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Equity & Trusts: Cases and Materials 3rd edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 688 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Jun-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199672237
  • ISBN-13: 9780199672233
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Equity & Trusts: Cases and Materials 3rd editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 688 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Jun-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199672237
  • ISBN-13: 9780199672233
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780199672233.html
Keywords:
Providing the new law student with an essential introductory resource, Complete Equity and Trusts: Text, Cases, and Materials combines clear explanatory text and practical learning features with extracts from a wide range of primary materials. Complex topics are explained clearly and succinctly and well-integrated extracts from essential case law illustrate the key legal principles and precedents, and demonstrate their significance. A range of learning features stimulate active engagement with the subject and support your understanding of the law.

Recenzijas

Review from previous edition 'A very good combination of text and extracts from cases and statutes...good summaries with useful questions at the end of each chapter. The key cases section provides a good revision aid.' Professor Mark Pawlowski, University of Greenwich

Table of Cases
xxviii
Table of Statutes
xl
Table of Statutory Instruments
xliii
Table of International Treaties and Conventions
xliii
Chapter 1 The birth of equity and trusts
1(1)
Introduction
2(652)
1.1 What is equity?
2(2)
1.2 Origin of equity
4(4)
1.2.1 The common law side of the chancellor
5(1)
1.2.2 The equitable side of the chancellor. `For the Love of God and in the way of Charity'
6(1)
1.2.3 So the next question is how does the chancellor begin to go it alone despite his lack of intention to do so?
6(1)
1.2.4 From love of God and charity to the rules of equity and good conscience: 16th century
7(1)
1.3 What became of the chancery jurisdiction after Earl of Oxford but before the Judicature Act?
8(2)
1.4 The reform of the Court of Equity
10(1)
1.5 The Supreme Court of Judicature Acts 1873-5: Fusion of rules or amalgamation of administrations?
11(7)
1.5.1 A fusion of administration, not rules
12(1)
1.5.2 A fusion of rules, not just administration
13(2)
1.5.3 The Commonwealth approach to the Judicature Act
15(3)
1.6 The modern relevance of equity
18(2)
1.6.1 Equity after the Judicature Acts: Has it gone past childbearing?
18(2)
1.7 Trusts
20(3)
1.8 Types of trusts
23(1)
1.9 Nature of trusts
23(5)
1.9.1 Trust and contract
23(3)
1.9.2 Trust and agency
26(2)
1.10 The recognition of trusts
28(4)
Conclusion
29(1)
Questions
30(1)
Key cases
31(1)
Further reading
31(1)
Chapter 2 Maxims of equity
32(32)
Introduction
33(1)
2.1 Defining equitable maxims
33(1)
2.2 The application of the maxims of equity
34(5)
2.2.1 He who comes to equity must come with clean hands
35(4)
2.3 Equity follows the law
39(2)
2.3.1 Application of the maxim
39(2)
2.4 Equity acts in personam, not in rem
41(4)
2.4.1 Grounds for applying this maxim
42(3)
2.5 Equity regards as done that which ought to be done
45(1)
2.6 Those who come to equity must do equity
46(3)
2.7 Delay defeats equity
49(3)
2.8 Equity will not permit a statute to be used as an instrument of fraud
52(1)
2.9 Where equities are equal, the law prevails. Where there are equal equities, the first in time prevails
53(3)
2.10 Equity looks to the substance and not the form
56(2)
2.11 Equity will not assist a volunteer
58(1)
2.12 Equity imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation
58(1)
2.13 Equity will not suffer a wrong without a remedy
58(2)
2.14 Distinguishing between common law principles and equity maxims
60(4)
Conclusion
60(1)
Questions
61(1)
Key cases
62(1)
Further reading
63(1)
Chapter 3 The different types of trust
64(30)
Introduction
65(1)
3.1 What is a trust?
65(1)
3.2 What is property?
66(2)
3.3 What trusts are used for
68(4)
