| Preface |
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xi | |
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List of Figures, Maps and Tables |
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xiii | |
| Abbreviations and Symbols |
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xv | |
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1 | (31) |
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1.1 Ergativity, an Enigma in Semitic Linguistics? |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Neo-Aramaic Dialects in the Land of Rivers |
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3 | (8) |
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1.2.1 Above the Tigris: Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) Dialect Bundle |
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5 | (3) |
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1.2.2 Below the Tigris: Dialects of Tur 'Abdin |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Writing a Spoken Language: Sociolinguistic Factors |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Converging Neighbors: Areal Factors |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5 Previous Approaches to Alignment in Eastern Neo-Aramaic |
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11 | (11) |
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1.5.1 Early Scholarship: Passive or Possessive |
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11 | (7) |
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1.5.2 Recent Typo logical Approaches |
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18 | (4) |
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1.6 Aims and Scope of This Book |
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22 | (2) |
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1.7 Sources and Transcription Conventions |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (6) |
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2 Who Did What to Whom in the Context of Neo-Aramaic |
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32 | (68) |
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2.1 Main Components of Verbal Inflection in Neo-Aramaic |
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33 | (11) |
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34 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Basic Stems qat∂l-/qot∂l- vs. qtil-and Their Derivations |
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36 | (3) |
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2.1.3 Sets of Person Markers: E-suffixes and L-suffixes |
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39 | (3) |
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2.1.4 Preverbal TAM-marking and the -wa-affix |
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42 | (2) |
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2.2 (Pro)nominals and Verbal Constructions Derived from (Pro)nominals |
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44 | (14) |
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45 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Unmarked vs. Prepositional Pronouns |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Nouns as Verbs and Verbs as Nouns: Non-verbal Clauses and Nominal Forms of the Verb |
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51 | (4) |
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2.2.5 Objects on `Nouny' Verbs |
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55 | (3) |
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2.3 Denning and Identifying the Alignment of Who Did What to Whom |
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58 | (38) |
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2.3.1 Arguments in the Clause and Their Core Functions |
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59 | (8) |
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2.3.2 Alignment: Morphological Properties |
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67 | (18) |
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2.3.3 Syntactic Properties: Role and Reference Inversion in Neo-Aramaic |
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85 | (11) |
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2.4 Conclusion: A Construction-Specific Approach |
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96 | (1) |
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2.5 Overviews of Inflection |
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97 | (3) |
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3 Ergativity and Its Typology: The Trans-Zab Jewish Dialects |
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100 | (107) |
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3.1 Main Morphosyntactic Hallmarks |
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102 | (8) |
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3.1.1 Verb-Final Word Order |
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102 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Prepositional Marking of Objects |
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103 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Verbal Inflection and Person Marking |
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105 | (5) |
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3.2 Ergativity and Alignment Splits in Typological Perspectives |
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110 | (19) |
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3.2.1 Clause- and Verb-Related Factors for Alignment Splits |
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111 | (8) |
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3.2.2 Argument-Related Factors for Alignment Splits: Prominence |
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119 | (10) |
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3.3 Ergativity and Patient-Related Splits in Trans-Zab Jewish NENA |
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129 | (19) |
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3.3.1 Alignment of qtil- in Southeastern Trans-Zab Jewish Dialects |
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130 | (8) |
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3.3.2 Comparative Syntax of Trans-Zab Jewish Dialects |
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138 | (10) |
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3.4 Ergativity and Splits along the Tense-Aspect-Mood Scale |
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148 | (25) |
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3.4.1 Filling the Gap of the Transitive Perfect |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Rustaqa: Ergative and Tripartite Resultative |
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152 | (3) |
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3.4.4 Koy Sanjaq: Competing Resultattves |
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155 | (2) |
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3.4.5 Urmi: Mixing Resultattves |
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157 | (3) |
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3.4.6 Sulemaniyya: Gender-Conditioned Ergativity |
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160 | (4) |
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3.4.7 Jewish NENA in West Iran: Ergative Third Person |
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164 | (9) |
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3.5 Ergativity and Transitivity: Argument Omission and Valency Alternations |
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173 | (29) |
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3.5.1 Patient Omission: Lexical Transitivity |
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174 | (7) |
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3.5.2 Agent Omission: Ergative and Antipassive Typology |
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181 | (12) |
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3.5.3 Agent Omission in Compound Verbal Forms in West Iranian Jewish Dialects of NENA |
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193 | (6) |
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3.5.4 Transitivity and Alternations in Northwest Iranian Jewish Dialects of NENA |
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199 | (3) |
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3.6 Conclusion: Construction-Specific, Not Alignment-Specific Factors |
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202 | (5) |
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4 Christian and Western Jewish Dialects of NENA |
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207 | (95) |
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4.1 Preliminary Notes on Morphosyntax |
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211 | (10) |
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4.1.1 Person Marking in Transitive Perfective Past Constructions |
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211 | (4) |
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4.1.2 The Copula and Compound Veral Forms |
