| Table of Cases |
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xxxi | |
| Table of Statutes |
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xliii | |
| Table of Statutory Instruments |
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xlvii | |
| Table of International Treaties and Conventions |
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xlvii | |
| Chapter 1 The birth of equity and trusts |
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1 | (32) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2.1 The common law side of the chancellor |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.2 The equitable side of the chancellor. 'For the Love of God and in the way of Charity' |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.3 So the next question is how does the chancellor begin to go it alone despite his lack of intention to do so? |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.4 From love of God and charity to the rules of equity and good conscience: 16th century |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 What became of the chancery jurisdiction after Earl of Oxford but before the Judicature Act? |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4 The reform of the Court of Equity |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5 The Supreme Court of Judicature Acts 1873-75: Fusion of rules or amalgamation of administrations? |
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11 | (7) |
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1.5.1 A fusion of administration not rules |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5.2 A fusion of rules, not just administration |
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13 | (2) |
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1.5.3 The Commonwealth approach to the Judicature Act |
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15 | (3) |
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1.6 The modern relevance of equity |
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18 | (1) |
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1.6.1 Equity after the Judicature Acts: Has it gone past childbearing? |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (5) |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (2) |
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1.10 The recognition of trusts |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Maxims of equity |
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33 | (32) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.1 Defining equitable maxims |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2 The application of the maxims of equity |
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35 | (5) |
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2.2.1 He who comes to equity must come with clean hands |
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36 | (4) |
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2.3 Equity follows the law |
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40 | (2) |
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2.3.1 Application of the maxim |
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40 | (2) |
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2.4 Equity acts in personam, not in rem |
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42 | (3) |
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2.4.1 Grounds for applying this maxim |
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43 | (2) |
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2.5 Equity regards as done that which ought to be done |
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45 | (2) |
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2.6 Those who come to equity must do equity |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (2) |
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2.8 Equity will not permit a statute to be used as an instrument of fraud |
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52 | (1) |
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2.9 Where equities are equal, the law prevails. Where there are equal equities the first in time prevails |
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53 | (3) |
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2.10 Equity looks to the substance and not the form |
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56 | (1) |
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2.11 Equity will not assist a volunteer |
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57 | (1) |
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2.12 Equity imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation |
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58 | (1) |
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2.13 Equity will not suffer a wrong without a remedy |
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58 | (1) |
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2.14 Distinguishing between common law principles and equity maxims |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (3) |
| Chapter 3 The different types of trust |
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65 | (30) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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3.3 What trusts are used for |
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69 | (3) |
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3.4 What is an equitable interest? |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.5 Trusts today-a definition |
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73 | (2) |
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3.6 Classification of trusts |
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75 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.6.5 Discretionary trusts |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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3.7.1 Automatic resulting trust |
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79 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Presumed resulting trust |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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3.8.1 Constructive trusts and 'good conscience' |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (2) |
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3.10 Quistclose-type trusts |
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85 | (4) |
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3.10.1 Distinctive characteristics of 'Quistclose' trusts |
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85 | (1) |
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3.10.2 An express trust followed by a resulting trust |
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85 | (1) |
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3.10.3 Other views on how these trusts work |
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86 | (3) |
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3.11 Wills and intestacies |
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89 | (2) |
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3.11.1 The differences between trustees and personal representatives |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
| Chapter 4 The duties of trustees: with special reference to investment |
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95 | (30) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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4.1.1 Loans at a rate on interest |
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97 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Participation in a profit-making enterprise |
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97 | (1) |
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4.2 The historical background |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.3.1 The modern investment power for trustees |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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4.5 Investment: Advice and selection |
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101 | (1) |
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4.5.1 The standard investment criteria |
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101 | (1) |
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4.5.2 When trustees must seek investment advice |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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4.9 The liability of trustees |
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104 | (5) |
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4.9.1 The duty of reasonable care and skill |
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104 | (3) |
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4.9.2 The extent of trustees' liability |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (6) |