3.4 What is an equitable interest?
72(1)
3.4.1 Property rights
72(1)
3.4.2 Rights in equity
72(1)
3.5 Trusts today---a definition
73(2)
3.6 Classification of trusts
75(4)
3.6.1 Private trusts
75(1)
3.6.2 Public trusts
75(1)
3.6.3 Express trusts
75(1)
3.6.4 Fixed trusts
76(1)
3.6.5 Discretionary trusts
76(1)
3.6.6 Secret trusts
77(1)
3.6.7 Bare trusts
78(1)
3.6.8 Blind trusts
78(1)
3.6.9 STAR trusts
78(1)
3.7 Resulting trusts
79(2)
3.7.1 Automatic resulting trust
79(1)
3.7.2 Presumed resulting trust
80(1)
3.8 Constructive trusts
81(3)
3.8.1 Constructive trusts and `good conscience'
82(2)
3.9 Implied trusts
84(1)
3.10 Quistclose-type trusts
85(4)
3.10.1 Distinctive characteristics of `Quistclose' trusts
85(1)
3.10.2 An express trust followed by a resulting trust
85(1)
3.10.3 Other views on how these trusts work
86(3)
3.11 Wills and intestacies
89(5)
3.11.1 The differences between trustees and personal representatives
89(2)
Conclusion
91(1)
Questions
91(2)
Key cases
93(1)
Further reading
93(1)
Chapter 4 Trusts and powers and the three certainties
94(37)
Introduction
95(1)
4.1 The different types of trust and powers
95(1)
4.1.1 Powers of appointment
95(1)
4.1.2 Fixed trust
96(1)
4.1.3 Discretionary trust
96(1)
4.2 Power (mere or bare or personal)
96(2)
4.2.1 The duties of the appointor
96(1)
4.2.2 The rights of the beneficiaries
97(1)
4.3 Fiduciary power
98(2)
4.3.1 The difference between a mere power and a fiduciary power
98(1)
4.3.2 The duties of the trustees in a fiduciary power
98(1)
4.3.3 The rights of beneficiaries in a fiduciary power
99(1)
4.4 Trust power (trust in default of appointment)
100(1)
4.5 Discretionary trust (sometimes called a trust power or power in the form of a trust)
101(4)
4.5.1 The duties of trustees in a discretionary trust
101(1)
4.5.2 The rights of beneficiaries under a discretionary trust
102(2)
4.5.3 Exhaustive and non-exhaustive discretionary trusts
104(1)
4.6 The three certainties
105(1)
4.7 Certainty of intention
105(3)
4.7.1 Older cases involving precatory words
106(1)
4.7.2 More modern declarations of trust
107(1)
4.8 Certainty of subject matter
108(4)
4.8.1 Clearly describing the trust property
109(1)
4.8.2 The type of property involved
110(2)
4.9 Certainty of objects
112(13)
4.9.1 Certainty of objects in fixed trusts
113(1)
4.9.2 Certainty of objects in fiduciary powers
114(2)
4.9.3 What does the new test mean?
116(1)
4.9.4 Restating the certainty of objects test
117(2)
4.9.5 Certainty of objects in discretionary trusts
119(1)
4.9.6 The modern certainty of objects test for discretionary trusts
120(2)
4.9.7 Applying the certainty of objects test to a discretionary trust
122(3)
4.10 Administrative unworkability
125(2)
4.10.1 Discretionary trusts
125(1)
4.10.2 Fiduciary powers
126(1)
4.11 Certainty of objects in conditional gifts
127(1)
4.11.1 At least one person meets the condition
127(1)
4.11.2 `The independent expert'
127(1)
4.12 The effects of absence of the three certainties
128(3)
Conclusion
128(1)
Questions
129(1)
Key cases
130(1)
Further reading
130(1)
Chapter 5 The formality requirements and incompletely constituted trusts
131(42)
Introduction
132(1)
5.1 Analyse the transaction
132(1)
5.1.1 What sort of property is it?
132(1)
