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E-grāmata: Essentials of Internal Medicine - eBook

Brad Frankum, Simon O'Connor (FRACP, DDU, FCSANZ Cardiologist, Canberra Hospital, Can), Nicholas J. Talley (AC, MD, PhD, FRACP, FAFPHM, FRCP (Lond.), FRCP (Edin.), FACP, FAHMS Laureate Professor, University of Newcastle and Senior Staff Specialist, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia)

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 01-Feb-2020
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Australia
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780729587440

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Clinical & internal medicine

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 01-Feb-2020
Izdevniecība: Elsevier Australia
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780729587440

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Clinical & internal medicine

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Written by Nicholas J Talley, Simon O'Connor and Brad Frankum, this engaging and instructive text provides practical pathways to diagnosis and up-to-date strategies for implementing evidence-based treatments for prevalent conditions.

Learn how to:

identify what is clinically important
understand and investigate disease
create an effective strategy for treatment
use technological diagnostic tools.

This new edition of Essentials of Internal Medicine 4e describes established and trusted diagnostic techniques to equip students and trainees with the skills to succeed in their profession. The visually dynamic text offers a framework of knowledge covering core facts and addressing difficult-to-master topics such as:

holistic approach to patient treatment
the importance of diagnosis
the physician's role in public health
the physician as scholar.

Contributions from expert clinicians leading the advancement of medicine globally
Need-to-know 'clinical pearls' throughout each chapter
Memory jog lists and tables
Multiple choice questions with end-of-chapter answers and extensive explanations
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase

Foreword

xix

Preface

Acknowledgments

xxi

Contributors

xxii

The COVID-19 Pandemic

xxv

Chapter 1 Internal Medicine In The 21St Century-Best Practice, Best Outcomes

(4)

Brad Frankum

Simon O'Connor

Nicholas J Taltey

General versus sub-specialty medicine

(1)

The importance of diagnosis

(1)

The physician's role in public health

(1)

The physician as scholar

(3)

Chapter 2 Evidence-Based Medicine And Critical Appraisal Of The Literature

(12)

Jane Young

John Attia

Introduction

(1)

Assessing the evidence

(3)

Sources of error

(1)

Assessing potential biases in different study designs

(2)

Critical appraisal of the literature

(1)

Interpreting a study's findings

(1)

Interpreting statistical analysis

(1)

Interpreting test results

(2)

Screening

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Self-assessment questions

(3)

Chapter 3 Clinical Pharmacology And Toxicology

(30)

Matt Doogue

Jennifer Martin

Alison Jones

1 Principles Of Clinical Pharmacology

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Pharmacokinetics

(5)

Administration

(1)

Bioavailability (F)

(1)

Clearance (CL)

(2)

Distribution

(1)

Drug transport

(1)

Other pharmacokinetics

(1)

Altered pharmacokinetics

(1)

Patient size

(1)

Pharmacodynamics

(2)

Concentration-response relationships

(1)

Therapeutic index

(1)

Drug targets

(1)

Physiological effects

(1)

More about the patient

(1)

The innocent bystander

(1)

2 Quality Use Of Medicines

(1)

Getting it right

(1)

The circle of care

(1)

Patient profile and drug profile(s)

(1)

Prescribing

(1)

The prescribing checklist

(1)

Deprescribing

(1)

Adverse drug reactions

(1)

Drug interactions

(1)

Types of drug interaction

(1)

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)

(1)

Drug regulation

(1)

Drug research

(1)

3 Toxicology

(1)

Epidemiology of poisoning

(1)

Sources of poisons information and advice

(1)

Clinical assessment of poisoned patients

(1)

Investigations

(1)

Risk assessment

(1)

Principles of management of poisoned patients

(1)

Common poisons and their management

(4)

Acetaminophen (paracetamol)

(2)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

(1)

Tricyclic antidepressants

(1)

Newer antidepressants

(1)

Second generation antipsychotics

(1)

Benzodiazepines

(1)

Insulin and oral hypoglycemics

(1)

Drugs of abuse or misuse

(1)

Amphetamines

(1)

Cocaine and crack cocaine

(1)

Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB)

(1)

Opioids, such as heroin, morphine or fentanyl

(1)

Prescription drug abuse

(1)

Synthetic cathinones, e.g. `vanilla sky', "ivory wave'

(1)

Synthetic cannabinoids, e.g. `spice', `K2'

(1)

Drink spiking

(1)

Chemicals

(1)

