Preface |
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xvii | |
Glossary |
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xxi | |
Table of cases |
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xxv | |
Table of legislation |
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lxxix | |
Part 1 Fundamentals of equity and trusts |
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1 | (66) |
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3 | (31) |
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1.1 The foundations of equity |
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4 | (8) |
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12 | (6) |
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18 | (2) |
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1.4 The core equitable principles |
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20 | (8) |
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1.5 Placing equity in context |
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28 | (6) |
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2 The nature of the trust |
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34 | (33) |
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2.1 The birth of the trust |
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35 | (2) |
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2.2 The definition of a trust |
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37 | (4) |
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2.3 Express trusts: the magic triangle |
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41 | (7) |
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2.4 Fundamentals of the law of trusts |
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48 | (3) |
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2.5 The benefits and uses of trusts |
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51 | (3) |
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2.6 The distinction between trusts and other legal concepts |
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54 | (3) |
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2.7 Sociological issues in equity and trusts |
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57 | (10) |
Part 2 Express trusts |
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67 | (228) |
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3 Certainty in the creation of express trusts |
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69 | (84) |
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70 | (4) |
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3.2 The three certainties |
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74 | (1) |
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3.3 Certainty of intention |
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74 | (22) |
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3.4 Certainty of subject matter |
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96 | (27) |
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123 | (30) |
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4 The rights of beneficiaries and the beneficiary principle |
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153 | (57) |
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4.1 The nature of the rights of beneficiaries in the trust fund |
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154 | (17) |
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4.2 The beneficiary principle |
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171 | (20) |
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4.3 Unincorporated associations |
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191 | (19) |
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5 The constitution of trusts |
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210 | (52) |
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5.1 Specific formalities in the creation of trusts |
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212 | (3) |
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5.2 The proper constitution of a trust |
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215 | (5) |
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5.3 Exceptions to the rules of formality |
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220 | (4) |
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5.4 Improperly constituted trusts and imperfect gifts |
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224 | (11) |
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5.5 Perfecting imperfect gifts |
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235 | (4) |
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5.6 Covenants and promises to create a settlement over after-acquired property |
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239 | (11) |
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5.7 Disposition of equitable interests |
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250 | (12) |
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262 | (24) |
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263 | (6) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (5) |
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6.5 The probate doctrine of incorporation by reference |
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280 | (1) |
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6.6 Categorising the secret trust |
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280 | (6) |
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7 Essay -The nature of express trusts |
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286 | (9) |
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7.1 The paradox at the heart of express trusts |
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286 | (1) |
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7.2 The thesis behind this essay |
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287 | (2) |
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7.3 Analysing the key cases |
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289 | (4) |
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7.4 Conclusion: is there a paradox at the heart of trusts law? |
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293 | (2) |
Part 3 Administration of trusts |
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295 | (148) |
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297 | (82) |
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299 | (2) |
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8.2 The office of trustee |
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301 | (9) |
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8.3 The general duties of trustees |
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310 | (36) |
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8.4 The trustees' duty to provide information and to account to the beneficiaries |
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346 | (16) |
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8.5 Limitation of the trustees' duties |
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362 | (12) |
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8.6 Control of the trustees |
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374 | (5) |
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9 The investment of trusts |
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379 | (38) |
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9.1 The use of trusts as investment vehicles |
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380 | (2) |
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9.2 Introduction to the principles of the Trustee Act 2000 |
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382 | (2) |
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9.3 The general power of investment |
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384 | (1) |
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9.4 The trustees standard of care when making investments |
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385 | (3) |
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9.5 The process of making investment decisions |
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388 | (5) |
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9.6 Case law on the trustees duties in the investment of trusts |
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393 | (12) |
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9.7 Express investment powers |
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405 | (2) |
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9.8 Trustees as authorised persons under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 |
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407 | (3) |
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9.9 Breach of trust and investment |
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410 | (3) |
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9.10 The selection and management of particular types of investment |
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413 | (4) |
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10 The powers of trustees and the variation of trusts |
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417 | (26) |
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10.1 General powers of trustees |
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418 | (1) |
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10.2 Powers of maintenance and advancement |
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419 | (6) |
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10.3 Delegation of trustees duties |
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425 | (4) |
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429 | (11) |
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10.5 Limits on the exercise of powers |
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440 | (3) |
Part 4 Trusts implied by law |
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443 | (188) |
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445 | (45) |
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11.1 Introduction: what is a resulting trust? |
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446 | (7) |
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11.2 Automatic resulting trusts |
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453 | (5) |
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458 | (2) |
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11.4 Presumed resulting trusts |
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460 | (30) |
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490 | (93) |
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492 | (4) |
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12.2 Constructive trusts at large |
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496 | (5) |
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12.3 Profits from unlawful acts |
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501 | (27) |
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12.4 Fiduciary making unauthorised profits |
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528 | (31) |
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12.5 Unconscionable dealings with property |
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559 | (8) |
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12.6 Constructive trusts and agreements relating to property |
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567 | (5) |
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12.7 Constructive trusts and the wills act |
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572 | (6) |
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12.8 Trustees de son tort and intermeddlers as constructive trustees |
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578 | (1) |
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12.9 Personal liability to account as a constructive trustee |
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579 | (1) |
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12.10 Issues with constructive trusts |
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580 | (3) |
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583 | (37) |
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584 | (1) |
