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E-grāmata: Essential Interoperability Standards: Interfacing Intellectual Property and Competition in International Economic Law

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"The present book, based upon a doctoral thesis submitted to the University of Bern, Switzerland, carefully and extensively addresses the legal challenges encountered in the field of standards-essential intellectual property (SEIP), and in particular of standards-essential patents (SEP). Dr Brinsmead analyses different school of thought and approaches in case law, in particular in the EU, the US and China. He carefully studies the background in international law and domestic law, in particular competition law. While the EU and China essentially rely upon competition law and in result on the essential facility doctrine containing the abuse of a dominant position, the US approach essentially relies upon restrictions inherent to intellectual property, in particular fair use and compulsory licensing. The book expounds the relevant case law in these jurisdictions and discusses pro and cons of different approaches, taking into account the literature on law and economics. It offers a wealth of information on the timely subject, from surveys of relevant international law to detailed accounts of the case law. It includes a pertinent history of the essential facility doctrine and thus of the relationship of intellectual property and competition law on both sides of the Atlantic. The author concludes by supporting an approach based upon inherent but limited restrictions of IP to liability and compensation, as opposed to property rights entitling full injunctions. He suggests developing an expert manual able to guide domestic courts within the framework of existing international law, in particular the TRIPs Agreement of the WTO. A very interesting draft proposal completes the work"--