Acids and alkalis

(1)

Chlorine

(1)

Pesticides

(1)

Lead poisoning

(1)

Spider bites

(1)

Snake bites

(1)

Marine envenomation

(1)

Terrorism, and use of medical countermeasures

(3)

Chemical agents

(1)

Biological agents

(3)

Self-assessment questions

(3)

Chapter 4 Genetics

(16)

John Attia

Tracy Dudding-Byth

Overview

(1)

The flow of genetic information

(3)

Transcription

(1)

Translation

(1)

Regulation

(1)

Genetic variation

(1)

Human disease genes

(1)

Mendelian diseases

(1)

Breast cancer predispostion genes

(1)

Breast and ovarian cancer predisposition genes

(1)

Calculating the risks of disease

(2)

Some examples

(2)

Genetic testing in medicine

(2)

Cytogenic karyotype

(1)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

(1)

Chromosomal microarray (molecular karyotype)

(1)

Genome-wide association studies

(1)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

(1)

Sequencing

(1)

Mitochondrial DNA

(1)

Imprinting

(1)

Common chromosomal genetic conditions

(1)

Down syndrome

(1)

Turner syndrome

(1)

Klinefelter syndrome

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Self-assessment questions

(5)

Chapter 5 Medical Imaging For Internists

(42)

Lindsay Rowe

1 Chest Radiography

(1)

Principles of interpretation in chest X-rays

(8)

Patient demographics

(1)

Technical assessment

(2)

Lines, tubes and implants

(1)

Anatomical review

(1)

Review areas (`hard to see areas')

(1)

Summary

(5)

2 Thoracic Computed Tomography

(1)

Techniques of examination

(1)

Principles of interpretation in chest CT

(5)

Patient demographics

(1)

Technical review

(1)

Initial image review

(1)

Key image review

(1)

Systematic review

(1)

Review areas

(1)

Summary

(1)

3 Abdominal Computed Tomography

(1)

Techniques of examination

(1)

Non-contrast CT abdomen

(1)

Non-contrast CT KUB

(1)

Arterial phase CT abdomen (CT angiogram, CTA)

(1)

Portal venous CT abdomen

(1)

Triple-phase CT abdomen

(1)

Delayed CT abdomen

(1)

Principles of interpretation in abdominal CT

(4)

Patient demographics

(1)

Technical review

(1)

Initial image review

(1)

Key image review

(3)

Systematic review

(1)

Review areas

(1)

Summary

(1)

4 Abdominal Ultrasound

(1)

Background--ultrasound principles

(1)

Principles of ultrasound interpretation

(2)

Lower limb duplex ultrasound

(1)

5 Head Computed Tomography

(1)

CT brain protocols

(1)

Non-contrast (NCCT)

(1)

Contrast-enhanced (CECT)

(1)

CT angiography (CTA)

(1)

Perfusion CT

(1)

Principles of interpretation in brain CT

(6)

Patient demographics

(1)

Technical review

(1)

Initial image review

(2)

Key image review

(3)

Systematic review

(1)

Review areas

(1)

Summary

(1)

6 Head Magnetic Resonance

(1)

MRI protocols

(5)

(1)

Inversion recovery (IR)

(1)

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)

(3)

Gradient echo (GRE)

(1)

Gadolinium-enhanced (GAD)

(1)

Magnetic resonance angiography/venography (MRA, MRV)

(1)

MR spectroscopy (MRS)

(1)

Magnetic resonance gated intracranial cerebrospinal dynamics (MR-GILD, CSF flow study)

(1)

Principles of interpretation in brain MR

(4)

Patient demographics

(1)

Technical review

(1)

Initial image review

(1)

Key image review

100

(3)

Systematic review

103

(1)

Review areas

103

(1)

Summary

103

(1)

7 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

103

(2)

Chapter 6 Pulmonology

105

(40)

David Arnold

Peter Wark

Michael Hensley

Brad Frankum

Lucy Morgan

1 Pulmonary Medicine

106

(1)

Clinical presentations of respiratory disease

106

(1)

Important clinical clues

106

(4)

Dyspnea

106

(1)

Patterns of breathing

107

(1)

Chronic cough

108

(1)

Clubbing

108

(1)

Hemoptysis

108

(1)

Solitary pulmonary nodule (coin lesion)

109

(1)

Mediastinal masses

109

(1)

Wheeze

109

(1)

Chest pain

109

(1)

Stridor

110

(1)

Overview of the respiratory system and pathophysiology

110

(2)