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111 | (2) |
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4.11.2 Trustee functions that can be delegated |
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113 | (1) |
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4.11.3 The terms upon which agents are employed |
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113 | (1) |
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4.11.4 Trustees must supervise their agent |
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114 | (1) |
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4.11.5 The liability of the trustees for their agent |
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115 | (2) |
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4.12 Information for the beneficiaries |
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117 | (5) |
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4.12.1 The beneficiaries have the right to see trust documents |
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117 | (1) |
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4.12.2 Beneficiaries have no automatic right to information |
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118 | (2) |
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4.12.3 Trustees are not obliged to give reasons for their decisions |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
| Chapter 5 Maintenance and advancement and protective trusts |
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125 | (26) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Express powers of maintenance |
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127 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Exclusion of maintenance |
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128 | (1) |
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5.1.3 The statutory power of maintenance |
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128 | (2) |
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5.1.4 Duty to maintain an adult beneficiary |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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5.1.6 There must be income from which to maintain |
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131 | (2) |
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5.1.7 Contingent pecuniary legacies |
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133 | (1) |
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5.1.8 The power of the courts to award maintenance |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (6) |
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5.2.1 The meaning of advancement |
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135 | (2) |
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5.2.2 The statutory power of advancement |
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137 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Express powers of advancement |
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138 | (1) |
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5.2.4 The advance need not be made directly to the beneficiary |
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139 | (2) |
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5.2.5 The courts' power to authorize advancements |
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141 | (1) |
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5.3 The exercise of discretion |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (3) |
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5.4.1 The purpose of a protective trust |
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143 | (1) |
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5.4.2 How a protective trust works |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Protecting the beneficiary |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
| Chapter 6 The appointment of trustees |
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151 | (28) |
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152 | (1) |
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6.1 The general duties of trustees |
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152 | (1) |
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6.2 Who may be a trustee? |
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152 | (4) |
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152 | (1) |
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6.2.2 The number of trustees |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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6.3 'The court will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trustee' |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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6.5 The appointment of trustees |
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159 | (6) |
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159 | (1) |
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6.5.2 The surviving or continuing trustees |
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160 | (1) |
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6.5.3 The personal representatives of the last surviving trustee |
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161 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Section 36(1) is a replacement power |
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162 | (1) |
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6.5.5 The situations in which a trustee may be replaced |
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163 | (2) |
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6.6 The appointment of additional trustees |
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165 | (1) |
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6.7 The appointment of trustees by the beneficiaries |
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166 | (2) |
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6.7.1 The beneficiaries could not appoint trustees |
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166 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Beneficiaries are given the power to appoint trustees |
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166 | (2) |
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6.8 The appointment of trustees by the court |
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168 | (3) |
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6.8.1 The courts' power in section 41 of the Trustee Act 1925 |
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168 | (1) |
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6.8.2 The selection of trustees by the court |
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169 | (2) |
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6.9 The vesting of the legal estate in the trustees |
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171 | (1) |
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6.10 The retirement of trustees |
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172 | (1) |
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6.11 The removal of trustees |
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172 | (4) |
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6.11.1 The removal of trustees to protect the beneficiaries |
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172 | (3) |
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6.11.2 Removal of trustees by the court is rare |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
| Chapter 7 Trusts and powers and the three certainties |
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179 | (36) |
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180 | (1) |
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7.1 The different types of trust and powers |
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180 | (1) |
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7.1.1 Powers of appointment |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Discretionary trust |
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181 | (1) |
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7.2 Power (mere or bare or personal) |
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181 | (2) |
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7.2.1 The duties of the appointor |
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181 | (1) |
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7.2.2 The rights of the beneficiaries |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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7.3.1 The difference between a mere power and a fiduciary power |
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183 | (1) |
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7.3.2 The duties of the trustees in a fiduciary power |
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183 | (1) |