5.1.2 What are the parties trying to do?
132(1)
5.2 There are different writing requirements for different types of property
133(7)
5.2.1 Land
133(3)
5.2.2 Chattels, goods
136(1)
5.2.3 Choses in action
137(3)
5.3 Dispositions of equitable interests must be in writing
140(10)
5.3.1 In some cases the court held that writing was required
140(6)
5.3.2 In two celebrated cases the court held that writing was not required
146(4)
5.4 When the writing requirements can be waived
150(2)
5.4.1 Oral declarations of trust over land
150(1)
5.4.2 Oral contracts for the sale of land
151(1)
5.5 Incompletely constituted trusts
152(3)
5.5.1 The proper legal procedure must be followed
152(1)
5.5.2 The three methods to make a gift
152(2)
5.5.3 An ineffective transfer will not be treated as an effective declaration
154(1)
5.6 Moderating the rule
155(5)
5.7 Consequences of a completely constituted trust
160(1)
5.8 Incompletely constituted trusts: Covenants to settle property
161(12)
5.8.1 Marriage settlements
161(1)
5.8.2 Equitable or marriage consideration
162(1)
5.8.3 Equity will not aid a volunteer
163(4)
5.8.4 Exceptions to this rule
167(2)
5.8.5 Contracts for third parties
169(1)
Conclusion
169(1)
Questions
170(1)
Key cases
171(1)
Further reading
171(2)
Chapter 6 Proprietary estoppel
173(27)
Introduction
174(1)
6.1 The different types of estoppel
174(2)
6.1.1 Promissory estoppel
174(1)
6.1.2 Is there one principle of equitable estoppel?
175(1)
6.2 Defining proprietary estoppel
176(5)
6.2.1 Building on someone else's land
176(1)
6.2.2 `The five probanda'
176(1)
6.2.3 Unconscionability
177(1)
6.2.4 By itself, unconscionability is not enough
178(2)
6.2.5 Is there a distinction between business and domestic cases?
180(1)
6.3 Representation
181(4)
6.3.1 A representation of future rights
181(1)
6.3.2 Estoppel may restrict testamentary freedom
182(1)
6.3.3 Acquiescence in the claimant's mistaken belief
183(2)
6.4 Reliance
185(2)
6.4.1 Why did the claimant act to their detriment?
186(1)
6.4.2 People act from mixed motives
186(1)
6.5 Detriment
187(3)
6.5.1 Detriment as expenditure on land
187(1)
6.5.2 Detriment is an essential element of estoppel
188(1)
6.5.3 Detriment need not involve spending money on land
188(1)
6.5.4 Weighing up detriment against personal advantage
189(1)
6.6 The remedy
190(2)
6.6.1 The minimum equity to do justice
190(1)
6.6.2 What the defendant promised
190(1)
6.6.3 The remedy should be in proportion to the detriment suffered
191(1)
6.7 The need for writing
192(3)
6.7.1 Statutory writing requirements
192(1)
6.7.2 Is proprietary estoppel excused from statutory writing requirements?
193(1)
6.7.3 Did the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 change the law?
193(2)
6.8 Proprietary estoppel and constructive trusts
195(5)
6.8.1 A proprietary estoppel and constructive trust could exist on the same facts
195(1)
6.8.2 A proprietary estoppel can be based on a representation
195(1)
6.8.3 Proprietary estoppel has a flexible remedy
196(1)
6.8.4 Proprietary estoppel, constructive trust, resulting trust, and the family home
196(1)
Conclusion
196(1)
Questions
197(1)
Key cases
198(1)
Further reading
198(2)
Chapter 7 The disposal of property on death
200(40)
Introduction
201(1)
7.1 Wills
201(1)
7.1.1 General characteristics of wills
201(1)
7.1.2 The doctrine of incorporation by reference
202(1)
7.2 Secret trusts
202(17)
7.2.1 The origins of the secret trust
202(1)
7.2.2 The difference between fully and half secret trusts
203(1)
7.2.3 Fully secret trusts
204(1)
7.2.4 Intention
204(2)
7.2.5 Communication
206(1)
7.2.6 Acquiescence
207(1)
7.2.7 A secret trust can even affect a person who did not make the promise
208(1)
7.2.8 Proof
209(1)
7.2.9 Disclaiming the trust
209(1)
7.2.10 Half secret trusts
210(2)
7.2.11 Half secret trusts require communication before the will
212(3)
7.2.12 Changes to the secret trust
215(1)
7.2.13 Communication if there is more than one trustee
215(2)