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215 | (5) |
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4.1.3 Prepositional Marking of Agents |
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220 | (1) |
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4.2 Ergative or Passive? Agents in and out of Focus |
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221 | (27) |
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4.2.1 The Importance of Zero |
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222 | (5) |
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4.2.2 On Agent {De]focusing and Passive Typology |
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227 | (5) |
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4.2.3 Passive-Like Properties and Anticausattves |
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232 | (6) |
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4.2.4 Ergative-Like Properties |
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238 | (10) |
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4.3 Verb-Related Factors: Grammaticalization of Resultatives |
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248 | (12) |
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4.3.1 Tense-Aspect Associated Person Marking: sand a |
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248 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Transitivization of Compound Verbal Constructions |
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250 | (10) |
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4.4 Argument-Related Factors: Harmonizing the Object |
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260 | (35) |
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4.4.1 Person-Role Constraints |
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261 | (9) |
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4.4.2 Alternative I: Independent Object Pronouns |
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270 | (5) |
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4.4.3 Alternative II: Stacking of L-suffixes |
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275 | (6) |
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4.4.4 Alternative III: Mixing of L- and E-suffixes |
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281 | (5) |
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4.4.5 Alternative IV: qam-qat∂l-construction |
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286 | (9) |
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4.5 Conclusion: Cross-System Harmonization |
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295 | (7) |
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5 Below the Tigris: The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Tur 'Abdin and Mlahso |
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302 | (47) |
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5.1 Morphosyntactic Traits of Central Neo-Aramaic |
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303 | (6) |
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5.1.1 Stems Disengaged: *m∂qtol- vs. *qot∂l- |
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303 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Stems Entangled: Phonological Reduction |
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305 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Unmarked and Prepositional Pronouns |
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306 | (1) |
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5.1.4 Differential Object Marking and Word Order |
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307 | (2) |
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5.2 The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Tur 'Abdin |
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309 | (28) |
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5.2.1 Patient-Related Factors |
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309 | (7) |
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5.2.2 Agent-Related Factors: Optional Flagging |
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316 | (8) |
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5.2.3 Voice and Other Verb-Related Factors: *qtil- vs. *qattil- |
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324 | (13) |
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5.3 The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Mlahso |
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337 | (7) |
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5.3.1 Alignment of Person Marking |
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337 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Neutralizing Subject Coding: Mediopassive with L-suffixes |
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339 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Special Perfect Forms Based on *qattil- |
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341 | (3) |
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5.4 The Primacy of Intransitive Coding |
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344 | (1) |
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5.5 Summary from Stem to Stern |
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345 | (4) |
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6 Cross-Dialectal Synopsis of the Morphosyntax |
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349 | (42) |
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6.1 Tense-Aspect-Sensitive Splits |
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350 | (6) |
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6.1.1 The Tense-Aspect-Mood scale |
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350 | (3) |
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6.1.2 From Stative-Resultative to Preterit |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (17) |
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6.2.1 Prepositional and Verbal Person Marking Entangled |
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357 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Ergative-Like Markedness |
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362 | (5) |
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6.2.3 Role Reference Inversion |
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367 | (3) |
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6.2.4 What about Ditransittves? |
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370 | (3) |
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6.3 Splits and Transitivity Alternations |
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373 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Contextualizing the Agent |
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373 | (3) |
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6.3.2 Recovering the Patient |
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376 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Split Intransitivity |
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379 | (3) |
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6.4 Splits Based on Argument Properties |
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382 | (9) |
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6.4.1 Patient-Related Scales |
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383 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Agent-Related Scales |
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387 | (4) |
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391 | (14) |
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7.1 Constructions Leading a Life of Their Own |
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391 | (5) |
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7.1.1 Identifying Argument Groupings |
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391 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Ergativity from Typological Perspectives |
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392 | (3) |
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7.1.3 Recommendations for Future Research |
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395 | (1) |
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7.2 A Taxonomy of Major Alignment Types |
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396 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Accusative Alignment (A=S#P) |
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396 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Ergative Alignment (A#S=P) |
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397 | (4) |
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7.2.3 Other Basic Alignment Types |
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401 | (4) |
| References |
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405 | (21) |
| Index of Languages and Geographical Names |
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426 | (4) |
| Index of Subjects |
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430 | |