Functional anatomy and physiology

110

(1)

Hypoxemia

111

(1)

Hypercapnia

111

(1)

Oxygen-hemoglobin association-dissociation curve

112

(1)

Acid-base disturbances from a pulmonary perspective

112

(1)

Respiratory acidosis

112

(1)

Respiratory alkalosis

112

(1)

Measurement of lung function

112

(2)

Spirometry

112

(2)

Interpretation of lung volumes

114

(1)

Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCOtest)

114

(1)

Flow-volume loops

114

(1)

Interpretation of pulmonary function tests

114

(1)

Control of breathing

114

(1)

Respiratory tract defenses

114

(2)

Mechanical defenses

114

(1)

Immune system

115

(1)

Genetics of lung disease

116

(1)

Pulmonary disorders

116

(1)

Respiratory failure

116

(1)

Hypoventilation

116

(1)

Diseases of the airways

116

(11)

Asthma

116

(2)

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

118

(1)

Bronchiectasis

118

(1)

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

119

(1)

Bronchiolitis

119

(2)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

121

(1)

Interstitial lung disease (ILD)

122

(2)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

124

(1)

Occupational lung disease

124

(2)

Granulomatous ILD

126

(1)

Eosinophilic pulmonary disorders

127

(1)

Pulmonary hemorrhage

127

(1)

Pulmonary infections

127

(5)

Bacterial

127

(1)

Viral

128

(1)

Fungal

128

(1)

Mycobacterial

129

(1)

Other aspects

130

(2)

Pleural disease

132

(1)

Pleural effusion

132

(1)

Pneumothorax

132

(1)

Indications for a chest drain

132

(1)

Pulmonary vascular disease

132

(2)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH)

132

(1)

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

133

(1)

Diagnosis

133

(1)

Lung transplantation

134

(1)

Complications of lung transplantation

134

(1)

Respiratory sleep medicine

135

(2)

Overview of sleep medicine

135

(1)

Important clinical clues

135

(1)

Respiratory sleep disorders

135

(2)

2 Critical Care Medicine

137

(1)

Resuscitation

137

(1)

Cardiac arrest (CA)

137

(1)

Diagnosis and disease management

137

(2)

Shock

137

(1)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

137

(2)

Mechanical ventilation of the lungs

139

(3)

Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIV)

140

(1)

Invasive positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV)

140

(1)

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

141

(1)

Self-assessment questions

142

(3)

Chapter 7 Cardiology

145

(66)

Peter Thompson

Clinical evaluation of the patient

146

(6)

Taking the history--possible cardiac symptoms

146

(2)

Physical examination

148

(4)

Investigation of cardiac disease

152

(8)

Electrocardiography (EKG)

152

(1)

Holter (continuous EKG) monitoring

152

(1)

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

152

(3)

Radionuclide ventriculography

155

(1)

Chest X-ray (CXR)

155

(1)

Echocardiography

155

(3)

Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging

158

(1)

Coronary angiography and cardiac catheterization

158

(1)

Coronary CT angiography (CTCA, CCTA) and calcium scoring

159

(1)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

160

(1)

Dyslipidemia

160

(4)

Cholesterol, lipoproteins, apoproteins

161

(1)

Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD)

162

(2)

Lipid-modifying treatments

164

(1)

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

164

(1)

Prevalence

164

(1)

Pathophysiology

164

(1)

Stable coronary artery disease

165

(4)

Investigation

165

(2)

Management to improve prognosis

167

(1)

Management of symptoms in the CHD patient

168

(1)

Management of refractory angina

169

(1)

Acute coronary syndromes

169

(5)

Terminology

169

(1)

Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes

170

(2)

Management of STEMI

172

(1)

Management of NSTEACS/NSTEMI

173

(1)

Pharmacological therapy in acute coronary syndromes

174

(1)

Valvular heart disease

174

(1)

Mitral valve disease

175

(3)

Mitral stenosis (MS)

175

(1)

Mitral regurgitation (MR)

176

(2)

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) syndrome

178

(1)

Aortic valve disease

178

(3)

Aortic stenosis (AS)

178

(2)

Aortic regurgitation (AR)

180

(1)

Tricuspid valve disease

181

(1)

Tricuspid stenosis (TS)

181

(1)

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR)

182

(1)

Pulmonary valve disease

182

(1)

Assessing the severity of valvular heart disease and deciding on surgery

182

(1)

Cardiomyopathies

182

(5)

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

182

(3)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

185

(1)

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

186

(1)

Other cardiomyopathies

186

(1)

Cardiac arrhythmias

187

(8)

Sinus node disturbances

187

(1)

Sick sinus syndrome

187

(1)

Supraventricular premature complexes (ectopics)

188

(1)

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

188

(1)

Atrial flutter

189

(1)

Atrial fibrillation (AF)

190

(4)

Ventricular arrhythmias

194

(1)

Conduction defects

195

(2)

Bundle branch block (BBB)

195

(1)

Fascicular blocks (hemibtocks)

196

(1)

Atrioventricular (AV) blocks

196

(1)

Cardiac failure

197

(5)

Definition

197

(1)

Causes

197

(1)

Diagnosis of congestive heart failure

197

(2)

Treatment

199

(2)

Devices

201

(1)

Infective endocarditis

202

(2)

Microbiology

202

(1)

Diagnosis

203

(1)

Management

203

(1)

Prevention

204

(1)

Pericardial diseases

204

(4)

Acute pericarditis

204

(2)

Pericardial effusion and tamponade

206

(1)

Chronic pericardial disease

207

(1)

Self-assessment questions

208

(3)

Chapter 8 Hypertension

211

(14)

Annemarie Hennessy

Simon O'Connor

Mechanisms of hypertension

211

(1)

Epidemiological evidence for hypertension and its effects

212

(2)

Definitions of hypertension

214

(2)

Clinical presentations and investigations

216

(1)

Target-organ effects of hypertension

216

(2)

Blood vessels

216

(1)

Cardiac effects

217

(1)

Retinopathy

217

(1)

Renal changes secondary to hypertension

218

(1)

Brain

218

(1)

Treatment and targets for hypertension control

218

(1)

Specific targets linked to comorbid conditions

219

(1)

Treatment for chronic primary hypertension

219

(2)

Optimal or normal adult

219

(1)

High-normal

220

(1)

Stage 1 hypertension

220

(1)

Higher stages of hypertension

220

(1)

Treatment in an acute setting

221

(2)

Self-assessment questions

223

(2)

Chapter 9 Nephrology

225

(36)

Annemarie Hennessy

Randall Faull

Inherited cystic kidney disease

226

(3)

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPCKD)

226

(2)

Medullary sponge kidney (MSK)

228

(1)

Medullary cystic disease and autosomal recessive polycystic disease

228

(1)

Acquired kidney cystic disease

229

(3)

Simple renal cysts

229

(1)

Renal stones/kidney stones

229

(3)

Kidney and urinary tract infection

232

(1)

Mechanisms of disease

232

(1)

Clinical presentation, investigation and diagnosis

232

(1)

Treatment and targets for urinary tract infection

233

(1)

Inherited renal basement membrane disease

233

(1)

Thin basement membrane disease

233

(1)

Alport syndrome

233

(1)

Glomerulonephritis (GN)

233

(9)

Classification

233

(1)

Primary glomerular inflammatory disease

234

(6)

Secondary glomerular inflammatory disease

240

(2)

Sclerosing glomerular disease

242

(2)

Diabetes mellitus

242

(1)

Focal sclerosing glomerular nephropathy (FSGN)

243

(1)

Vascular renal disease

244

(1)

Renal artery stenosis

244

(1)

Treatment of renovascular disease

245

(1)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura OTP)/ Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

245

(1)

Malignant hypertension

246

(1)

Mechanisms of renal injury in hypertension

246

(1)

Clinical presentation, investigation and diagnosis

246

(1)

Treatment and targets

246

(1)

Scleroderma kidney

247

(1)

Mechanisms of scleroderma kidney and renal crisis

247

(1)

Clinical presentation, investigation and diagnosis

247

(1)

Treatment and targets for scleroderma

247

(1)

Reflux nephropathy

247

(1)

Clinical presentation, investigation and diagnosis

247

(1)

Treatment and targets

248

(1)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

248

(4)

Classification systems and definitions

248

(1)

Early stages of CKD

248

(1)

Clinical presentations of stage 3 CKD

249

(1)

Clinical presentations of stages 4 and 5 CKD

249

(1)

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) and renal replacement therapy

249

(3)

Acute renal failure--acute kidney injury (AKI)

252

(1)

Tubulo-interstitial diseases

252

(1)

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

252

(1)

Chronic tubulo-interstitial disease

253

(1)

Electrolyte disorders

253

(3)

Hypernatremia

253

(1)

Hyponatremia

254

(1)