7.2.14 What sort of trust are secret trusts?
217(2)
7.3 Mutual wills
219(9)
7.3.1 A mutual will requires identical wills and a contract
219(3)
7.3.2 The mutual will is enforced by a `floating trust'
222(3)
7.3.3 Is there consideration for the contract?
225(1)
7.3.4 Is the contract a contract for the sale of land?
225(1)
7.3.5 A mutual will can be revoked, while both spouses are still alive
226(1)
7.3.6 What property is bound by the mutual will?
227(1)
7.4 Donatio mortis causa: `Death bed gifts'
228(5)
7.4.1 An exception to the normal rules of property transfer
228(1)
7.4.2 The three requirements for a valid `donatio'
228(1)
7.4.3 Contemplation of death
229(1)
7.4.4 Intention to give conditional upon death
230(1)
7.4.5 Delivery of dominion over the subject matter of the gift
230(2)
7.4.6 Can all types of property be the subject matter of a donatio?
232(1)
7.5 The rule in Strong v Bird
233(7)
7.5.1 The original rule
233(1)
7.5.2 The rule is extended to imperfect gifts
234(1)
7.5.3 Land may pass under the rule in Strong v Bird
235(1)
7.5.4 The intention must be clear and continuing
235(1)
7.5.5 Strong v Bird and marriage settlements
236(1)
Conclusion
237(1)
Questions
237(1)
Key cases
238(1)
Further reading
239(1)
Chapter 8 Resulting trusts
240(25)
Introduction
241(1)
8.1 The two types of resulting trust
241(1)
8.2 The automatic resulting trust
242(7)
8.2.1 Failure to declare a trust
242(2)
8.2.2 Failure of the trust
244(1)
8.2.3 Surplus after completion of purpose
245(2)
8.2.4 Surplus in a pension fund
247(2)
8.3 The theory of resulting trusts
249(3)
8.4 Presumed resulting trusts
252(3)
8.4.1 Voluntary transfer to another
252(2)
8.4.2 Purchase in the name of another
254(1)
8.5 The presumption of advancement
255(1)
8.5.1 The theory
255(1)
8.5.2 Transfer from husband to wife
255(1)
8.5.3 Transfer from father to child
255(1)
8.6 The importance of the presumptions today
256(3)
8.6.1 Rebutting the presumptions
256(2)
8.6.2 The abolition of the presumption of advancement
258(1)
8.7 Illegality
259(6)
Conclusion
262(1)
Questions
263(1)
Key cases
264(1)
Further reading
264(1)
Chapter 9 Unincorporated associations and the beneficiary principle
265(29)
Introduction
266(1)
9.1 Unincorporated associations have no legal personality
266(1)
9.2 Possible legal structures for unincorporated associations
267(9)
9.2.1 An unincorporated association as a trust
267(1)
9.2.2 The property of an unincorporated association is shared between the members
268(4)
9.2.3 The members of an unincorporated association have a contract between themselves
272(1)
9.2.4 The property of an unincorporated association is the property of the leader
273(1)
9.2.5 An unincorporated association can satisfy the beneficiary principle
273(2)
