| Foreword |
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xxiii | |
| Preface |
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xxv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
| Contributing Editors |
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xxix | |
| Contributors |
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xxxi | |
| Introduction |
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1 Neurosurgical Abbreviations |
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3 | (8) |
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2 The Neurosurgery Candidate |
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11 | (19) |
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2.1 Gathering a Background in the Field |
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11 | (2) |
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2.2 Optimizing Clinical and Professional Skills |
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13 | (7) |
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2.3 The Application Process, Interview Season, and the Match |
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20 | (10) |
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3 Board Examinations in Neurosurgery |
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30 | (6) |
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3.1 U.S. (American Board of Neurological Surgery) |
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30 | (2) |
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3.2 European Written Board Examination |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3 Canadian Board Examination (Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada) |
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33 | (3) |
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4 Historical Pearls in Neurosurgery |
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36 | (9) |
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45 | (8) |
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45 | (2) |
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5.2 ACGME Hour Regulations for U.S. NSGY Residents |
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47 | (2) |
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5.3 ACGME Outcome Project |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (6) |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (3) |
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7 Emergency Transfers---EMTALA |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (6) |
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62 | (1) |
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8.2 Patient Insurance (Medicare/Medicaid/HMOs/PPOs) |
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63 | (3) |
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8.3 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) |
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66 | (2) |
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9 Ethics: Relationship with Vendors |
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68 | (3) |
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10 Focused Neurological Exam |
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71 | (19) |
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71 | (1) |
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10.2 Level of Consciousness/Mental Status |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (6) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (2) |
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10.7 Coordination and Gait |
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87 | (1) |
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10.8 Neurological Examination of the Comatose Patient |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (6) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (11) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (5) |
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12.4 Work Environment Tips |
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104 | (3) |
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13 Oral Presentation Pearls |
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107 | (4) |
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14 Medical Spanish for Neurosurgeons |
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111 | (7) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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14.3 Explaining Imaging Findings |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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15 Neurosurgical Instruments |
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118 | (15) |
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133 | (33) |
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16.1 Brainstem and Cranial Nerves |
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133 | (5) |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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16.4 Cerebral Hemispheres/Telencephalon |
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143 | (5) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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16.5 Vascular Territories |
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148 | (6) |
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148 | (1) |
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16.5.2 Anterior and Posterior Circulation |
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149 | (5) |
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16.5.3 Spinal Cord Blood Supply |
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154 | (1) |
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16.6 Spinal Cord and Tracts: Descending Pathways |
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154 | (1) |
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16.6.1 Corticospinal Tract |
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154 | (1) |
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16.6.2 Descending Autonomic System |
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155 | (1) |
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16.7 Spinal Cord and Tracts: Ascending Pathways |
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155 | (3) |
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16.7.1 Dorsal Columnar Pathway or Medial Lemniscal System |
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155 | (2) |
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16.7.2 Spinothalamic Tracts |
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157 | (1) |
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16.8 Autonomic Nervous System |
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158 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (16) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (6) |
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17.4 Evoked Potential Interpretation |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (9) |
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18.1 Neuronal Death and Regeneration |
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182 | (1) |
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18.2 Neuron/Axon Structure |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (3) |
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18.4 Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (6) |
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19.1 Circumventricular Organs |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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19.2.5 Hypothalamic Input/Output Pathways |
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193 | (2) |
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19.3 Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (33) |
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197 | (16) |
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197 | (5) |
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20.1.2 "A Rosette by Any Other Name..." |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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20.1.6 Immunohistochemistry |
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210 | (3) |
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20.2 Neurodegenerative Disorders |
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213 | (7) |
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213 | (2) |
