Foreword |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
Biographies |
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xv | |
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SECTION I Introduction and Background |
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3 | (12) |
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1.1 Basics of Microfluidic Lab-on-Chips |
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4 | (5) |
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1.1.1 Digital Microfluidic Lab-on-chips |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Biochips based on Micro-Electrode Dot-Array (MEDA) architecture |
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6 | (3) |
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1.2 Basics of sample preparation and volumetric split-errors |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4 Organization of the book |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (12) |
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15 | (3) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Concentration and Dilution factors |
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16 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Automated dilution of a Sample Fluid |
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16 | (1) |
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2.1.3.1 Linear and serial dilution |
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17 | (1) |
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2.1.3.2 Exponential and interpolated dilution |
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18 | (1) |
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2.2 Prior-work on sample preparation |
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18 | (3) |
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2.3 Effect of volumetric split-errors on target concentration |
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21 | (1) |
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2.4 Error-correction during multi-target sample preparation |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (4) |
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SECTION II Literature Review |
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Chapter 3 Error Recovery Methods for Biochips |
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27 | (18) |
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3.1 Design objectives for error-recovery |
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27 | (2) |
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3.2 Error Recovery with regular DMFBs |
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29 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Integrated control-path design and error recovery |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Synthesis of Protocols on DMFBs with operational variability |
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30 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Error recovery in cyber-physical DMFBs |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Dictionary-based Real-time Error Recovery |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Dynamic error recovery during sample preparation |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Redundancy-based error recovery in DMFBs |
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34 | (1) |
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3.3 Error-recovery with MEDA Biochips |
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35 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Droplet Size-Aware and Error-Correcting Sample Preparation |
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35 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Adaptive Error Recovery in MEDA biochips |
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37 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Roll-Forward Error Recovery in MEDA Biochips |
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38 | (4) |
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42 | (3) |
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SECTION III Design Automation Methods |
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Chapter 4 Error-Correcting Sample Preparation with Cyber-physical DMFBs |
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45 | (28) |
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4.1 Automated sample preparation |
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46 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Roll-forward Scheme for Error Recovery |
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46 | (2) |
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4.2 Motivation and problem formulation |
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48 | (11) |
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4.2.1 Error modeling: effect of errors on target-CFs |
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49 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Impact of multiple errors on target-CF: error collapsing |
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51 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Critical and non-critical errors |
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52 | (4) |
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4.2.4 Cancellation of concentration error at the target |
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56 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Problem Formulation |
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58 | (1) |
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4.3 Error-correcting dilution algorithm |
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59 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Reaction path: critical operation |
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59 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Roll-forward error recovery |
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60 | (4) |
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4.4 Designing an LoC for implementing ECSP |
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64 | (1) |
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4.4.1 Description of the layout |
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64 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Simulation of error-correcting dilution |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (5) |
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70 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Effect of Volumetric Split-Errors on Target-Concentration |
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73 | (18) |
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5.1 Error-recovery approaches: prior art |
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73 | (1) |
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5.2 Cyber-physical technique for error-recovery |
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74 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Compilation for error-recovery |
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74 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Working principle of cyber-physical-based DMFBs |
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75 | (2) |
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5.3 Effect of split-errors on target-CFs |
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77 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Single volumetric split-error |
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77 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Multiple volumetric split-errors |
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78 | (2) |
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5.4 Worst-case error in target-CF |
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80 | (4) |
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5.5 Maximum CF-error: A justification |
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84 | (5) |
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89 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Error-Oblivious Sample Preparation with DMFBs |
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91 | (30) |
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6.1 Sample preparation using DMFBs |
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92 | (4) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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6.1.2.2 Volumetric split error |
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93 | (1) |
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6.1.2.3 Critical/non-critical set of errors |
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94 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Summary of Prior Art |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (4) |
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6.3.1 Critical and Non-critical set of errors |
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100 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Effect of Multiple Errors on target-CFs |
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101 | (2) |
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6.4 Baseline approach to error-obliviousness |
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103 | (2) |
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6.5 Resulting methodology |
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105 | (7) |
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112 | (6) |
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118 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Robust Multi-Target Sample Preparation On-Demand with DMFBs |
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121 | (26) |
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123 | (1) |
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7.2 Basics of sample preparation |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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7.4 On-demand multi-target dilution-problem (MTD) |
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126 | (4) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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7.5 Rapid production of target-CFs on-the-fly |
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130 | (6) |
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7.5.1 Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation |
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131 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Approximation scheme |
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132 | (4) |
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7.6 Generating partial set of concentration factors |
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136 | (2) |
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7.7 Reduction of on-chip reservoirs |
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138 | (1) |
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7.8 Streaming of different source concentrations |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (3) |
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7.9.1 Performance evaluation of ILP and the approximation scheme |
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141 | (1) |
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7.9.2 Performance evaluation of BCS scheme |
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142 | (1) |
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7.9.3 Performance evaluation of MTSE |
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142 | (1) |
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7.9.4 Performance of the integrated dilution scheme with MTSE |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Robust Multi-Target Sample Preparation with MEDA Biochips |
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147 | (30) |
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8.1 Preliminaries and Background |
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149 | (5) |
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8.1.1 Digital Microfluidics with MEDA |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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8.1.4 Minimization of waste droplets |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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8.3 Effect of dispensing errors on target-CF |
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159 | (4) |
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163 | (1) |
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8.5 Resulting Methodology |
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163 | (2) |
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8.5.1 Split-less ECF dilution forest |
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163 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Split-less dilution-tree for the target-CF |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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8.7 Error-free multiple target sample preparation |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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8.8.1 Single-Target Sample Preparation |
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168 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Multi-Target Sample Preparation |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 Summary and Future Directions |
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177 | (4) |
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Appendix A Error-Correcting Sample Preparation with Cyber-physical DMFBs |
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181 | (22) |
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A.1 Cyber-physical system |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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A.1.1.2 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)-based Sensing |
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182 | (1) |
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A.1.1.3 Capacitive Sensing |
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183 | (1) |
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A.1.2 Integration of biochip and control software |
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184 | (2) |
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A.2 Error recovery in rollback and roll-forward approaches |
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186 | (1) |
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A.3 Snapshots of concentration errors |
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187 | (1) |
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A.4 Snapshots of the biochip layout and simulation |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (14) |
Index |
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203 | |