4.4 Toxic Products of Combustion
549(1)
19.5 Reactive Substances
549(2)
19.5.1 Chemical Structure and Reactivity
550(1)
19.6 Corrosive Substances
551(1)
19.6.1 Sulfuric Acid
551(1)
19.7 Toxic Substances
552(1)
19.7.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
552(1)
19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes
553(1)
19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
554(1)
19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
555(1)
19.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes
555(2)
19.11.1 Physical Properties of Wastes;
556(1)
19.11.2 Chemical Factors
556(1)
19.11.3 Effects of Hazardous Wastes
556(1)
19.11.4 Fates of Hazardous Wastes
557(1)
19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere
557(1)
19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere
558(2)
19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere
560(2)
19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere
562(1)
19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
563(1)
19.16.1 Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation
563(1)
19.16.2 Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Wastes
564(1)
19.17 Hazardous Substances in Terrorism
564(7)
19.17.1 Detection of Hazardous Substances
566(1)
19.17.2 Removing Hazardous Agents
567(1)
References
567(1)
Further Readings
567(4)
Chapter 20 Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment
571(32)
20.1 Introduction
571(1)
20.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization
571(2)
20.3 Recycling
573(3)
20.3.1 Examples of Recycling
573(1)
20.3.2 Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery
574(1)
20.3.3 Waste Oil Fuel
575(1)
20.3.4 Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycle
575(1)
20.3.5 Recovery of Water from Wastewater
575(1)
20.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment
576(4)
20.4.1 Methods of Physical Treatment
577(1)
20.4.2 Phase Separations
577(1)
20.4.3 Phase Transition
578(1)
20.4.4 Phase Transfer
578(1)
20.4.5 Molecular Separation
579(1)
20.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview
580(5)
20.5.1 Acid/Base Neutralization
580(1)
20.5.2 Chemical Precipitation
580(1)
20.5.3 Coprecipitation of Metals
581(1)
20.5.4 Oxidation/Reduction
582(1)
20.5.5 Electrolysis
582(1)
20.5.6 Hydrolysis
583(1)
20.5.7 Chemical Extraction and Leaching
584(1)
20.5.8 Ion Exchange
584(1)
20.6 Green Waste Treatment by Photolysis and Sonolysis
585(1)
20.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
586(3)
20.7.1 Incineration Systems
587(1)
20.7.2 Wet Air Oxidation
588(1)
20.7.3 UV-Enhanced Wet Oxidation
588(1)
20.7.4 Destruction of Hazardous Wastes in Cement Manufacture
589(1)
20.8 Biodegradation of Wastes
589(1)
20.9 Phytoremediation
590(1)
20.10 Land Treatment and Composting
591(1)
20.10.1 Land Treatment
591(1)
20.10.2 Composting
591(1)
20.11 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal
592(2)
20.12 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes
594(2)
20.12.1 Disposal Aboveground
594(1)
20.12.2 Landfill
594(1)
20.12.3 Surface Impoundment of Liquids
595(1)
20.12.4 Deep-Well Disposal of Liquids
595(1)
20.13 Leachate and Gas Emissions
596(1)
20.14 In Situ Treatment
596(7)
20.14.1 In Situ Thermal Processes
598(1)
References
598(1)
Further Readings
599(4)
Chapter 21 The Biosphere: Environmental Biochemistry
603(24)
21.1 Life and the Biosphere
603(1)
21.1.1 The Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: The Gaia Hypothesis
604(1)
21.2 Metabolism and Control in Organisms
604(2)
21.2.1 Enzymes in Metabolism
604(1)
21.2.2 Nutrients
605(1)
21.2.3 Control in Organisms
606(1)
21.3 Reproduction and Inherited Traits
606(1)
21.4 Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere
607(1)
21.5 Biochemistry
607(1)
21.5.1 Biomolecules
608(1)
21.6 Biochemistry and the Cell
608(2)
21.6.1 Major Cell Features
609(1)
21.7 Proteins
610(3)
21.7.1 Protein Structure
612(1)