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20.2.2 Lewy Body Dementia |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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20.2.5 Corticobasal Degeneration |
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216 | (1) |
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20.2.6 Multiple System Atrophy |
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217 | (1) |
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20.2.7 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
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217 | (1) |
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20.2.8 Friedreich's Ataxia |
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218 | (1) |
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20.2.9 Huntington's Disease |
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219 | (1) |
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20.2.10 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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219 | (1) |
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20.3 Demyelinating Disorders |
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220 | (4) |
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20.3.1 Multiple Sclerosis |
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220 | (3) |
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20.3.2 Other Demyelinating Disorders |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (4) |
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230 | (19) |
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21.1 Eight-Point Exam and Visual Acuity |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (5) |
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238 | (8) |
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21.5 Visual Fields and the Visual System |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (7) |
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249 | (3) |
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22.2 Audiogram and Audiology Examination |
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252 | (4) |
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256 | (19) |
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256 | (3) |
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23.1.1 Important Lines and Planes |
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256 | (1) |
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23.1.2 Important Measurements and Indexes |
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257 | (2) |
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23.2 CT, Xenon (Xe)-CT, CT Angiography (CTA) |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (1) |
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23.4 MRI/MR Angiography (MRA)/Functional MRI (fMRI) |
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262 | (2) |
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23.5 MRI Sequences (T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, ADC, EG, SWI) |
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264 | (1) |
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23.6 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) |
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265 | (4) |
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269 | (6) |
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275 | (9) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (4) |
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24.3 Tension-Type Headaches |
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280 | (1) |
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24.4 Cluster and Other Dysautonomic Cephalalgias |
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280 | (1) |
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24.5 Low-Pressure Headaches |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (7) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (7) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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26.3 Vascular-Related Cognitive Impairment |
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294 | (1) |
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26.4 Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration |
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295 | (1) |
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26.5 Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) |
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296 | (2) |
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27 Cerebrovascular Disease |
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298 | (5) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (5) |
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29 Motor and Demyelinating Disorders |
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308 | (14) |
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29.1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (2) |
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29.4 Guillain-Barre Syndrome |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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29.6 Myopathy and Muscle Disorders |
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317 | (5) |
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30 Vasculitis and Paraneoplastic Syndromes |
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322 | (8) |
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322 | (3) |
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30.2 Paraneoplastic Syndromes |
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325 | (5) |
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31 Infections in the Nervous System |
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330 | (21) |
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330 | (3) |
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31.2 Bacterial Meningitis |
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333 | (3) |
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336 | (1) |
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31.4 Spirochetal Meningitis |
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337 | (1) |
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31.5 Protozoal and Helminthic Meningitis |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
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31.10 Parasitic Infections |
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345 | (1) |
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31.11 Perioperative Infections/Prophylactic Antibiotics |
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346 | (5) |
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351 | (25) |
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32.1 Basic Concepts: Consciousness |
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351 | (1) |
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32.2 Grades of Consciousness |
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352 | (8) |
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32.3 Electrolyte/Metabolic |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (3) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (5) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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32.10 Encephalopathic Coma |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (11) |
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376 | (2) |
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33.2 Testing for Brain Death |
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378 | (2) |
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33.3 Certification of Brain Death |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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33.5 Ethical and Legal Issues in Brain Death |
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381 | (2) |
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33.6 High-Yield Coma Facts |
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383 | (4) |
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387 | (5) |
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387 | (2) |
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34.2 Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (76) |
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392 | (66) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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35.1.1.2 Low-Grade Astrocytoma |
