E-grāmata: Ergonomics and Safety in Hand Tool Design

Chapter 1 History of Hand Tools 1(4) Janet L. Signo Scott C. Jackson
Chapter 2 Human Factors and the Hand Tool 5(10) 2.1 Discussion 5(1) 2.2 Human Factors and Ergonomics 5(1) 2.3 Why Have Hand Tools been Created? 6(3) 2.3.1 Strength 7(1) 2.3.2 Penetrability 8(1) 2.3.3 Bluntness 8(1) 2.3.4 Shortness 8(1) 2.3.5 Flexibility 8(1) 2.3.6 Limited Speed 9(1) 2.3.7 Summary 9(1) 2.4 Systems 9(3) 2.4.1 Two Major Systems 10(1) 2.4.1.1 Summary 11(1) 2.4.2 Closed Loop Systems: Levels of Complexity 11(1) 2.4.2.1 Level 1 11(1) 2.4.2.2 Level 2 11(1) 2.4.2.3 Leve1 3 11(1) 2.4.2.4 Level 4 11(1) 2.4.3 The Human/Hand Tool System 11(1) 2.4.4 System Improvement and Evolution 12(1) 2.5 Sensory Motor Considerations 12(1) 2.5.1 Positioning 13(1) 2.5.2 Repetition 13(1) 2.5.3 Continuous 13(1) 2.5.4 Serial 13(1) 2.5.5 Static 13(1) 2.6 Summary 13(1) 2.7 Tracking 13(2)
Chapter 3 Epidemiology of Tool Use 15(8) 3.1 Introduction 15(1) 3.2 Bureau of Labor Statistic 15(1) 3.3 Consumer Product Safety Commission 15(2) 3.4 Additional Study 17(2) 3.5 General Conclusions 19(4)
Chapter 4 Pathology and Physiology of Hand and Arm 23(6) 4.1 Discussion 23(1) 4.2 Musculoskeletal Disorders 23(3) 4.2.1 Types of Musculoskeletal Disorders 23(1) 4.2.1.1 Tendon Disorders 23(1) 4.2.1.2 Nerve Disorders 24(1) 4.2.1.3 Neurovascular Disorders 24(1) 4.2.2 General Etiology: Cumulative Trauma 24(1) 4.2.2.1 Posture 25(1) 4.2.2.2 Force 26(1) 4.2.2.3 Repetition 26(1) 4.2.2.4 Duration 26(1) 4.2.2.5 Interrelationship 26(1) 4.3 Instant Trauma 26(1) 4.4 Vibrations 27(2) 4.4.1 Areas of Concern 27(1) 4.4.2 Vibration Control 27(2)
Chapter 5 Anatomy of the Upper Extremity 29(18) 5.1 Overview 29(4) 5.1.1 Regional and Surface Anatomy 29(2) 5.1.2 Reference Points 31(2) 5.2 Skeletal System 33(5) 5.2.1 Functions 33(1) 5.2.2 Types of Bones 34(1) 5.2.3 Joints 35(1) 5.2.4 Bones in the Upper Extremity 35(1) 5.2.4.1 The Shoulder 36(1) 5.2.4.2 The Arm 36(1) 5.2.4.3 Wrist and Hand 37(1) 5.3 Muscles 38(4) 5.3.1 Characteristics 38(1) 5.3.2 Major Muscles 38(1) 5.3.2.1 Muscles Connecting Shoulder to Torso 39(1) 5.3.2.2 Muscles Connecting Arm to Torso 39(1) 5.3.2.3 Muscles Connecting the Shoulder to Arm 40(1) 5.3.2.4 Muscles of the Arm 40(1) 5.3.2.5 Muscles of the Forearm 41(1) 5.3.2.6 Muscles within the Hand 41(1) 5.4 Circulatory System 42(1) 5.4.1 Major Arteries 42(1) 5.4.2 Major Veins 43(1) 5.5 Nervous System 43(4) 5.5.1 Major Nerves 44(3)
Chapter 6 Anthropometry of the Hand 47(12) 6.1 Discussion 47(1) 6.2 Goal 47(1) 6.3 Important Characteristics 47(2) 6.3.1 Large Numbers 47(1) 6.3.2 Procedures in Measurement 47(2) 6.3.3 Reporting and Analyzing Measurements 49(1) 6.3.4 Subgroups 49(1) 6.4 Applying the Information 49(2) 6.4.1 Clearance 50(1) 6.4.2 Reach 50(1) 6.4.3 Adjustability 50(1) 6.4.4 Average Dimension 50(1) 6.4.5 Adaptability 50(1) 6.5 Correlation and Additivity 51(1) 6.6 Tables 51(8)