21.7.2 Denaturation of Proteins
613(1)
21.8 Carbohydrates
613(2)
21.9 Lipids
615(2)
21.10 Enzymes
617(2)
21.11 Nucleic Acids
619(2)
21.11.1 Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis
621(1)
21.11.2 Modified DNA
621(1)
21.12 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
621(1)
21.13 Metabol ic Processes
622(1)
21.13.1 Energy-Yielding Processes
622(1)
21.14 Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds
623(4)
21.14.1 Phase I and Phase II Reactions
623(1)
References
624(1)
Further Readings
624(3)
Chapter 22 Toxicological Chemistry
627(22)
22.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry
627(2)
22.1.1 Toxicology
627(2)
22.1.2 Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism
629(1)
22.2 Dose-Response Relationships
629(1)
22.3 Relative Toxicities
630(2)
22.3.1 Nonlethal Effects
630(2)
22.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity
632(1)
22.4.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity
632(1)
22.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances
632(1)
22.6 Toxicological Chemistry
633(2)
22.6.1 Toxicants in the Body
633(1)
22.6.2 Phase I Reactions
634(1)
22.6.3 Phase II Reactions
634(1)
22.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase
635(3)
22.7.1 Kinetic Phase
635(1)
22.7.2 Dynamic Phase
635(1)
22.7.3 Primary Reaction in the Dynamic Phase
636(1)
22.7.4 Biochemical Effects in the Dynamic Phase
637(1)
22.7.5 Responses to Toxicants
637(1)
22.8 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems
638(5)
22.8.1 Teratogenesis
638(1)
22.8.2 Mutagenesis
638(1)
22.8.3 Biochemistry of Mutagenesis
638(1)
22.8.4 Carcinogenesis
639(1)
22.8.5 Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis
640(2)
22.8.6 Alkylating Agents in Carcinogenesis
642(1)
22.8.7 Testing for Carcinogens
642(1)
22.8.8 Bruce Ames Test
642(1)
22.8.9 Immune System Response
643(1)
22.8.10 Endocrine Disruption
643(1)
22.9 Health Hazards
643(6)
22.9.1 Assessment of Potential Exposure
643(1)
22.9.2 Epidemiological Evidence
644(1)
22.9.3 Estimation of Health Effects Risks
645(1)
22.9.4 Risk Assessment
645(1)
References
645(1)
Further Readings
645(4)
Chapter 23 Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
649(30)
23.1 Introduction
649(1)
23.1.1 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles
649(1)
23.2 Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms
649(3)
23.2.1 Ozone
649(1)
23.2.2 White Phosphorus
649(2)
23.2.3 Elemental Halogens
651(1)
23.2.4 Heavy Metals
651(1)
23.3 Toxic inorganic Compounds
652(6)
23.3.1 Cyanide
652(1)
23.3.2 Carbon Monoxide
653(1)
23.3.3 Nitrogen Oxides
653(1)
23.3.4 Hydrogen Halides
653(1)
23.3.5 Hydrogen Fluoride
654(1)
23.3.6 Hydrogen Chloride
654(1)
23.3.7 Interhalogen Compounds and Halogen Oxides
654(1)
23.3.8 Inorganic Compounds of Silicon
655(1)
23.3.9 Asbestos
655(1)
23.3.10 Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
655(1)
23.3.11 Inorganic Compounds of Sulfur
656(1)
23.3.12 Perchlorate
656(1)
23.3.13 Organometallic Compounds
657(1)
23.3.14 Organolead Compounds
657(1)
23.3.15 Organotin Compounds
657(1)
23.3.16 Carbonyls
657(1)
23.3.17 Reaction Products of Organometallic Compounds
658(1)
23.4 Toxicology of Organic Compounds
658(15)
23.4.1 Alkane Hydrocarbons
658(1)
23.4.2 Alkene and Alkyne Hydrocarbons
658(1)
23.4.3 Benzene and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
658(1)
23.4.4 Toluene
659(1)
23.4.5 Naphthalene
659(1)
23.4.6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
660(1)
23.4.7 Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
660(1)
23.4.7.1 Oxides
660(1)
23.4.7.2 Alcohols
661(1)
23.4.7.3 Phenols
661(1)
23.4.7.4 Aldehydes and Ketones
662(1)
23.4.7.5 Carboxylic Acids
663(1)
23.4.7.6 Ethers
663(1)
23.4.7.7 Acid Anhydrides
663(1)
23.4.7.8 Esters
663(1)
23.4.8 Organonitrogen Compounds
664(1)
23.4.8.1 Aliphatic Amines
664(1)
23.4.8.2 Carbocyclic Aromatic Amines
665(1)
23.4.8.3 Pyridine
665(1)
23.4.8.4 Melamine
665(1)