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393 | (9) |
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35.1.1.3 Oligodendroglioma |
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402 | (5) |
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35.1.1.4 Oligoastrocytoma |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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35.1.2.2 Anaplastic Astrocytoma |
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409 | (1) |
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35.1.2.3 Glioblastoma (GBM) |
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410 | (6) |
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35.1.2.4 Gliomatosis Cerebri |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (7) |
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35.1.4 Pineal Region and Intraventricular Tumors |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (4) |
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35.1.4.3 Choroid Plexus Tumors |
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430 | (2) |
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35.1.4.4 Germ Cell Tumors |
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432 | (4) |
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35.1.4.5 Pineal Region Tumors |
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436 | (2) |
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35.1.5 Nerve Sheath Tumors |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (6) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (2) |
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35.1.5.5 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (5) |
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35.1.6.3 Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors |
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454 | (2) |
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35.1.6.4 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (4) |
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462 | (6) |
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468 | (10) |
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468 | (2) |
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36.2 Intradural Extramedullary |
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470 | (1) |
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36.3 Intradural Intramedullary |
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471 | (5) |
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36.4 Lesion Distributions |
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476 | (2) |
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37 Phakomatoses and Neurocutaneous Disorders |
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478 | (23) |
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37.1 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) |
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478 | (4) |
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37.2 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) |
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482 | (3) |
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485 | (1) |
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37.4 Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome (VHL) |
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485 | (3) |
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37.5 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex |
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488 | (3) |
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37.6 Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS) |
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491 | (2) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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37.9 Rhabdoid Predisposition Syndrome |
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494 | (1) |
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37.10 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) |
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495 | (6) |
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501 | (7) |
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38.1 Important Terminology and Concepts |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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38.3 Radiation Delivery Options (Whole Brain, Fractionated Radiosurgery, Stereotactic Radiosurgery) |
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502 | (6) |
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39 Radiosurgical Techniques |
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508 | (13) |
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39.1 Procedure Pearls and Frame Placement |
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508 | (4) |
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39.2 Preprocedure Planning |
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512 | (2) |
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39.3 Clinical Application Concepts |
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514 | (1) |
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39.4 Postprocedure Complications and Management |
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515 | (6) |
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NEUROENDOCRINE AND PITUITARY |
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40 Neuroendocrine Disorders |
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521 | (22) |
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40.1 Neuroendocrine Sodium Abnormalities |
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521 | (2) |
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523 | (4) |
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527 | (8) |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (1) |
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40.6 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) |
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536 | (2) |
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40.7 Diabetes Insipidus (DI) |
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538 | (1) |
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40.8 Cerebral Salt Wasting (CSW) |
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539 | (4) |
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543 | (32) |
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543 | (12) |
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41.2 Preoperative Assessment |
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555 | (1) |
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41.3 History and Physical Examination Pearls |
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556 | (2) |
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558 | (5) |
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41.5 Operative Approaches |
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563 | (6) |
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41.6 Postoperative Management |
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569 | (6) |
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42 Cavernous Sinus Anatomy |
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575 | (2) |
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577 | (5) |
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44 Skull Base Approaches and Targets |
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582 | (17) |
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44.1 General Operative Principles |
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582 | (1) |
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44.2 Anterior Fossa: The Subfrontal Approach |
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583 | (1) |
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584 | (5) |
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44.3.1 The Middle Fossa Approach |
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584 | (2) |
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44.3.2 The Cranio-Orbitozygomatic Approach |
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586 | (2) |
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44.3.3 The Petrosal Approach (Anterior, Posterior and Combined) |
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588 | (1) |