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7.3.3 The rights of beneficiaries in a fiduciary power |
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184 | (1) |
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7.4 Trust power (trust in default of appointment) |
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185 | (1) |
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7.5 Discretionary trust (sometimes called a trust power or power in the form of a trust) |
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186 | (4) |
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7.5.1 The duties of trustees in a discretionary trust |
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186 | (1) |
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7.5.2 The rights of beneficiaries under a discretionary trust |
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187 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Exhaustive and non-exhaustive discretionary trusts |
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188 | (2) |
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7.6 The three certainties |
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190 | (1) |
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7.7 Certainty of intention |
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190 | (3) |
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7.7.1 Older cases involving precatory words |
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190 | (1) |
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7.7.2 More modern declarations of trust |
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191 | (2) |
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7.8 Certainty of subject matter |
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193 | (3) |
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7.8.1 Clearly describing the trust property |
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193 | (1) |
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7.8.2 The type of property involved |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (12) |
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7.9.1 Certainty of objects in fixed trusts |
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196 | (2) |
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7.9.2 Certainty of objects in fiduciary powers |
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198 | (1) |
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7.9.3 What does the new test mean? |
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199 | (1) |
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7.9.4 Restating the certainty of objects test |
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200 | (2) |
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7.9.5 Certainty of objects in discretionary trusts |
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202 | (1) |
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7.9.6 The modern certainty of objects test for discretionary trusts |
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203 | (2) |
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7.9.7 Applying the certainty of objects test to a discretionary trust |
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205 | (3) |
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7.10 Administrative unworkability |
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208 | (1) |
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7.10.1 Discretionary trusts |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.11 Certainty of objects in conditional gifts |
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209 | (1) |
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7.11.1 At least one person meets the condition |
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209 | (1) |
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7.11.2 'The independent expert' |
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210 | (1) |
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7.12 The effects of absence of the three certainties |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 The formality requirements and incompletely constituted trusts |
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215 | (40) |
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216 | (1) |
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8.1 Analyse the transaction |
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216 | (1) |
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8.1.1 What sort of property is it? |
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216 | (1) |
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8.1.2 What are the parties trying to do? |
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217 | (1) |
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8.2 There are different writing requirements for different types of property |
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217 | (6) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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8.3 Dispositions of equitable interests must be in writing |
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223 | (11) |
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8.3.1 In some cases the court held that writing was required |
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224 | (5) |
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8.3.2 In two celebrated cases the court held that writing was not required |
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229 | (5) |
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8.4 When the writing requirements can be waived |
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234 | (1) |
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8.4.1 Oral declarations of trust over land |
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234 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Oral contracts for the sale of land |
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235 | (1) |
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8.5 Incompletely constituted trusts |
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235 | (7) |
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8.5.1 The proper legal procedure must be followed |
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235 | (1) |
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8.5.2 The three methods to make a gift |
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236 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Moderating the rule |
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237 | (5) |
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8.6 An ineffective transfer will not be treated as an effective declaration |
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242 | (1) |
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8.7 Consequences of a completely constituted trust |
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243 | (1) |
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8.8 Incompletely constituted trusts: Covenants to settle property |
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243 | (9) |
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8.8.1 Marriage settlements |
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244 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Equitable or marriage consideration |
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244 | (2) |
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8.8.3 Equity will not aid a volunteer |
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246 | (3) |
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8.8.4 Exceptions to this rule |
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249 | (2) |
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8.8.5 Contracts for third parties |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
| Chapter 9 Proprietary estoppel |
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255 | (28) |
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256 | (1) |
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9.1 The different types of estoppel |
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256 | (2) |
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9.1.1 Promissory estoppel |
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256 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Estoppel as a defence |
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257 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Is there one principle of equitable estoppel? |
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257 | (1) |
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9.2 Defining proprietary estoppel |
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258 | (5) |
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9.2.1 Building on someone else's land |
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258 | (1) |
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9.2.2 'The five probanda' |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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9.2.4 By itself, unconscionability is not enough |
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260 | (2) |
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9.2.5 Is there a distinction between business and domestic cases? |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (4) |
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9.3.1 A representation of future rights |
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263 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Estoppel may restrict testamentary freedom |
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264 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Acquiescence in the claimant's mistaken belief |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (2) |
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9.4.1 Why did the claimant act to their detriment? |
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267 | (1) |
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9.4.2 People act from mixed motives |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (3) |
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9.5.1 Detriment as expenditure on land |
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269 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Detriment is an essential element of estoppel |
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270 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Detriment need not involve spending money on land |
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271 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Weighing up detriment against personal advantage |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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9.6.1 The minimum equity to do justice |
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272 | (1) |
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9.6.2 What the defendant promised |
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272 | (1) |
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9.6.3 The remedy should be in proportion to the detriment suffered |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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9.7.1 Statutory writing requirements |
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274 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Is proprietary estoppel excused from statutory writing requirements? |
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275 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Did the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 change the law? |
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276 | (1) |
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9.8 Proprietary estoppel and constructive trusts |
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277 | (2) |
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9.8.1 A proprietary estoppel and constructive trust could exist on the same facts |
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277 | (1) |
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9.8.2 A proprietary estoppel can be based on a representation |
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277 | (1) |
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9.8.3 Proprietary estoppel, constructive trust, resulting trust, and the family home |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
| Chapter 10 The disposal of property on death |
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283 | (38) |
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284 | (1) |
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|
|
284 | (1) |
|
10.1.1 General characteristics of wills |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
10.1.2 The doctrine of incorporation by reference |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
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|
285 | (16) |
|
10.2.1 The origins of the secret trust |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
10.2.2 The difference between fully and half secret trusts |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
10.2.3 Fully secret trusts |
|
|
287 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
|
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289 | (1) |
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|
290 | (1) |
|
10.2.7 A secret trust can even affect a person who did not make the promise |
|
|
291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
|
10.2.9 Disclaiming the trust |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
10.2.10 Half secret trusts |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
10.2.11 Half secret trusts require communication before the will |
|
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294 | (3) |
|
10.2.12 Changes to the secret trust |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
10.2.13 Communication if there is more than one trustee |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
10.2.14 What sort of trust are secret trusts? |
|
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (8) |
|
10.3.1 A mutual will requires identical wills and a contract |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
10.3.2 The mutual will is enforced by a 'floating trust' |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
10.3.3 Is there consideration for the contract? |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
10.3.4 Is the contract a contract for the sale of land? |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
10.3.5 A mutual will can be revoked, while both spouses are still alive |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
10.3.6 What property is bound by the mutual will? |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
10.4 Donatio mortis causa: 'Death bed gifts' |
|
|
309 | (6) |
|
10.4.1 An exception to the normal rules of property transfer |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 The three requirements for a valid 'donatio' |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
10.4.3 Contemplation of death |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
10.4.4 Intention to give conditional upon death |
|
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311 | (1) |
|
10.4.5 Delivery of dominion over the subject matter of the gift |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
10.4.6 Can all types of property be the subject matter of a donatio? |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
10.5 The rule in Strong v Bird |
|
|
315 | (3) |
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|
|
315 | (1) |
|
10.5.2 The rule is extended to imperfect gifts |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
10.5.3 Land may pass under the rule in Strong v Bird |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
10.5.4 The intention must be clear and continuing |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
10.5.5 Strong v Bird and marriage settlements |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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|
319 | (1) |
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|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
| Chapter 11 Resulting trusts |
|
321 | (24) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
11.1 The two types of resulting trust |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
11.2 The automatic resulting trust |
|
|
323 | (6) |
|
11.2.1 Failure to declare a trust |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
11.2.2 Failure of the trust |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
11.2.3 Surplus after completion of purpose |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
11.2.4 Surplus in a pension fund |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
11.3 The theory of resulting trusts |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
11.4 Presumed resulting trusts |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
11.4.1 Voluntary transfer to another |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
11.4.2 Purchase in the name of another |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
11.5 The presumption of advancement |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
11.5.2 Transfer from husband to wife |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
11.5.3 Transfer from father to child |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
11.6 The importance of the presumptions today |
|
|
336 | (3) |
|
11.6.1 Rebutting the presumptions |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
11.6.2 The abolition of the presumption of advancement |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
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|