23.4.8.5 Acrylamide: Toxic Potato Chips?
665(1)
23.4.8.6 Nitriles
666(1)
23.4.8.7 Nitro Compounds
666(1)
23.4.8.8 Nitrosamines
666(1)
23.4.8.9 Isocyanates and Methyl Isocyanate
666(1)
23.4.8.10 Organonitrogen Pesticides
666(1)
23.4.9 Organohalide Compounds
667(1)
23.4.9.1 Alkyl Halides
667(1)
23.4.9.2 Alkenyl Halides
668(1)
23.4.9.3 Aryl Halides
668(1)
23.4.10 Organohalide Pesticides
669(1)
23.4.10.1 TCDD
669(1)
23.4.10.2 Chlorinated Phenols
670(1)
23.4.11 Organosulfur Compounds
670(1)
23.4.11.1 Sulfur Mustards
670(1)
23.4.12 Organophosphorus Compounds
671(1)
23.4.12.1 Organophosphate Esters
671(1)
23.4.12.2 Phosphorothionate and Phosphorodithioate Ester Insecticides
672(1)
23.4.12.3 Organophosphorus Military Poisons
672(1)
23.5 Toxic Natural Products
673(6)
References
673(1)
Further Readings
674(5)
Chapter 24 Chemical Analysis in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry
679
24.1 Analytical Chemistry
679(1)
24.2 The Chemical Analysis Process
679(1)
24.3 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis
680(1)
24.4 Error and Treatment of Data
681(1)
24.5 Gravimetric and Volumetric Analyses
682(2)
24.6 Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis
684(3)
24.6.1 Absorption Spectrophotometry
684(1)
24.6.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses
685(1)
24.6.3 Atomic Emission Techniques
685(2)
24.7 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
687(1)
24.8 Chromatography
688(2)
24.8.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
689(1)
24.8.2 Ion Chromatography
690(1)
24.9 Methods for Water Analysis
690(1)
24.10 Mass Spectrometry
690(1)
24.11 Automated Analyses
691(1)
24.12 Immunoassay Screening
692(1)
24.13 Total Organic Carbon in Water
692(1)
24.14 Measurement of Radioactivity in Water
693(1)
24.15 Analysis of Wastes and Solids
693(1)
24.15.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
694(1)
24.16 Atmospheric Monitoring
694(4)
24.16.1 Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants
695(1)
24.16.2 Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption
696(1)
24.16.3 Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere
697(1)
24.16.4 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants
697(1)
24.17 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics
698
24.17.1 Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics
698(1)
24.17.2 Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis
699(1)
References
699(1)
Further Readings
700(3)
Index 703
Stanley E. Manahan is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965. He received his A.B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in Kansas in 1960 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968, his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, with recent emphasis on hazardous waste treatment. His latest research has involved gasification of wastes and gasification of sewage sludge and crop byproduct biomass for energy production. He is the author of approximately 90 research papers. Professor Manahan has taught courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry and has lectured on these topics throughout the U.S. as an American Chemical Society Local Sections tour speaker and in a number of countries including France, Italy, Austria, Japan, Mexico, and Venezuela. Since 1970, Professor Manahan has written a number of books in his areas of expertise including printed works and more recently electronic versions. His longest standing and most popular book has been Environmental Chemistry, the first of its kind, initally published in 1972 through numerous editions of which this work is the 11th edition. Other topics on which the author has written books include general chemistry, applied chemistry, toxicological chemistry, toxicology, quantitative chemical analysis, sustainable chemical science, green chemistry, water chemistry, energy, environmental geology and geochemistry, global climate change, environmental and sustainability science, the anthrosphere and the anthropocene epoch, hazardous wastes, and industrial ecology.