Papildus informācija

Proposes a new expert-led international instrument to address access to essential technical standards.
Foreword xvii
Thomas Cottier
Preface xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
Part I Foundations and Problems
1 Introduction
3(13)
1.1 Interoperability Standards, Network Externalities and Market Dominance
3(1)
1.2 Balancing the Interests of Creators and Users of Essential Interoperability Standards through Intellectual Property and Competition Law
4(4)
1.3 Interfacing Intellectual Property and Competition in International Economic Law
8(2)
1.4 Methodology
10(4)
1.5 Structure of This Work
14(2)
2 Standards and Interoperability Standards
16(38)
2.1 The Fundamental Importance of Standards and Interoperability
16(1)
2.2 Defining the Concept of an Interoperability Standard
17(8)
2.2.1 Some Basic Definitions
17(2)
2.2.2 Typologies of Standards
19(2)
2.2.3 Interoperability Standards: Definitions
21(4)
2.3 Notable Interoperability Standards: from QWERTY towards an Internet of Things
25(11)
2.3.1 Keyboard Configurations: QWERTY and Its Discontents
26(1)
2.3.2 Video Recording Formats: the Standards War between VHS and BETAMAX
27(1)
2.3.3 The 802.11 Family of Wireless Area Network Standards
28(1)
2.3.4 Internet Standards: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
29(3)
2.3.5 Mobile Wireless Standards: from 1G to 4G and beyond
32(1)
2.3.6 Near Field Communications Standards
33(1)
2.3.7 Mobile Payment Standards: Cash Goes Wireless
34(1)
2.3.8 Towards an Internet of Things
35(1)
2.4 Who Makes Interoperability Standards?
36(8)
2.4.1 International Organizations: the International Telecommunication Union
37(2)
2.4.2 International Bodies: ISO, IEEE and IETF
39(3)
2.4.3 Regional and National Standard-Setting Organizations
42(1)
2.4.4 Private Standard-Setting Organizations and Consortia
43(1)
2.4.5 Single-Firm Standard-Setting
44(1)
2.5 The Creation of Interoperability Standards
44(4)
2.5.1 Overview of the Standard-Setting Process
44(2)
2.5.2 'Best Practice': ISO and Others
46(2)
2.6 Economic Characteristics of Interoperability Standards: Network Effects, and How Standards Become Standard
48(6)
2.6.1 Standardization through Force of Law
48(1)
2.6.2 Standardization through Widespread Marketplace Acceptance
49(5)
3 Interoperability Standards and International Economic Law
54(27)
3.1 The Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement
54(15)
3.1.1 The Minimum Standards of Protection Articulated in the Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement
54(3)
3.1.2 Certain Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement Exhibiting the Character of Maximum Standards
57(5)
3.1.3 Significance of the TRIPS Flexibilities
62(7)
3.2 The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
69(3)
3.3 The WTO Telecommunications Agreement
72(2)
3.4 The WTO Information Technology Agreement
74(1)
3.5 International Competition Law
75(2)
3.6 Concluding Observations
77(4)
Part II The Impact of Intellectual Property and Competition Laws
4 Interoperability Standards and Intellectual Property
81(76)
4.1 The Concept of Standards-essential Intellectual Property
81(1)
4.2 The Law and Economics of Intellectual Property Protection
81(3)
4.3 Patents
84(34)
4.3.1 Standards-essential Patents
84(6)
4.3.2 Standards-essential Patents, Hold-Up and Royalty Stacking
90(7)
4.3.3 Defences to SEP Infringement
97(3)
4.3.4 Remedies for Patent Infringement
100(11)
4.3.5 SEPs in the Particular Context of Software Patenting
111(7)
4.4 Copyrights
118(30)
4.4.1 Standards-essential Copyright
118(22)
4.4.2 Remedies for Infringement of Standards-essential Copyright
140(8)
4.5 Protection for the Layout Topographies of Integrated Circuits
148(1)
4.6 Trade Secrets
148(2)
4.7 Compulsory Licensing of Intellectual Property Rights
150(4)
4.7.1 Compulsory Licence for Established Contravention of Competition Law
150(4)
4.8 Concluding Remarks about Standards-essential Intellectual Property
154(3)
5 Interoperability Standards and Competition Law
157(76)
5.1 Introductory Comments
157(1)
5.2 The Essential Facilities Doctrine
157(44)
5.2.1 Historical Development and Intellectual Foundations of the Essential Facilities Doctrine
158(20)
5.2.2 Development of the Essential Facilities Doctrine in European Cases
178(4)
5.2.3 The Doctrine in the Context of Intellectual Property and Interoperability Standards
182(9)
5.2.4 Application of the Doctrine to Interoperability Standards and Standards-essential Intellectual Property
191(2)
5.2.5 The Law and Economics of the Essential Facilities Doctrine
193(8)
5.3 Request for Injunction in Relation to Standards-essential Patents as a Competition Law Breach
201(11)
5.3.1 United States Law
202(1)
5.3.2 European Law
203(6)
5.3.3 Chinese Law
209(1)
5.3.4 Merits of Applying the Unilateral Disciplines to Address Injunctions for FRAND-encumbered SEPs
209(3)
5.4 Excessive or Unfair Pricing
212(3)
5.4.1 European Law
213(1)
5.4.2 Chinese Law
214(1)
5.4.3 Excessive Pricing: Concluding Observations
215(1)
5.5 Misconduct or Fraud in the Creation of Standards
215(6)
5.5.1 United States Law
216(3)
5.5.2 European Law
219(1)
5.5.3 Chinese Law
220(1)
5.5.4 Conclusions Regarding Fraud and Misconduct in Standard-Setting
221(1)
5.6 Tying
221(2)
5.7 Horizontal Conduct
223(5)
5.7.1 United States Law
223(2)
5.7.2 Chinese Law
225(1)
5.7.3 European Law
225(2)
5.7.4 Concerted Practices and Interoperability Standards - Analysis
227(1)
5.8 Competition Law Approaches to SEIP: Conclusions
228(5)
Part III Towards Liability and Compensation
6 Exclusive Property Rules or Liability Rules for Interoperability Standards and Standards Essential Intellectual Property?
233(46)
6.1 Exclusive Property Rules, Liability Rules and Inalienability Rules
233(6)
6.1.1 The Coase Theorem
233(1)
6.1.2 The Calabresi and Melamed Framework
234(3)
6.1.3 Extensions of the Calabresi and Melamed Framework
237(2)
6.2 Standards-essential Intellectual Property: Exclusive Property Rules or Liability Rules?
239(19)
6.2.1 Existing Scholarship
239(5)
6.2.2 Analysis: Liability or Exclusive Property Rules for Standards-essential Intellectual Property?
244(13)
6.2.3 The Choice between Exclusive Property Rules and Liability Rules for Standards-essential Intellectual Property: Concluding Observations
257(1)
6.3 Exclusive Property Rules, Liability Rules and Refusals to Supply
258(3)
6.4 Implications for Injunctions and Compensation
261(18)
6.4.1 Implications for Injunctions
261(2)
6.4.2 Implications for Compensation
263(13)
6.4.3 Implications for Compulsory Licensing
276(2)
6.4.4 Broader Implications for Unilateral Competition Law Disciplines, Including the Essential Facilities Doctrine
278(1)
7 Access to Interoperability Standards and Standards-essential Intellectual Property International Dimensions
279(54)
7.1 Basis for an International Approach
279(3)
7.2 Binding Treaty Action or International Soft Law?
282(6)
7.3 Selecting the Appropriate Forum
288(17)
7.3.1 International Organization for Standardization
289(1)
7.3.2 International Telecommunication Union
290(1)
7.3.3 World Intellectual Property Organization
291(1)
7.3.4 World Trade Organization
292(1)
7.3.5 International Competition Network
293(2)
7.3.6 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
295(1)
7.3.7 Standalone Forum
296(5)
7.3.8 Analysis and Conclusions as to the Appropriate Forum
301(4)
7.4 The Appropriate Process to Be Followed in Developing an Expert Manual
305(3)
7.4.1 Expertise
306(1)
7.4.2 Adequately Representative Composition of an Expert Group
306(1)
7.4.3 Robust and Transparent Process
306(2)
7.5 The Appropriate Purpose and Structure of an Expert Manual
308(5)
7.5.1 General Observations
308(1)
7.5.2 Proposed Substantive Contents
309(4)
7.6 Consistency with International Law of the Proposed Approach
313(20)
7.6.1 Patents
313(12)
7.6.2 Copyrights
325(4)
7.6.3 Layout Circuits
329(1)
7.6.4 Trade Secrets
330(1)
7.6.5 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
330(1)
7.6.6 Conclusion regarding Consistency of the Proposed Approach with Existing International Agreements
331(2)
8 Concluding Observations
333(14)
9 Draft Expert Manual
347(9)
Bibliography 356(39)
Index 395