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44.4 Posterior Fossa and Craniocervical Junction |
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589 | (10) |
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44.4.1 Acoustic Schwannomas and the Retrosigmoid Approach |
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589 | (2) |
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44.4.2 The Far Lateral Approach |
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591 | (3) |
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44.4.3 The Transoral Approach |
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594 | (5) |
|
|
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|
45 Structural and Functional Anatomy |
|
|
599 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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599 | (3) |
|
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
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|
605 | (16) |
|
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46.1 Classification of Fractures and Mechanisms of Injury |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
46.2 Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
46.5 Jumped and Perched Facets |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (3) |
|
46.8 Compression Fractures |
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
|
|
621 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
47.2 National Spinal Cord Injury Study |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
47.3 Central Cord Syndrome |
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
47.4 Anterior and Posterior Cord Syndromes |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
47.5 Brown-Sequard Syndrome |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
48 Degenerative Spine Disease |
|
|
628 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
48.1 Cervical Disk Herniation |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
48.2 Thoracic Herniated Disk |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
48.3 Degenerative Disk Disease and Lower Back Pain |
|
|
631 | (8) |
|
48.4 Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
48.5 Spondylolisthesis and Spinal Instability |
|
|
640 | (4) |
|
|
|
644 | (3) |
|
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|
644 | (1) |
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|
644 | (1) |
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645 | (1) |
|
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646 | (1) |
|
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647 | (4) |
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51 Intracranial Aneurysms |
|
|
651 | (9) |
|
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|
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|
|
52 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Vasospasm |
|
|
660 | (7) |
|
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|
667 | (10) |
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54 Vascular Malformations |
|
|
677 | (10) |
|
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|
55 Cerebro-Occlusive Disease |
|
|
687 | (10) |
|
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|
55.1 Carotid Arterial Stenosis |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
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|
690 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
56 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) |
|
|
697 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
|
|
699 | (3) |
|
|
|
702 | (2) |
|
56.4 Traumatic Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
56.7 Surgical Pearls in Acute SDH |
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
56.8 Chronic Subdural Hematoma |
|
|
710 | (4) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
56.10 Late Complications of TBI |
|
|
714 | (7) |
|
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|
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|
721 | (26) |
|
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|
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|
|
721 | (1) |
|
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|
722 | (2) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
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|
725 | (6) |
|
57.5 Advanced Neuromonitoring |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
57.7 Fluid and Electrolytes |
|
|
734 | (2) |
|
57.8 Pulmonary Complications |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
57.9 Coagulation and Deep Venous Thrombosis |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
57.12 Neurocritical Care Case Studies |
|
|
741 | (6) |
|
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|
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|
747 | (3) |
|
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|
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|
|
747 | (1) |
|
58.2 Phases of Anesthesia |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
59 Pharmacological Aspects |
|
|
750 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
59.2 Particular Considerations |
|
|
752 | (3) |
|
60 Monitoring During Anesthesia |
|
|
755 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
60.2 Cerebral Oxygenation |
|
|
755 | (2) |
|
61 Considerations for Neurosurgical Patients |
|
|
757 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
61.3 Important Miscellaneous Things to Remember |
|
|
758 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
763 | (25) |
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (2) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
62.4 Trigeminal Neuralgia |
|
|
767 | (11) |
|
62.5 Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
|
779 | (2) |
|
62.7 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) |
|
|
781 | (3) |
|
62.8 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain |
|
|
784 | (4) |
|
|
|
788 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63.1 Pathophysiology: Seizure Focus |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (6) |
|
63.3 Intraoperative Recordings |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
|
795 | (2) |
|
63.5 Epilepsy Surgery: Neuromodulation |
|
|
797 | (3) |
|
|
|
800 | (17) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64.1 History of Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease |
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
64.2 Diagnosis and Medical Management |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
64.4 Targets and Pathways |
|
|
804 | (3) |
|
64.5 Indications and Pathophysiology |
|
|
807 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
817 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
820 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
820 | (6) |
|
|
|
826 | (3) |
|
|
|
829 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 Common Entrapment Neuropathies |
|
|
832 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
69 Peripheral Nerve Grafting and Repair |
|
|
841 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 General Considerations |
|
|
847 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
847 | (2) |
|
70.2 Fontanelles and Sutures |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
70.3 Examination of the Pediatric Population |
|
|
849 | (8) |
|
|
|
857 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
|
|
858 | (2) |
|
|
|
860 | (5) |
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
|
865 | (6) |
|
72 Other Craniofacial and Spinal Malformations |
|
|
871 | (35) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72.1 Arachnoid Cyst (Intracranial) |
|
|
871 | (4) |
|
72.2 Neurenteric Cyst (Intraspinal) |
|
|
875 | (2) |
|
72.3 Neuronal Migration Disorders |
|
|
877 | (4) |
|
72.4 Holoprosencephaly (HPE) |
|
|
881 | (2) |
|
72.5 Chiari Malformations |
|
|
883 | (10) |
|
|
|
893 | (4) |
|
|
|
897 | (9) |
|
|
|
906 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
906 | (3) |
|
73.2 Occult Spinal Dysraphism |
|
|
909 | (7) |
|
|
|
916 | (2) |
|
73.4 Klippel-Feil Syndrome |
|
|
918 | (4) |
|
74 Child-Abuse: Nonaccidental Trauma |
|
|
922 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
931 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
76 Types of Hydrocephalus |
|
|
934 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
944 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
944 | (2) |
|
|
|
946 | (3) |
|
|
|
949 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
955 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Index |
|
971 | |
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām