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E-grāmata: Environmental Science and Technology: Concepts and Applications

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  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Sep-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Bernan Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781598888980
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Sep-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Bernan Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781598888980

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The third edition of Environmental Science and Technology: Concepts and Applications is the first update since 2006. Designed for the student and the professional, this newly updated reference uses scientific laws, principles, models, and concepts to provide a basic foundation for understanding and evaluating the impact that chemicals and technology have on the environment.



Building upon the success of previous editions, this fully revised edition has been expanded and completely updated with significant changes in the treatment of all subject areas. Extensive energy parameters have been added to the text along with a thorough discussion of non-renewable and renewable energy supplies and their potential impact on the environment. In addition, thought-provoking questions have been added at the end of each chapter. Finally, pictorial presentation has been enhanced by the addition of numerous photographs.

Organization and Content:

Environmental Science and Technology: Concepts and Applications is divided into five parts and twenty-five chapters, and organized to provide an even and logical flow of concepts. It provides the student with a clear and thoughtful picture of this complex field.

Part I provides the foundation for the underlying theme of this bookthe connections between environmental science and technology.

Part II develops the air quality principles basic to an understanding of air quality.

Part III focuses on water quality, and the characteristics of water and water bodies, water sciences, water pollution, and water/wastewater treatment.

Part IV deals with soil science and emphasizes soil as a natural resource, highlighting the many interactions between soil and other components of the ecosystem.

Part V is devoted to showing how decisions regarding handling solid and hazardous waste have or can have profound impact on the environment and the three media discussed in this text: air, water, and soil.

Finally, the epilogue looks at the state of the environment, past, present, and future. The emphasis in this brief unit is on mitigating present and future environmental concerns by incorporating technology into the remediation processnot by blaming technology for the problem.
Preface to the Third Edition xi
Part I: Introduction: Fundamentals
1 Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection
3(25)
Introduction
4(1)
What Is Environment Science?
5(2)
Terminology
7(3)
Science and Environmental Science
10(4)
Case Study 1.1: Salmon and the Rachel River
11(3)
Environmental Science and Technology: The Connection
14(9)
Case Study 1.2: Passenger Pigeons, Heath Hens, and Attwater's Prairie Chicken
16(4)
Case Study 1.3: The Amish and Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
20(3)
When Properly Connected, Science and Technology Offer Solutions
23(1)
Case Study 1.4: Transnational Corporations and Environmental Pollution
24(1)
When Improperly Connected, Science and Technology Can Cause Harm
24(4)
Case Study 1.5: Like a Cooked Goose
25(3)
2 Environment Science: The Fundamentals
28(24)
Introduction
29(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles
30(5)
Energy Flow through an Ecosystem and the Biosphere
35(5)
Units of Measurement
40(12)
3 Environmental Chemistry
52(67)
Introduction
54(1)
What Is Chemistry?
55(1)
Elements and Compounds
56(1)
Classification of Elements
56(1)
Physical and Chemical Changes
57(1)
The Structure of the Atom
58(1)
Periodic Classification of the Elements
58(1)
Molecules and Ions
59(1)
Chemical Bonding
59(1)
Chemical Formulas and Equations
60(1)
Molecular Weights, Formulas, and the Mole
61(1)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
61(1)
States of Matter
62(1)
The Gas Laws
62(1)
Liquids and Solutions
63(1)
Thermal Properties
64(2)
Organic Chemistry
66(3)
Environmental Chemistry: Environmental Media
69(21)
Summary of Chemical Properties of Water
90(1)
Earth's Atmosphere: "A Flask without Walls"
91(16)
Summary of Chemical Properties of Air
107(1)
Soil Chemistry
108(11)
4 Environmental Microbiology
119(63)
Introduction
122(1)
Microbiology
123(2)
The Cell
125(1)
Bacteria
126(8)
Viruses
134(2)
Fungi
136(4)
Algae
140(5)
Case Study 4.1: Airborne Particulate Matter
145(1)
Protozoa and Other Microogranisms
145(7)
Case Study 4.2: Activated Biosolids Process (Wastewater Treatment)
149(2)
Case Study 4.3: Brain-Eating Amoeba in Tap Water
151(1)
Environmental Factors Affecting Protozoan Population
152(2)
Enzymes
154(6)
Metabolic Transformations
160(8)
Bacterial Growth
168(6)
Pathogenicity
174(8)
Case Study 4.4: West Nile Virus
179(3)
5 Environmental Toxicology
182(14)
Introduction
183(2)
Dose-Response
185(2)
Environmental Toxicology: Practical Applications
187(3)
Case Study 5.1: Biotic Index
187(3)
Environmental Endocrine Disrupters
190(6)
Case Study 5.2: DDT: Glory Days to Walking on Eggshells
192(4)
6 Environmental Geology and Groundwater Hydrology
196(15)
Introduction
197(1)
What Is Geology?
198(1)
Formation and Types of Rocks
198(1)
Formation of Soil
199(4)
Case Study 6.1: Doing Dirt
202(1)
Soil Enhancement and Rebuilding
203(1)
Soil Characteristics
204(1)
Soil Profile
204(1)
Functions of Soils
205(3)
Groundwater Hydrology
208(3)
7 Environmental Sampling and Analyses
211(12)
Introduction
213(1)
Environmental Sampling and Analysis: What's It All About?
213(1)
General Considerations for a Sampling Program
214(4)
Case Study 7.1: Sydney, Australia
217(1)
General Evaluation Methods for Environmental Media
218(5)
8 Technology and the Environment
223(46)
Introduction
226(1)
The Impact of Technology on Air Quality
227(9)
Case Study 8.1: Xenoestrogens and Estrogen Dominance
231(5)
Sources of Water Pollution
236(5)
Case Study 8.2: Persistent Pesticide Exposure
238(3)
Sources of Soil Pollution
241(7)
Case Study 8.3: When the Animas River Became a "Yellow Boy"
243(4)
Case Study 8.4: Composting Toilets: Beneficial Technology for Preserving Soil and Water Quality
247(1)
Alternative and Renewable Energy Technologies
248(21)
Part II: Air Quality
9 The Atmosphere-Basic Air Quality
269(28)
Introduction
271(1)
The Atmosphere
272(14)
Case Study 9.1: Albedo
277(7)
Case Study 9.2: Blowing in the Wind
284(2)
Microclimates
286(4)
The Seasons
290(1)
Urban Heat Islands
291(6)
10 Meteorology
297(14)
Introduction
298(2)
Case Study 10.1: Shenk's Ferry: A Microclimate in Action
299(1)
Meteorology: The Science of Weather
300(3)
Case Study 10.2: El Nino
300(3)
Thermal Inversions and Air Pollution
303(1)
Optical Phenomena
304(7)
11 Atmospheric Pollutants
311(15)
Introduction
313(1)
Major Air Pollutants
313(13)
Case Study 11.1: Snowmobiling in Yellowstone National Park
321(2)
Case Study 11.2: Take a Deep Breath...and Hold It
323(3)
12 Atmospheric Air Dispersion
326(14)
Introduction
328(1)
The Atmosphere and Meteorology
328(7)
Dispersion Models
335(5)
13 Atmospheric Change-Global Climate Change
340(22)
Introduction
341(1)
Global Warming
342(4)
How Is Climate Change Measured?
346(9)
Case Study 13.1: The 411 on Global Climate Change
350(5)
Acid Precipitation
355(2)
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
357(5)
14 Air Pollution Control Technology
362(23)
Introduction
364(1)
Air Pollution Control: Choices
364(4)
Case Study 14.1: Cedar Creek Composting
365(3)
Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
368(1)
Removal of Dry Particulate Matter
369(3)
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources
372(7)
Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Mobile Sources
379(6)
Part III: Water Quality
15 Characteristics of Water
385(31)
Introduction
388(2)
Water Resources
390(6)
Case Study 15.1: Real and Artificial Wetlands
394(2)
Water Use
396(1)
Characteristics of Water
397(19)
16 Characteristics of Freshwater Bodies
416(29)
Introduction
419(1)
Surface Water
420(2)
Lentic (Standing or Still) Water Systems
422(9)
Case Study 16.1: Eutrophication
428(3)
Lotic (Flowing) Water Systems
431(9)
Case Study 16.2: Why Do Rivers Flood?
433(7)
Groundwater
440(5)
17 Water Pollution and Water Pollution Control
445(40)
Introduction
447(1)
Sick Water and PPCPs
448(6)
Case Study 17.1: Flint by Any Other Name Might Be Lead
450(4)
Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
454(1)
Industrial Sources of Water Pollution
455(3)
Case Study 17.2: Woburn, Massachusetts
456(2)
Hazardous Waste Disposal
458(1)
Acid Mine Drainage
458(3)
Case Study 17.3: Acid Mine Drainage and the Berkeley Pit
459(2)
Agricultural Sources of Surface Water Pollution
461(1)
Case Study 17.4: The Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Principle
461(1)
Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model
461(2)
Acid Rain
463(1)
Groundwater Pollution
464(2)
Water Pollution Control
466(1)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
466(1)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
467(1)
Effect of Regulations on Preventing Water Pollution
468(1)
Case Study 17.5: When Government Intervened to Protect a Polluter
469(1)
Water Treatment
469(1)
Wastewater Treatment
470(2)
Wastewater Characteristics
472(2)
Thermal Pollution Treatment
474(1)
Pollution Control Technology: Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
475(4)
Pollution Control Technology: Groundwater Remediation
479(6)
Part IV: Soil Quality
18 Soil Characteristics
485(11)
Introduction
486(3)
Soil: What Is It?
489(1)
Soil Basics
490(6)
19 Soil Pollution and Soil Pollution Control
496(41)
Introduction
499(1)
Surface Origins of Soil Contaminants
500(5)
Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination
505(4)
Case Study 19.1: Brownfields
508(1)
Soil Pollution Control
509(1)
USTs: The Problem
510(7)
Case Study 19.2: Roundaway Tanks
511(4)
Case Study 19.3: Human Error
515(2)
Risk Assessment
517(1)
Exposure Pathways
518(1)
Remediation of UST-Contaminated Soils
518(19)
Part V: Solid and Hazardous Waste
20 Solid Wastes
537(10)
Introduction
538(1)
Solid Waste Regulatory History (United States)
539(1)
Solid Waste Characteristics
540(2)
Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes
542(5)
Case Study 20.1: Problem Wastes-Tire Disposal
543(4)
21 Hazardous Wastes
547(13)
Introduction
549(1)
What Is a Hazardous Substance? A Hazardous Waste?
549(3)
Case Study 21.1: Spills of Hazardous Materials
551(1)
Again, What Is a Hazardous Substance?
552(1)
What Is a Hazardous Waste?
553(1)
Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From?
554(1)
Why Are We Concerned about Hazardous Wastes?
555(1)
Hazardous Waste Legislation
555(5)
22 Waste Control Technology
560(13)
Introduction
561(1)
Waste Minimization
562(1)
Recycling
563(1)
Treatment Technologies
564(3)
Ultimate Disposal
567(6)
Appendix: Energy Units and Math Operations 573(20)
Glossary 593(34)
Index 627(24)
About the Author 651
Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 107 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. Many of his texts are readily available online, and several have been adopted for classroom use at major universities throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia; two have been translated into Spanish for South American markets. Dr. Spellman has been cited in more than 450 publications. He serves as a professional expert witness for three law groups and as an incident/accident investigator for the U.S. Department of Justice and a northern Virginia law firm. In addition, he consults on homeland security vulnerability assessments for critical infrastructures including water/wastewater facilities nationwide and conducts pre-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)/Environmental Protection Agency EPA audits throughout the country. Dr. Spellman receives frequent requests to co-author with well-recognized experts in several scientific fields; for example, he is a contributing author of the prestigious text The Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed. (CRC Press). Dr. Spellman lectures on sewage treatment, water treatment, and homeland security and lectures and safety topics throughout the country and teaches water/wastewater operator short courses at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, Virginia). He holds a BA, in public administration, a BS in business management, an MBA, and an MS and PhD in environmental engineering.