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13.2 A single doctrine of estoppel? |
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585 | (3) |
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13.3 Proprietary estoppel |
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588 | (29) |
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13.4 Estoppel licences: from contract to property rights |
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617 | (1) |
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618 | (2) |
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620 | (11) |
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620 | (1) |
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620 | (6) |
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14.3 The development of new categories |
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626 | (5) |
Part 5 Equity, trusts and the home |
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631 | (116) |
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633 | (81) |
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635 | (7) |
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15.2 Express trusts of homes |
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642 | (2) |
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15.3 Resulting trusts and the emergence of common intention |
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644 | (5) |
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15.4 Constructive trusts: acquisition of equitable interests by conduct or agreement |
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649 | (9) |
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15.5 The balance sheet approach |
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658 | (8) |
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15.6 The family assets approach |
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666 | (4) |
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15.7 The unconscionability approach |
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670 | (8) |
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15.8 Proprietary estoppel |
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678 | (6) |
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15.9 The principles in Stack v Dowden and Jones v Kernott |
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684 | (22) |
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15.10 Problems with trusts of homes |
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706 | (8) |
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714 | (19) |
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714 | (1) |
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714 | (19) |
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17 Essay - Family law, human rights law and equity |
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733 | (14) |
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733 | (1) |
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17.2 Human rights and equity |
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733 | (1) |
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17.3 Principles of human rights law |
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734 | (2) |
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17.4 Family law and the law of the home |
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736 | (4) |
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17.5 Social justice and rights in the home |
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740 | (7) |
Part 6 Breach of trust and related equitable claims |
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747 | (170) |
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749 | (31) |
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750 | (2) |
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18.2 The basis of liability for breach of trust |
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752 | (8) |
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18.3 Remedies for breach of trust |
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760 | (13) |
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18.4 Defences to liability for breach of trust |
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773 | (5) |
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778 | (2) |
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19 Strangers: dishonest assistance and unconscionable receipt |
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780 | (81) |
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781 | (6) |
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19.2 Dishonest assistance |
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787 | (46) |
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19.3 Unconscionable receipt |
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833 | (18) |
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851 | (1) |
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19.5 The particular question of liability to account in corporate contexts |
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852 | (8) |
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19.6 The personal remedy in Re Diplock |
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860 | (1) |
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861 | (56) |
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20.1 Tracing: understanding the nature of the claim |
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863 | (6) |
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869 | (5) |
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874 | (4) |
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20.4 Equitable tracing into mixed funds |
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878 | (12) |
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20.5 Loss of the right to trace |
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890 | (6) |
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20.6 Claiming: trusts and remedies |
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896 | (9) |
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905 | (12) |
Part 7 Commercial uses of trusts |
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917 | (56) |
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21 Commercial and international trusts law |
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919 | (27) |
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919 | (1) |
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920 | (26) |
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946 | (27) |
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947 | (1) |
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22.2 The fundamentals of loan contracts |
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947 | (1) |
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22.3 The fundamentals of Quistclose trusts |
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948 | (9) |
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22.4 Categorising the Quistclose trust |
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957 | (9) |
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22.5 Commercial issues with Quistclose trusts |
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966 | (7) |
Part 8 Charities |
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973 | (70) |
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975 | (68) |
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977 | (9) |
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23.2 The special features of charities |
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986 | (3) |
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23.3 Factors which may negate a finding of charitable status: the need for a charitable intention, but no political purposes |
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989 | (5) |
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23.4 Relief and prevention of poverty |
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994 | (8) |
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23.5 Trusts for the advancement of education |
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1002 | (9) |
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23.6 Trusts for religious purposes |
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1011 | (7) |
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23.7 Other purposes beneficial to the community |
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1018 | (5) |
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23.8 The new categories of charitable purpose under the Charities Act 2011 |
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1023 | (9) |
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1032 | (7) |
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23.10 The regulation of charities |
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1039 | (1) |
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23.11 A brief survey of the public benefit test in the law of charities |
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1040 | (3) |
Part 9 Injunctions |
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1043 | (48) |
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24 Injunctions and confidences |
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1045 | (46) |
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24.1 Nature of injunctions |
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1047 | (4) |
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24.2 Classification of injunctions |
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1051 | (1) |
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1052 | (3) |
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24.4 Freezing injunctions |
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1055 | (3) |
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1058 | (2) |
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24.6 Interaction with the common law |
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1060 | (1) |
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24.7 The equitable doctrine of confidence |
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1061 | (13) |
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24.8 Super-injunctions and the tort of misuse of private information |
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1074 | (17) |
Part 10 Theoretical questions in equity and trusts |
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1091 | (42) |
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25 Essay - Restitution of unjust enrichment |
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1093 | (11) |
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1094 | (2) |
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25.2 Competing models of unjust enrichment |
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1096 | (2) |
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25.3 A chronology of unjust enrichment thinking |
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1098 | (2) |
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25.4 The component parts of 'restitution of unjust enrichment' |
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1100 | (4) |
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26 Essay - The concept of conscience in equity |
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1104 | (15) |
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1104 | (5) |
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26.2 The meaning of 'conscience' |
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1109 | (6) |
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26.3 Conscience in modern equity |
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1115 | (4) |
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27 Essay - Themes in equity |
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1119 | (14) |
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1119 | (4) |
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27.2 Conscience-based equity at work |
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1123 | (6) |
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27.3 From chaos to equity |
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1129 | (4) |
Bibliography |
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1133 | (15) |
Index |
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1148 | |