Chapter 7 Kinesiology of Arm and Hand 59(12) 7.1 Introduction 59(1) 7.2 Kinesiology 59(12) 7.2.1 Movements within Joints 59(1) 7.2.1.1 Hinge Joint 59(1) 7.2.1.2 Pivot Joint 60(1) 7.2.1.3 Ball-and-Socket Joint 60(1) 7.2.1.4 Gliding Joint 60(1) 7.2.1.5 Condyloid Joint 61(1) 7.2.1.6 Saddle Joint 61(1) 7.2.2 Basic Human Movements 61(1) 7.2.2.1 Flexion 62(1) 7.2.2.2 Extension 62(1) 7.2.2.3 Abduction 62(1) 7.2.2.4 Adduction 62(1) 7.2.2.5 Rotation 62(1) 7.2.2.6 Circumduction 62(1) 7.2.2.7 Inversion 62(1) 7.2.2.8 Eversion 62(1) 7.2.2.9 Protraction 62(1) 7.2.2.10 Retraction 62(1) 7.2.2.11 Elevation 63(1) 7.2.2.12 Depression 63(1) 7.2.2.13 Pronation 63(1) 7.2.2.14 Supination 63(1) 7.2.3 Movements of Arm and Hand 63(1) 7.2.3.1 Moving the Shoulder 63(1) 7.2.3.2 Moving the Upper Arm 64(1) 7.2.3.3 Moving the Forearm 65(2) 7.2.3.4 Moving the Hand 67(1) 7.2.3.5 Movement of the Thumb 68(1) 7.2.3.6 Movement of Finger 68(1) 7.2.4 Manipulation 69(2)
Chapter 8 Biomechanics and Hand Tools 71(8) 8.1 Introduction 71(1) 8.2 Basic Mechanical Functions 71(5) 8.2.1 Pulleys 71(1) 8.2.1.1 Pulleys within Biological Systems 72(1) 8.2.2 Levers 73(1) 8.2.2.1 First Class Lever 73(1) 8.2.2.2 Second Class Lever 73(1) 8.2.2.3 Third Class Lever 74(1) 8.2.3 Levers in Arm and Hand 75(1) 8.2.4 Calculations 75(1) 8.3 Summary 76(3)
Chapter 9 Ergonomics and the Hand Tool 79(8) 9.1 Discussion 79(1) 9.2 Scope of Ergonomics 79(1) 9.3 Ergonomics in Design 79(1) 9.4 Ergonomically-Oriented Hand Tool Design 80(2) 9.4.1 Maintain a Straight Wrist 80(1) 9.4.2 Provide an Optimal Grip Span 80(1) 9.4.3 Avoid Tissue Compression 81(1) 9.4.4 Protect Against Heat, Cold, Vibration Extremes 82(1) 9.5 Suggested Dimensions and Configurations 82(1) 9.6 Considering the Shoulder 82(1) 9.7 Other Considerations 82(5) 9.7.1 Second Handle 85(1) 9.7.2 Expanding Spring 85(1) 9.7.3 Thumb Stop 85(1) 9.7.4 Gloves 85(2)
Chapter 10 Safe Design and Safe Use of Hand Tools 87(10) 10.1 Discussion 87(1) 10.2 General Incidence 87(1) 10.3 Definition and Categories 87(1) 10.3.1 Specific Incidence 87(1) 10.4 General Considerations 88(1) 10.5 Safe Design 88(5) 10.5.1 Loss of Grip 88(2) 10.5.2 Crushing in Between 90(1) 10.5.3 Accidental Activation 91(1) 10.5.4 Other Hazards 91(2) 10.6 Safe Use 93(4)
Chapter 11 Programs 97(2) 11.1 Discussion 97(1) 11.2 Is a Hand Tool Safety Program Needed? 97(1) 11.3 Hand Tool Program Characteristics 97(2)
Chapter 12 Validation Procedures 99(8) 12.1 Introduction 99(1) 12.2 Change Over Time 99(1) 12.3 Before and After Procedure 99(2) 12.3.1 Initial Observation 100(1) 12.3.2 Affecting a Change 100(1) 12.3.3 Secondary Observation 100(1) 12.3.3.1 Prerequisites in Secondary Observation 100(1) 12.4 Case Study 101(2) 12.5 The Other Design 103(4) 12.5.1 Explanation 103(1) 12.5.2 Before and After Technique with Control Procedure 104(1) 12.5.3 Case Study 104(3) References 107(2) Further Reading 109(2) Index 111 Preface v(8) Contributors xiii PART
1. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 3(36) 1 Setting Up a New Cell Culture Laboratory 3(8) Michelle F. Scott Catherine M. Bentley Carolynne T. Marshall 2 Adaptation of Mammalian Cells to Growth in Serum-Free Media 11(12) Martin S. Sinacore Denis Drapeau S.R. Adamson 3 Viral Evaluation of Animal Cell Lines Used in Biotechnology 23(16) Alasdair J. Shepherd Kenneth T. Smith PART II. MOLECULAR METHODS 39(92) 4 Optimizing Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells 39(10) Lucia Monaco 5 Cytogenetic Characterization of Recombinant Cells 49(12) Florian M. Wurm Dietmar Schiffmann 6 Immortalization Strategies for Mammalian Cells 61(12) John Stephen McLean 7 Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies: Immunization and Production Protocols 73(26) Margaret Goodall 8 Cell Bank Preparation and Characterization 99(18) Stephen J. Froud 9 DNA Fingerprinting and Characterization of Animal Cells 117(14) Glyn N. Stacey PART III. CELL EVALUATION PROTOCOLS 131(48) 10 Cell Counting and Viability Measurements 131(14) Michael Butler 11 Monitoring Animal Cell Growth and Productivity by Flow Cytometry 145(10) Mohamed Al-Rubeai 12 Measurement of Cell Death in Culture 155(10) Afshin Samali Thomas G. Cotter 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods of Monitoring Cell Metabolism 165(14) Maria L. Anthony Shane N. O. Williams Kevin M. Brindle PART IV. SPECIALIST TECHNIQUES 179(76) 14 Culturing Animal Cells in Fluidized Bed Reactors 179(8) Annette Waugh 15 GPI-Anchored Fusion Proteins 187(14) Malcolm L. Kennard Gregory A. Lizee Wilfred A. Jefferies 16 Harvesting GPI-Anchored Proteins from CHO Cells 201(10) Malcolm L. Kennard James M. Piret 17 Hematopoietic Cells for Cellular and Gene Therapy: I. Basic Assay Techniques 211(1) Sigma S. Mostafa Diane L. Hevehan Todd A. AfAdams E. Terry Papoutsakis William M. Miller 18 Hematopoietic Cells for Cellular and Gene Therapy: II. Expansion Protocols 211(28) Todd A. McAdams E. Terry Papoutsakis William M. Miller 19 Cytotoxicity Testing Using Cell Lines 239(16) Lorraine D. Buckberry PART V. PRODUCT EVALUATION PROTOCOLS 255(44) 20 Measuring the Folding Dynamics of Recombinant Proteins Secreted from Mammalian Cells 255(8) Neil J. Bulleid Adrian R. Walmsley 21 Control of Proteolysis in Cell Culture: Use of Inhibitors and Engineered Cell Lines 263(14) Maria G. Castro Simon Windeatt Marcelo J. Perone 22 Monitoring Recombinant Glycoprotein Heterogeneity 277(12) Andrew D. Hooker David C. James 23 Measurement of Cell-Culture Glycosidase Activity 289(10) Michael J. Gramer Index 299

Cacha, Charles A.