| Preface |
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xxvii | |
| Author |
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xxix | |
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The Environment and Sustainability Science |
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1 | (22) |
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From the Sun to Fossil Fuels and Back Again |
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1 | (2) |
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The Brief but Spectacular Era of Fossil Fuels |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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The Science of Sustainability |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Green Science and Technology |
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4 | (1) |
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Chemistry and the Environment |
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4 | (1) |
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Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology |
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5 | (3) |
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Water and the Hydrosphere |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Technology and the Environment |
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7 | (1) |
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Ecology, Ecotoxicology, and the Biosphere |
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8 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Energy and Cycles of Energy |
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10 | (2) |
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Light and Electromagnetic Radiation |
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10 | (1) |
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Energy Flow and Photosynthesis in Living Systems |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Human Impact and Pollution |
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12 | (1) |
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Some Definitions Pertaining to Pollution |
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12 | (1) |
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Pollution of Various Spheres of the Environment |
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12 | (1) |
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Chemical Fate and Transport |
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12 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Distribution among Phases |
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15 | (1) |
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Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Geosphere |
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15 | (2) |
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Pollutants in the Atmosphere |
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16 | (1) |
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Pollutants in the Hydrosphere |
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16 | (1) |
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Pollutants in the Geosphere |
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17 | (1) |
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Environmental Mischief and Terrorism |
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17 | (1) |
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Protection through Green Chemistry and Engineering |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (5) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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Chemistry and the Anthrosphere: Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry |
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23 | (24) |
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23 | (1) |
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Matter and Cycles of Matter |
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24 | (5) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Anthrosphere and Environmental Chemistry |
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29 | (2) |
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Components of the Anthrosphere |
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30 | (1) |
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Technology and the Anthrosphere |
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31 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Vulnerable Infrastructure |
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34 | (1) |
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Components of the Anthrosphere That Influence the Environment |
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35 | (2) |
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Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth |
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37 | (1) |
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Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment |
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38 | (2) |
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Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (7) |
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Green Synthetic Chemistry |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Specific Aspects of Green Chemistry |
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41 | (1) |
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Three Undesirable Characteristics of Chemicals: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity |
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42 | (1) |
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Green Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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Fundamentals of Aquatic Chemistry |
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47 | (36) |
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47 | (1) |
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Water: From Molecules to Oceans |
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47 | (5) |
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Sources and Uses of Water: The Hydrological Cycle |
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47 | (3) |
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Properties of Water, a Unique Substance |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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Characteristics of Bodies of Water |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water |
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55 | (4) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (3) |
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Contributors to Alkalinity at Different pH Values |
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60 | (1) |
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Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Alkalinity |
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60 | (1) |
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Influence of Alkalinity on CO2 Solubility |
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61 | (1) |
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Calcium and Other Metals in Water |
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62 | (3) |
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Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate Minerals |
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64 | (1) |
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Complexation and Chelation |
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65 | (3) |
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Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water |
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67 | (1) |
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Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes |
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68 | (1) |
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Selectivity and Specificity in Chelation |
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68 | (1) |
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Calculations of Species Concentrations |
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68 | (1) |
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Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands |
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69 | (1) |
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Complexation by Protonated Ligands |
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70 | (1) |
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Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA |
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71 | (4) |
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Reaction of NTA with Metal Carbonate |
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73 | (1) |
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Effect of Calcium Ion upon the Reaction of Chelating Agents with Slightly Soluble Salts |
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74 | (1) |
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Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water |
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75 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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Hydrolysis of Polyphosphates |
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76 | (1) |
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Complexation by Polyphosphates |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Complexation by Humic Substances |
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77 | (2) |
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Complexation and Redox Processes |
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79 | (4) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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Oxidation--Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry |
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83 | (20) |
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The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction |
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83 | (2) |
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Electron and Redox Reactions |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions |
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89 | (1) |
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The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium |
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90 | (1) |
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The Relationship of pE to Free Energy |
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91 | (1) |
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Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole |
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91 | (2) |
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The Limits of pE in Water |
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93 | (1) |
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pE Values in Natural Water Systems |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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Humic Substances as Natural Reductants |
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98 | (1) |
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Photochemical Processes in Oxidation-Reduction |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry |
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103 | (24) |
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Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water |
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103 | (1) |
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Importance and Formation of Sediments |
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103 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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Organic and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Materials |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Colloidal Particles in Water |
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108 | (4) |
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Contaminant Transport by Colloids in Water |
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109 | (1) |
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Occurrence of Colloids in Water |
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109 | (1) |
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Kinds of Colloidal Particles |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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Colloidal Properties of Clays |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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Flocculation of Colloids by Polyelectrolytes |
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114 | (1) |
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Flocculation of Bacteria by Polymeric Materials |
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114 | (1) |
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Surface Sorption by Solids |
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115 | (1) |
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Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments |
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116 | (5) |
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Trace-Level Metals in Suspended Matter and Sediments |
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117 | (1) |
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Phosphorus Exchange with Bottom Sediments |
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118 | (1) |
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Organic Compounds on Sediments and Suspended Matter |
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119 | (1) |
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Bioavailability of Sediment Contaminants |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport |
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122 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Exchange with the Atmosphere |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry |
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127 | (32) |
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Aquatic Biochemical Processes |
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127 | (2) |
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Microorganisms at Interfaces |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell |
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133 | (1) |
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Kinetics of Bacterial Growth |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
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Factors Affecting Bacterial Metabolism |
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135 | (2) |
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Microbial Oxidation and Reduction |
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137 | (2) |
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Microbial Transformations of Carbon |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Bacterial Utilization of Hydrocarbons |
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140 | (1) |
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Microbial Utilization of Carbon Monoxide |
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140 | (1) |
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Biodegradation of Organic Matter |
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140 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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Microbial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons |
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141 | (1) |
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Other Biochemical Processes in Biodegradation of Organics |
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142 | (1) |
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Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen |
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143 | (4) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Competitive Oxidation of Organic Matter by Nitrate Ion and Other Oxidizing Agents |
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146 | (1) |
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Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur |
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147 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Oxidation of H2S and Reduction of Sulfate by Bacteria |
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148 | (1) |
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Microorganism-Mediated Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds |
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149 | (1) |
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Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides |
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149 | (1) |
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Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids |
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150 | (9) |
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151 | (1) |
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Microbial Transitions of Selenium |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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159 | (38) |
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Nature and Types of Water Pollutants |
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159 | (1) |
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Markers of Water Pollution |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication |
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167 | (1) |
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Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity |
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168 | (1) |
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Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (5) |
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Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (8) |
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Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids |
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175 | (2) |
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DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides |
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177 | (1) |
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Organophosphate Insecticides |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Herbicidal Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture |
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182 | (1) |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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183 | (1) |
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Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes |
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184 | (4) |
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186 | (1) |
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Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents |
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186 | (1) |
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Biorefractory Organic Pollutants |
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186 | (2) |
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Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment |
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188 | (9) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (36) |
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Water Treatment and Water Use |
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197 | (1) |
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Municipal Water Treatment |
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197 | (1) |
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Treatment of Water for Industrial Use |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (5) |
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199 | (1) |
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Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater |
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203 | (1) |
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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Membrane Filtration Processes |
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206 | (1) |
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Removal of Calcium and Other Metals |
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207 | (5) |
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Removal of Iron and Manganese |
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211 | (1) |
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Removal of Dissolved Organics |
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212 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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Removal of Dissolved Inorganics |
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214 | (4) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Disinfection with Ultraviolet Radiation |
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222 | (1) |
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Natural Water Purification Processes |
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222 | (1) |
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (3) |
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Reuse and Recycling of Wastewater |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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Protecting Water Supplies from Attack |
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227 | (6) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry |
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233 | (32) |
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233 | (3) |
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Photochemistry and Some Important Terms |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Gaseous Oxides in the Atmosphere |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Smog |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Pollutants |
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236 | (1) |
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Importance of the Atmosphere |
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236 | (1) |
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Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere |
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237 | (3) |
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Variation of Pressure and Density with Altitude |
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237 | (1) |
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Stratification of the Atmosphere |
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238 | (2) |
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Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere |
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240 | (1) |
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The Earth's Radiation Budget |
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241 | (1) |
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Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather |
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241 | (6) |
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Atmospheric Water in Energy and Mass Transfer |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Weather Fronts and Storms |
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246 | (1) |
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Inversions and Air Pollution |
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247 | (1) |
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Global Climate and Microclimate |
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247 | (2) |
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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Human Modifications of Climate |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate |
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249 | (1) |
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Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere |
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249 | (8) |
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251 | (2) |
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Ions and Radicals in the Atmosphere |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere |
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254 | (2) |
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Chemical and Biochemical Processes in Evolution of the Atmosphere |
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256 | (1) |
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Acid--Base Reactions in the Atmosphere |
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257 | (1) |
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Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen |
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258 | (1) |
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Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Influence of the Anthrosphere |
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260 | (1) |
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Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere |
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261 | (4) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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Particles in the Atmosphere |
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265 | (20) |
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265 | (1) |
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Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere |
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266 | (1) |
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Size and Settling of Atmospheric Particles |
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267 | (1) |
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Physical Processes for Particle Formation |
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267 | (1) |
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Chemical Processes for Particle Formation |
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268 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Synthesis |
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270 | (1) |
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The Composition of Inorganic Particles |
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|
271 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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The Composition of Organic Particles |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Carbonaceous Particles from Diesel Engines |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
|
Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Substances between Air and Particles |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Water as Particulate Matter |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
Control of Particulate Emissions |
|
|
280 | (5) |
|
Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants |
|
|
285 | (22) |
|
Inorganic Pollutant Gases |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere |
|
|
287 | (5) |
|
Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere |
|
|
292 | (7) |
|
Atmospheric Reactions of NOx |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Control of Nitrogen Oxides |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Ammonia in the Atmosphere |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Fluorine, Chlorine, and their Gaseous Compounds |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (6) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
|
|
307 | (26) |
|
Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Loss of Organic Substances from the Atmosphere |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Global Distillation and Fractionation of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Biogenic Organic Compounds |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Removal of Atmospheric Organic Compounds by Plants |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (5) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Reactions of Atmospheric Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
|
|
322 | (4) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Reactions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Marine Sources of Organohalogen Compounds |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Organic Particulate Matter |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Air Pollutants Organic Compounds |
|
|
327 | (6) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (3) |
|
|
|
333 | (22) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (4) |
|
Control of Exhaust Hydrocarbons |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
Automotive Emission Standards |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in me Atmosphere |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
Photochemical Reactions of Methane |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
Overview of Smog Formation |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Smog Formation |
|
|
341 | (7) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Photolyzable Compounds in the Atmosphere |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Reactivity of Hydrocarbons |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Inorganic Products from Smog |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (6) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
The Endangered Global Atmosphere |
|
|
355 | (30) |
|
Climate Change and Anthropogenic Effects |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (4) |
|
Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Particles and Global Warming |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
The Outlook for Global Warming and Associated Effects |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (3) |
|
Stratospheric Ozone Destruction |
|
|
368 | (5) |
|
Shielding Effect of the Ozone Layer |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (3) |
|
Green Chemistry Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Atmospheric Damage by Photochemical Smog |
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
Doomsday Visitors from Space |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (6) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
The Geosphere and Geochemistry |
|
|
385 | (34) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
Structure and Properties of Minerals |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Physical Form of the Geosphere |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
Physical Aspects of Weathering |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Biological Aspects of Weathering |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Groundwater in the Geosphere |
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Stream and River Phenomena |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
The Threat of Rising Sea Levels |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Effects of Human Activities |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Extraction of Geospheric Resources: Surface Mining |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Air Pollution and the Geosphere |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Water Pollution and the Geosphere |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Waste Disposal and the Geosphere |
|
|
413 | (6) |
|
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
Soil and Agricultural Environmental Chemistry |
|
|
419 | (34) |
|
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Pesticides and Agriculture |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Nature and Composition of Soil |
|
|
421 | (6) |
|
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
The Inorganic Components of Soil |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Acid-Base and Ion-Exchange Reactions in Soils |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Adjustment of Soil Acidity |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Ion-Exchange Equilibria in Soil |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Pollutants from Livestock Production |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Pesticides and Their Residues in Soil |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Wastes and Pollutants in Soil |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Soil Loss and Degradation |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
Soil Sustainability and Water Resources |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Genetic Engineering and Agriculture |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Protecting the Food Supply from Attack |
|
|
448 | (5) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (3) |
|
Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology |
|
|
453 | (38) |
|
Changing the Bad Old Ways |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
The Risks of Not Taking Risks |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Waste Prevention and Green Chemistry |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reagents |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
Water, the Greenest Solvent |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Materials Flow and Recycling in an Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Scoping in Life-Cycle Assessment |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Desirable Characteristics of Consumables |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Desirable Characteristics of Recyclables |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Desirable Characteristics of Service Products |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
Products, Processes, and Facilities |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Key Factors in Design for Environment |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Increased Safety with Smaller Size |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Industrial Ecology and Ecological Engineering |
|
|
486 | (5) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
|
488 | (3) |
|
Resources and Sustainable Materials |
|
|
491 | (18) |
|
Where to Get the Stuff We Need? |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Minerals in the Geosphere |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of Mineral Resources |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology |
|
|
496 | (4) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Nonmetal Mineral Resources |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Wood: A Major Renewable Resource |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology |
|
|
504 | (5) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything |
|
|
509 | (36) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
Energy Devices and Conversions |
|
|
513 | (4) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
Petroleum and Natural Gas |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Industrial Ecology for Energy and Chemicals |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source |
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
Energy from Moving Air and Moving Water |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Surprising Success of Wind Power |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Energy from Moving Water without Dams |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (6) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels |
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
545 | (30) |
|
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
History of Hazardous Substances |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
Characteristics and Listed Wastes |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
Types of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Waste Generators |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Flammable and Combustible Substances |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
Combustion of Finely Divided Particles |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Toxic Products of Combustion |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Chemical Structure and Reactivity |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Physical Properties of Wastes |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Effects of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Fates of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Substances in Terrorism |
|
|
569 | (6) |
|
Detection of Hazardous Substances |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Removing Hazardous Agents |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment |
|
|
575 | (34) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Waste Reduction and Minimization |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycle |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Recovery of Water from Wastewater |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Physical Methods of Waste Treatment |
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
Methods of Physical Treatment |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Chemical Treatment: An Overview |
|
|
584 | (5) |
|
Acid--Base Neutralization |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Coprecipitation of Metals |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Chemical Extraction and Leaching |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Green Waste Treatment by Photolyis and Sonolysis |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Thermal Treatment Methods |
|
|
590 | (4) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Effectiveness of Incineration |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
UV-Enhanced Wet Oxidation |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Destruction of Hazardous Wastes in Cement Manufacture |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Land Treatment and Composting |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Preparation of Wastes for Disposal |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Sorption to a Solid Matrix Material |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Thermoplastics and Organic Polymers |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Solidification with Cement |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Solidification with Silicate Materials |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Ultimate Disposal of Wastes |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Surface Impoundment of Liquids |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Deep-Well Disposal of Liquids |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Leachate and Gas Emissions |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Hazardous Waste Leachate Treatment |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (7) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
In Situ Thermal Processes |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Soil Washing and Flushing |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (3) |
|
Environmental Biochemistry |
|
|
609 | (20) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Biochemistry and the Cell |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (3) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Energy-Yielding Processes |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds |
|
|
625 | (4) |
|
Phase I and Phase II Reactions |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (3) |
|
|
|
629 | (20) |
|
Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Dose--Response Relationships |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
Reversibility and Sensitivity |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
Toxicological Chemistry Defined |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Primary Reaction in the Dynamic Phase |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Biochemical Effects in the Dynamic Phase |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects On the Immune and Reproductive Systems |
|
|
639 | (5) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Biochemistry of Mutagenesis |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
Alkylating Agents in Carcinogenesis |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
644 | (5) |
|
Assessment of Potential Exposure |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Estimation of Health Effects Risks |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances |
|
|
649 | (28) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
ATSDR Toxicological Profiles |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms |
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Toxic Inorganic Compounds |
|
|
652 | (5) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Interhalogen Compounds and Halogen Oxides |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Inorganic Compounds of Silicon |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Inorganic Compounds of Sulfur |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Reaction Products of Organometallic Compounds |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Toxicology of Organic Compounds |
|
|
657 | (14) |
|
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Alkene and Alkyne Hydrocarbons |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Benzene and Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Carbocyclic Aromatic Amines |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Acrylamide: Toxic Potato Chips? |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Isocyanates and Methyl Isocyanate |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Organonitrogen Pesticides |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Organophosphorus Compounds |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Phosphorothionate and Phosphorodithioate Ester Insecticides |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Organophosphorus Military Poisons |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (6) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (4) |
|
Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastewater |
|
|
677 | (20) |
|
General Aspects of Environmental Chemical Analysis |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Error and Quality Control |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Spectrophotometric Methods |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
Absorption Spectrophotometry |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
Atomic Emission Techniques |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Electrochemical Methods of Analysis |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
|
683 | (3) |
|
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Chromatographic Analysis of Water Pollutants |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Water Samples |
|
|
687 | (5) |
|
Physical Properties Measured in Water |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Water Sample Preservation |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Total Organic Carbon in Water |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Radioactivity in Water |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Summary of Water Analysis Procedures |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Emerging Contaminants in Water Analysis |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
|
694 | (3) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Wastes and Solids |
|
|
697 | (10) |
|
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Sample Digestion for Elemental Analysis |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
Analyte Isolation for Organics Analysis |
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
Supercritical Fluid Extraction |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Subcritical Water Extraction |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Sample Preparation for VOCs |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Bioassay and Immunoassay Screening of Wastes |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Determination of Chelating Agents |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure |
|
|
703 | (4) |
|
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
|
705 | (2) |
|
Analysis of the Atmosphere and Air Pollutants |
|
|
707 | (16) |
|
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Carbon Monoxide |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Determination of Specific Organics in the Atmosphere |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Particulate Matter |
|
|
714 | (4) |
|
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Determination of Lead in Particulate Matter |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants |
|
|
718 | (5) |
|
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
|
720 | (3) |
|
Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics |
|
|
723 | (12) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics |
|
|
723 | (2) |
|
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Direct Analysis of Metals |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Metals in Wet-Ashed Blood and Urine |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Extraction of Metals for Atomic Absorption Analysis |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Determination of Nonmetals and Inorganic Compounds |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Determination of Parent Organic Compounds |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Phase I and Phase II Reaction Products |
|
|
727 | (2) |
|
Phase I Reaction Products |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Phase II Reaction Products |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
The Promise of Immunological Methods |
|
|
730 | (5) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (2) |
| Index |
|
735 | |