9.2.6 Do any of the legal structures for unincorporated associations work?
275(1)
9.3 The dissolution of unincorporated associations
276(8)
9.3.1 Resulting trust
276(1)
9.3.2 Contract and resulting trust
277(2)
9.3.3 Contract
279(3)
9.3.4 A special kind of joint tenancy
282(2)
9.4 Purpose trusts
284(10)
9.4.1 The beneficiary principle
284(2)
9.4.2 The exceptions to the rule
286(1)
9.4.3 Trusts for monuments or graves
287(1)
9.4.4 Trusts for the maintenance of particular animals
288(1)
9.4.5 Miscellaneous
289(1)
9.4.6 Trusts for the saying of masses
290(1)
Conclusion
291(1)
Questions
291(1)
Key cases
292(1)
Further reading
292(2)
Chapter 10 Charitable trusts
294(63)
Introduction
295(1)
10.1 The advantages of charitable status
295(2)
10.1.1 Legal advantages
295(1)
10.1.2 Tax advantages
296(1)
10.2 The Charity Commission
297(1)
10.3 The legal definition of charity
298(8)
10.3.1 The Preamble
298(2)
10.3.2 The four heads of charity
300(1)
10.3.3 The `twelve heads of charity'
301(1)
10.3.4 Public benefit
301(1)
10.3.5 The Charities Act 2011 and public benefit
302(4)
10.4 The relief of poverty
306(5)
10.4.1 The definition of poverty
306(2)
10.4.2 Public benefit and the relief of poverty
308(3)
10.5 The advancement of education
311(12)
10.5.1 Education includes teaching and research
311(2)
10.5.2 Education includes the advancement of culture
313(1)
10.5.3 The value of the education provided
314(1)
10.5.4 Political purposes
315(3)
10.5.5 Public benefit in the advancement of education
318(5)
10.6 The advancement of religion
323(6)
10.6.1 The definition of religion
323(2)
10.6.2 When is a `religion' unacceptable?
325(2)
10.6.3 Public benefit in the advancement of religion
327(2)
10.7 Other purposes beneficial to the community
329(5)
10.7.1 Aged, impotent, and sick
330(2)
10.7.2 Public benefit in charities to relieve the aged and impotent
332(2)
10.8 Saving lives
334(1)
10.9 Animal welfare
335(3)
10.9.1 Animals useful to mankind
335(1)
10.9.2 To reduce the pain and suffering of animals
336(1)
10.9.3 Public benefit in animal charities
336(2)
10.10 Sport and recreation
338(7)
10.10.1 `Mere sport'
338(1)
10.10.2 Sport as part of education
339(2)
10.10.3 Sport and public benefit
341(4)
10.11 The cy-pres doctrine
345(12)
10.11.1 When cy-pres applies
345(1)
10.11.2 Subsequent failure
346(1)
10.11.3 Initial failure
347(4)
10.11.4 Amalgamation and merger of charities
351(2)
Conclusion
353(1)
Questions
353(2)
Key cases
355(1)
Further reading
355(2)
Chapter 11 The duties of trustees: with special reference to investment
357(32)
Introduction
358(1)
11.1 What is investment?
358(2)
11.1.1 Loans at a rate of interest
359(1)
11.1.2 Participation in a profit-making enterprise
359(1)
11.2 The historical background
360(1)
11.3 The Trustee Act 2000
361(1)
11.3.1 The modern investment power for trustees
361(1)
11.4 The duty of care
361(2)
11.5 Investment: Advice and selection
363(2)
11.5.1 The standard investment criteria
363(1)
11.5.2 When trustees must seek investment advice
364(1)
11.6 Excluding the Act
365(1)
11.7 Effect of the Act
365(1)
11.8 Acquisition of land
365(1)
11.9 The liability of trustees
366(6)
11.9.1 The duty of reasonable care and skill
366(4)
11.9.2 The extent of trustees' liability
370(2)
11.10 Ethical investment
372(2)
11.11 Delegation
374(6)
11.11.1 The old case law
374(2)
11.11.2 Trustee functions that can be delegated
376(1)
11.11.3 The terms upon which agents are employed
377(1)
11.11.4 Trustees must supervise their agent
377(1)
11.11.5 The liability of the trustees for their agent
378(2)
11.12 Information for the beneficiaries
380(9)
11.12.1 The beneficiaries have the right to see trust documents
381(1)
11.12.2 Beneficiaries have no automatic right to information
382(2)
11.12.3 Trustees are not obliged to give reasons for their decisions
384(2)
Conclusion
386(1)
Questions
387(1)
Key cases
388(1)
Further reading
388(1)
Chapter 12 Maintenance and advancement and protective trusts
389(26)
Introduction
390(1)
12.1 Maintenance
391(8)
12.1.1 Express powers of maintenance
391(1)
12.1.2 Exclusion of maintenance
392(1)
12.1.3 The statutory power of maintenance
392(2)
12.1.4 Duty to maintain an adult beneficiary
394(1)
12.1.5 Accumulations
395(1)
12.1.6 There must be income from which to maintain
395(2)
12.1.7 Contingent pecuniary legacies
397(1)
12.1.8 The power of the courts to award maintenance
398(1)
12.2 Advancement
399(7)
12.2.1 The meaning of advancement
399(2)
12.2.2 The statutory power of advancement
401(2)
12.2.3 Express powers of advancement
403(1)
12.2.4 The advance need not be made directly to the beneficiary
404(2)
12.2.5 The courts' power to authorize advancements
406(1)
12.3 The exercise of discretion
406(2)
12.4 Protective trusts
408(7)
12.4.1 The purpose of a protective trust
408(1)
12.4.2 How a protective trust works
408(2)
12.4.3 Determining events
410(1)
12.4.4 Protecting the beneficiary
411(1)
Conclusion
411(2)
Questions
413(1)
Key cases
414(1)
Further reading
414(1)
Chapter 13 The appointment of trustees
415(31)
Introduction
416(1)
13.1 The general duties of trustees
416(1)