|
343 | (1) |
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|
343 | (1) |
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|
|
343 | (1) |
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|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
| Chapter 12 Unincorporated associations |
|
345 | (26) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
12.1 Unincorporated associations have no legal personality |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
12.2 Possible legal structures for unincorporated associations |
|
|
347 | (8) |
|
12.2.1 An unincorporated association as a trust |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
12.2.2 The property of an unincorporated association is shared between the members |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
12.2.3 The members of an unincorporated association have a contract between themselves |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
12.2.4 The property of an unincorporated association is the property of the leader |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
12.2.5 An unincorporated association is a trust for the members |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
12.2.6 Do any of the legal structures for unincorporated associations work? |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
12.3 The dissolution of unincorporated associations |
|
|
355 | (8) |
|
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
12.3.2 Contract and resulting trust |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
12.3.4 A special kind of joint tenancy |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
|
|
363 | (6) |
|
12.4.1 The beneficiary principle |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 The exceptions to the rule |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
12.4.3 Trusts for monuments or graves |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
12.4.4 Trusts for the maintenance of particular animals |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
12.4.6 Trusts for the saying of masses |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
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|
|
370 | (1) |
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|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
| Chapter 13 Charitable trusts |
|
371 | (56) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
13.1 The advantages of charitable status |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
13.2 The Charity Commission |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
13.3 The legal definition of charity |
|
|
374 | (7) |
|
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
13.3.2 The four heads of charity |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
13.3.3 The 'twelve heads of charity' |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
13.3.5 The Charities Act 2006 and public benefit |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
13.3.6 Public benefit and the Equality Act 2010 |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
13.4 The relief of poverty |
|
|
381 | (5) |
|
13.4.1 The definition of poverty |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
13.4.2 Public benefit and the relief of poverty |
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
13.5 The advancement of education |
|
|
386 | (11) |
|
13.5.1 Education includes teaching and research |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
13.5.2 Education includes the advancement of culture |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
13.5.3 The value of the education provided |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
13.5.4 Political purposes |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
13.5.5 Public benefit in the advancement of education |
|
|
393 | (4) |
|
13.6 The advancement of religion |
|
|
397 | (6) |
|
13.6.1 The definition of religion |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
13.6.2 When is a 'religion' unacceptable? |
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
13.6.3 Public benefit in the advancement of religion |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
13.7 Other purposes beneficial to the community |
|
|
403 | (4) |
|
13.7.1 Aged, impotent, and sick |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
13.7.2 Public benefit in charities to relieve the aged and impotent |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
13.9.1 Animals useful to mankind |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
13.9.2 To reduce the pain and suffering of animals |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
13.9.3 Public benefit in animal charities |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
13.10 Sport and recreation |
|
|
410 | (6) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
13.10.2 Sport as part of education |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
13.10.3 Sport and public benefit |
|
|
412 | (4) |
|
13.11 The cy-pres doctrine |
|
|
416 | (7) |
|
13.11.1 When cy-pres applies |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
13.11.2 Subsequent failure |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (4) |
|
13.11.4 Amalgamation and merger of charities |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
| Chapter 14 Variation of trust |
|
427 | (20) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
14.2 Powers to vary a trust |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
14.2.1 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
14.2.2 Mental Health Act 1983 |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
14.2.4 Settled Land Act 1925 |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
14.2.5 The inherent power of the court |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
14.3 Variation of Trusts Act 1958 |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
14.3.1 What is an arrangement? |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Is an arrangement a disposition of an equitable interest? |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
14.4 For whom does the court consent? |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
14.4.1 The meaning of section 1(1)(b) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
14.4.2 Adult beneficiaries |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (6) |
|
14.5.1 The wishes of the settler/testator |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
14.5.3 Export of the trust |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
14.5.4 Moral and social benefit |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (2) |
| Chapter 15 Beach of treat |
|
447 | (30) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
15.1 The trustees' duty of care |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
15.1.1 The standard of care |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
15.2 The fiduciary nature of trusteeship |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
15.3 Equitable compensation |
|
|
450 | (7) |
|
15.3.1 The traditional duty to restore the trust fund |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
15.3.2 Equitable compensation in the modern age |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
15.3.3 Difficulties in assessing the level of compensation |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
15.3.4 Should the test of liability be causation? |
|
|
453 | (3) |
|
15.3.5 The trustees' liability for lack of reasonable care and skill |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
15.4 The liability of individual trustees |
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
15.4.1 A 'sleeping' trustee is liable for the actions of the other trustees |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
15.4.2 When a trustee can escape liability |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
15.4.3 The trustees' liability to the beneficiaries |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
15.4.4 The liability of retiring trustees |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
15.5 The criminal liability of trustees |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
15.6 Protection of trustees |
|
|
461 | (7) |
|
15.6.1 Trustee exemption clauses |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
15.6.2 Consent of the beneficiaries |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
15.6.3 Impounding the beneficiaries' interests |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
15.6.4 Section 61 of the Trustee Act 1925 |
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
|
|
468 | (6) |
|
15.7.1 The time limits for commencing an action |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
15.7.2 There is no statutory time limit for fraud or to recover trust property |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
15.7.3 The limitation period applies if it is not a 'true' trust |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
15.7.4 Limitation periods for future beneficiaries |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
15.7.5 The doctrine of laches |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
| Chapter 16 Constructive trusts |
|
477 | (36) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
16.2 General application of constructive trust |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
16.2.1 Abuse of fiduciary position |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
16.2.2 What is fiduciary relationship? |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
16.2.3 Unauthorized activities of trustees occasioning breach of trust |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
16.3 Unauthorized transactions |
|
|
484 | (9) |
|
|
|
484 | (4) |
|
|
|
488 | (5) |
|
16.4 Liability of third parties (strangers) in constructive trusts |
|
|
493 | (6) |
|
16.4.1 Who is a trustee de son tort? |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 Dishonest assistance |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
16.4.3 What is dishonesty? |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
16.4.4 Knowing receipt of trust money or property |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
16.5 Nature of constructive trust |
|
|
499 | (10) |
|
16.5.1 Institutional constructive trust |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 Effect of constructive trust |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
16.5.3 Remedial constructive trust |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
16.5.4 Origin and rationale of remedial constructive trust |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
16.5.5 Remedial trust is not automatically retrospective |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
16.5.6 Current trends in the English courts: A move towards remedial constructive trust? |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
16.5.7 The future of remedial trust in England |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (2) |
| Chapter 17 Tracing |
|
513 | (24) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
17.1.1 A definition of tracing |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
17.1.2 Common law and equitable tracing |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
17.2.1 The property may change its form |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
17.2.2 The property may increase in value |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (11) |
|
17.3.1 The need for a trust or fiduciary relationship |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
17.3.2 Tracing into a mixed fund |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 The wrongdoer spends his own money first |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
17.3.4 The rule of the lowest intermediate balance |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
17 3.5 Tracing into overdrawn bank accounts |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
17.3.6 The first in, first out rule: The rule in Clayton's Case |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
17.3.7 Increases in value |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
17.4 Tracing against volunteers |
|
|
530 | (3) |
|
17.4.1 Bona fide purchaser for value without notice |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
17.4.2 Innocent volunteers |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
17.4.3 The change of position defence |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (2) |
| Chapter 18 Trusts of the family home |
|
537 | (42) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
18.1 The myth of common law marriage |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
18.2 Declarations of trust |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
18.2.1 Land requires a written declaration of trust |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
18.2.2 Other documents may be disregarded |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
18.2.3 Joint tenants or tenants in common |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
18.3 Solutions from equity |
|
|
542 | (5) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
18.3.2 Proprietary estoppel |
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
18.3.3 Constructive trust |
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
18.4 The two categories in Lloyds Bank v Rosset |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
18.4.1 Oral agreement and acting to one's detriment |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
18.4.2 Direct financial contributions |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
18.4.3 Lloyds Bank v Rosset and other cases |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
18.5 Oral agreement and detriment |
|
|
549 | (7) |
|
18.5.1 The oral agreement |
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
18.5.2 Actions that qualify as detrimental reliance |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
18.5.3 Actions that do not qualify as detrimental reliance |
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
18.6 Financial contributions |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
18.7 Indirect financial contributions |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
18.8 Quantifying the size of the equitable interests |
|
|
559 | (10) |
|
18.8.1 This is the second stage of the process |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
18.8.2 The resulting trust solution |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
18.8.3 Equality is equity |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
18.8.4 The whole course of dealing |
|
|
562 | (4) |
|
18.8.5 The presumption of equal shares |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
18.9 What sort of trust is this? |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
|
571 | (3) |
|
18.10.1 Law Commission: Sharing homes |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
18.10.2 Law Commission: Cohabitation |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (3) |
| Chapter 19 Equitable remedies |
|
579 | (42) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
19.1.1 Injunctions are discretionary |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
19.1.2 Against whom can injunctive orders be made? |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
19.2.1 Requirements for the grant of injunctions |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
19.2.2 Is there any limit to the court's jurisdiction to grant injunctions? |
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
19.3 Principles guiding the grant of injunctions |
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
19.3.1 Inappropriateness of legal remedies such as damages |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
19.3.2 Past and future conduct of claimants |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
19.3.3 Futility of an order |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
19.4 When would the courts award damages instead of injunction? |
|
|
589 | (13) |
|
19.4.1 Principles applicable to the grant of damages in lieu of injunctions |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
19.4.2 Principles guiding the grant of interim injunctions |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
19.4.3 What does 'frivolous or vexatious' mean in this context? |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
19.4.4 American Cyanamid's six guiding principles for granting interim injunctions |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
19.4.5 Limits or exceptions to American Cyanamid principles |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
19.5 Specific interim injunctions |
|
|
602 | (4) |
|
19.5.1 Freezing injunctions: Freezing the assets of the defendant |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
19.5.2 Principles guiding the grant of freezing injunctions |
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
|
|
606 | (6) |
|
19.6.1 The rationale of search order distinguished from Entick v Carrington |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
19.6.2 Guidelines for granting search order |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
19.6.3 Safeguards to protect the defendants |
|
|
609 | (3) |
|
19.7 Specific performance |
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
19.8 On what grounds may the court refuse specific performance? |
|
|
614 | (4) |
|
19.8.1 Contract relating to personality |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
19.8.2 Contracts requiring constant supervision by the court |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
19.8.3 Contracts to carry on a business or any comparable series of activities |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
19.8.4 Contract for personal services |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
19.8.5 Contract lacking in mutuality |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
19.8.6 Where specific performance will be futile |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
| Index |
|
621 | |