13.2 Who may be a trustee?
417(3)
13.2.1 Ordinary trustees
417(1)
13.2.2 The number of trustees
417(1)
13.2.3 Unanimity
418(1)
13.2.4 Trust corporations
418(1)
13.2.5 The public trustee
419(1)
13.2.6 Custodian trustees
419(1)
13.2.7 Judicial trustees
420(1)
13.3 `The court will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trustee'
420(1)
13.4 Disclaimer
421(2)
13.5 The appointment of trustees
423(7)
13.5.1 Express powers
423(1)
13.5.2 The surviving or continuing trustees
424(1)
13.5.3 The personal representatives of the last surviving trustee
425(1)
13.5.4 Section 36(1) is a replacement power
426(2)
13.5.5 The situations in which a trustee may be replaced
428(2)
13.6 The appointment of additional trustees
430(1)
13.7 The appointment of trustees by the beneficiaries
431(2)
13.7.1 The beneficiaries could not appoint trustees
431(1)
13.7.2 Beneficiaries are given the power to appoint trustees
432(1)
13.8 The appointment of trustees by the court
433(4)
13.8.1 The courts' power in s. 41 of the Trustee Act 1925
433(1)
13.8.2 The selection of trustees by the court
434(3)
13.9 The vesting of the legal estate in the trustees
437(1)
13.10 The retirement of trustees
438(1)
13.11 The removal of trustees
438(8)
13.11.1 The removal of trustees to protect the beneficiaries
438(3)
13.11.2 Removal of trustees by the court is rare
441(2)
Conclusion
443(1)
Questions
443(1)
Key cases
444(1)
Further reading
445(1)
Chapter 14 Variation of trust
446(21)
Introduction
447(1)
14.1 Adult beneficiaries
447(2)
14.2 Powers to vary a trust
449(4)
14.2.1 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973
449(1)
14.2.2 Mental Health Act 1983
449(1)
14.2.3 Trustee Act 1925
449(2)
14.2.4 Settled Land Act 1925
451(1)
14.2.5 The inherent power of the court
452(1)
14.3 Variation of Trusts Act 1958
453(1)
14.3.1 What is an arrangement?
453(1)
14.3.2 Is an arrangement a disposition of an equitable interest?
454(1)
14.4 For whom does the court consent?
454(3)
14.4.1 The meaning of s. 1(1) (b)
455(1)
14.4.2 Adult beneficiaries
456(1)
14.5 What is benefit?
457(10)
14.5.1 The wishes of the settlor/testator
457(2)
14.5.2 Tax saving
459(1)
14.5.3 Export of the trust
460(1)
14.5.4 Moral and social benefit
461(3)
Conclusion
464(1)
Questions
464(1)
Key cases
465(1)
Further reading
466(1)
Chapter 15 Breach of trust
467(34)
Introduction
468(1)
15.1 The trustees' duty of care
468(1)
15.1.1 The standard of care
468(1)
15.2 The fiduciary nature of trusteeship
469(2)
15.3 Equitable compensation
471(7)
15.3.1 The traditional duty to restore the trust fund
471(1)
15.3.2 Equitable compensation in the modern age
472(1)
15.3.3 Difficulties in assessing the level of compensation
473(1)
15.3.4 Should the test of liability be causation?
474(3)
15.3.5 The trustees' liability for lack of reasonable care and skill
477(1)
15.4 The liability of individual trustees
478(3)
15.4.1 A `sleeping' trustee is liable for the actions of the other trustees
478(1)
15.4.2 When a trustee can escape liability
479(1)
15.4.3 The trustees' liability to the beneficiaries
480(1)
15.4.4 The liability of retiring trustees
480(1)
15.5 The criminal liability of trustees
481(1)
15.6 Protection of trustees
482(8)
15.6.1 Trustee exemption clauses
482(2)
15.6.2 Consent of the beneficiaries
484(2)
15.6.3 Impounding the beneficiaries' interests
486(1)
15.6.4 Section 61 of the Trustee Act 1925
487(3)
15.7 Limitation
490(11)
15.7.1 The time limits for commencing an action
490(1)
15.7.2 There is no statutory time limit for fraud or to recover trust property
491(2)
15.7.3 The limitation period applies if it is not a `true' trust
493(2)
15.7.4 Limitation periods for future beneficiaries
495(1)
15.7.5 The doctrine of laches
495(2)
Conclusion
497(1)
Questions
498(1)
Key cases
499(1)
Further reading
499(2)
Chapter 16 Constructive trusts
501(37)
Introduction
502(1)
16.1 Definition
502(2)
16.2 General application of constructive trust
504(5)
16.2.1 Abuse of fiduciary position
505(1)
16.2.2 What is fiduciary relationship?
505(1)
16.2.3 Unauthorized activities of trustees occasioning breach of trust
506(3)
16.3 Unauthorized transactions
509(9)
16.3.1 Solicitor/trusts
509(3)
16.3.2 Bribes
512(6)
16.4 Liability of third parties (strangers) in constructive trusts
518(6)
16.4.1 Who is a trustee de son tort?
519(1)
16.4.2 Dishonest assistance
520(1)
16.4.3 What is dishonesty?
521(2)
16.4.4 Knowing receipt of trust money or property
523(1)
16.5 Nature of constructive trust
524(14)
16.5.1 Institutional constructive trust
524(1)
16.5.2 Effect of constructive trust
525(2)
16.5.3 Remedial constructive trust
527(1)
16.5.4 Origin and rationale of remedial constructive trust
528(1)
16.5.5 Remedial trust is not automatically retrospective
529(2)
16.5.6 Current trends in the English courts: A move towards remedial constructive trust?
531(2)
16.5.7 The future of remedial trust in England
533(2)
Conclusion
535(1)
Questions
535(1)
Key cases
536(1)
Further reading
537(1)
Chapter 17 Tracing
538(27)
Introduction
539(1)
17.1 What is tracing?
539(2)
17.1.1 A definition of tracing
539(1)
17.1.2 Common law and equitable tracing
540(1)
17.2 Common law tracing
541(3)
17.2.1 The property may change its form
542(2)
17.2.2 The property may increase in value
544(1)
17.3 Equitable tracing
544(13)
17.3.1 The need for a trust or fiduciary relationship
544(3)
17.3.2 Tracing into a mixed fund
547(1)
17.3.3 The wrongdoer spends his own money first
548(1)
17.3.4 The rule of the lowest intermediate balance
549(1)
17.3.5 Tracing into overdrawn bank accounts
550(1)
17.3.6 The first in, first out rule: The rule in Clayton's Case
551(3)
17.3.7 Increases in value
554(3)
17.4 Tracing against volunteers
557(8)
17.4.1 Bona fide purchaser for value without notice
557(2)
17.4.2 Innocent volunteers
559(2)
17.4.3 The change of position defence
561(1)
Conclusion
562(1)
Questions
562(2)
Key cases
564(1)
Further reading
564(1)
Chapter 18 Trusts of the family home
565(45)
Introduction
566(1)
18.1 The myth of common law marriage
566(1)
18.2 Declarations of trust
567(4)
18.2.1 Land requires a written declaration of trust
567(1)
18.2.2 Other documents may be disregarded
568(1)
18.2.3 Joint tenants or tenants in common
569(2)
18.3 Solutions from equity
571(5)
18.3.1 Resulting trust
571(1)
18.3.2 Proprietary estoppel
572(2)
18.3.3 Constructive trust
574(2)
18.4 The two categories in Lloyds Bank v Rosset
576(2)
18.4.1 Oral agreement and acting to one's detriment
576(1)
18.4.2 Direct financial contributions
577(1)
18.4.3 Lloyds Bank v Rosset and other cases
577(1)
18.5 Oral agreement and detriment
578(7)
18.5.1 The oral agreement
578(2)
18.5.2 Actions that qualify as detrimental reliance
580(3)
18.5.3 Actions that do not qualify as detrimental reliance
583(2)
18.6 Financial contributions
585(1)
18.7 Indirect financial contributions
586(2)
18.8 Quantifying the size of the equitable interests
588(10)
18.8.1 This is the second stage of the process
588(1)
18.8.2 The resulting trust solution
589(1)
18.8.3 The whole course of dealing
590(4)
18.8.4 Joint tenants and the whole course of dealing
594(4)
18.9 What sort of trust is this?
598(2)
18.10 Reform of the law
600(10)
18.10.1 Law Commission: Sharing homes
600(1)
18.10.2 Reform of the law by the courts
601(3)
18.10.3 Law Commission: Cohabitation
604(2)
Conclusion
606(1)
Questions
607(1)
Key cases
608(1)
Further reading
608(2)
Chapter 19 Equitable remedies
610(44)
Introduction
611(1)
19.1 Injunctions
611(2)
19.1.1 Injunctions are discretionary
612(1)
19.1.2 Against whom can injunctive orders be made?
612(1)
19.2 Types of injunction
613(4)
19.2.1 Requirements for the grant of injunctions
613(2)
19.2.2 Is there any limit to the court's jurisdiction to grant injunctions?
615(2)
19.3 Principles guiding the grant of injunctions
617(4)
19.3.1 Inappropriateness of legal remedies such as damages
617(1)
19.3.2 Past and future conduct of claimants
618(2)
19.3.3 Futility of an order
620(1)
19.4 When would the courts award damages instead of injunction?
621(12)
19.4.1 Principles applicable to the grant of damages in lieu of injunctions
621(4)
19.4.2 Principles guiding the grant of interim injunctions
625(2)
19.4.3 What does `frivolous or vexatious' mean in this context?
627(1)
19.4.4 American Cyanamid's six guiding principles for granting interim injunctions
628(4)
19.4.5 Limits or exceptions to American Cyanamid principles
632(1)
19.5 Specific interim injunctions
633(5)
19.5.1 Freezing injunctions: Freezing the assets of the defendant
634(1)
19.5.2 Principles guiding the grant of freezing injunctions
635(3)
19.6 Search order
638(6)
19.6.1 The rationale of search order distinguished from Entick v Carrington
639(2)
19.6.2 Guidelines for granting search order
641(1)
19.6.3 Safeguards to protect the defendants
641(3)
19.7 Specific performance
644(2)
19.8 On what grounds may the court refuse specific performance?
646(8)
19.8.1 Contract relating to personalty
646(1)
19.8.2 Contracts requiring constant supervision by the court
647(1)
19.8.3 Contracts to carry on a business or any comparable series of activities
648(1)
19.8.4 Contract for personal services
649(1)
19.8.5 Contract lacking in mutuality
650(1)
19.8.6 Where specific performance will be futile
650(1)
Conclusion
651(1)
Questions
651(1)
Key cases
652(1)
Further reading
653(1)
Glossary 654(3)
Index 657
Richard Clements is Leader of International Partnerships (Law) at Bristol Law School, the University of the West of England. He holds an LLB from Sheffield and an LLM from the University of London. Ademola Abass is Head of Program and Research Fellow, Regional Peace and Security, United Nations University, and former Professor of International Law & Organization, Brunel University.