Hyperkalemia

254

(1)

Hypokalemia

255

(1)

Inherited `channelopathies' associated with hypertension or HYPO/hyperkalemia

256

(1)

Hypokalemic alkalosis (with and without hypertension)

256

(1)

Renal tubular acidosis

256

(1)

The kidneys in pregnancy and pregnancy-related diseases

257

(2)

Normal adaptations to pregnancy

257

(1)

Underlying renal disease

257

(2)

Self-assessment questions

259

(2)

Chapter 10 Endocrinology

261

(56)

David Simmons

Rohit Rajagopal

Milan K Piya

Sue Lynn Lau

Mark Mclean

System overview

262

(2)

Hormones, their transport and action

262

(1)

Feedback control of hormone systems

262

(1)

Evaluating function of hormone systems

263

(1)

Pathogenic mechanisms of hormone disorders

263

(1)

Disorders of the pituitary and hypothalamus

264

(5)

Anatomy and physiology

264

(1)

Pituitary mass lesions

265

(1)

Hypopituitarism

266

(1)

Syndromes of hypersecretion

267

(1)

Surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary tumors

268

(1)

Inflammatory and infiltrative disorders

268

(1)

Diabetes insipidus (D1)

269

(1)

Thyroid disorders

269

(6)

Physiology and assessment of thyroid function

269

(1)

Thyroid imaging

269

(1)

Thyroid autoimmunity

270

(1)

Hyperthyroidism

270

(2)

Hypothyroidism

272

(2)

Goiter and thyroid nodules

274

(1)

Thyroid cancer

274

(1)

Thyroid in pregnancy

275

(1)

Disorders of bone and mineral metabolism

275

(7)

Mineral homeostasis

275

(1)

Hypercalcemia

275

(3)

Hypocalcemia

278

(1)

Osteoporosis

279

(1)

Osteomalacia and rickets

280

(1)

Vitamin D deficiency

280

(1)

Paget's disease (PD)

281

(1)

Adrenal disorders

282

(7)

Physiology and assessment of adrenal function

282

(1)

Adrenal insufficiency

282

(2)

Cortisol excess (Cushing's syndrome)

284

(1)

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)

285

(1)

Pheochromocytoma

286

(1)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

287

(2)

Incidentally found adrenal masses Cincidentaloma')

289

(1)

Growth and puberty

289

(3)

Causes of short stature

289

(1)

Onset of puberty--physiology

289

(1)

Causes of delayed puberty

290

(1)

Common causes of precocious puberty

290

(2)

Male reproductive endocrinology

292

(1)

Testicular function

292

(1)

Male hypogonadism

292

(1)

Causes of erectile dysfunction

293

(1)

Gynecomastia

293

(1)

Androgen replacement therapy

293

(1)

Female reproductive endocrinology

293

(3)

Anatomy and physiology

293

(1)

Clinical and laboratory evaluation

294

(1)

Hirsutism and hyperandrogenism

295

(1)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

295

(1)

Female hypogonadism

295

(1)

Endocrinology of pregnancy

296

(1)

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

296

(2)

Overview

296

(1)

Carcinoid syndrome

297

(1)

Glucagonoma

297

(1)

VIPoma

297

(1)

Insulinoma

297

(1)

Treatment of malignant NETS

298

(1)

Disorders of multiple endocrine systems

298

(1)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

298

(1)

Other multiple endocrine tumor syndromes

299

(1)

Polyglandular autoimmunity (PGA) syndromes

299

(1)

Diabetes and metabolism

299

(13)

Overview of energy metabolism

299

(1)

Carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes

300

(9)

Disorders of energy excess--overweight and obesity

309

(2)

The metabolic syndrome

311

(1)

Self-assessment questions

312

(5)

Chapter 11 Gastroenterology

317

(52)

Magnus Halland

Michael Potter

Georgia Edwards

Vimalan Ambikaipaker

Nicholas J Talley

Esophagus

318

(3)

Dysphagia

318

(1)

Motor disorders

318

(2)

Esophagitis due to causes other than acid reflux

320

(1)

Stomach

321

(4)

Physiology of acid secretion

321

(1)

Dyspepsia and its management

322

(1)

Gastritis and gastropathy

323

(1)

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

323

(1)

Tumors

324

(1)

Post-gastrectomy complications

324

(1)

Gastroparesis

325

(1)

Small bowel

325

(11)

Celiac disease

325

(1)

Diarrhea

326

(7)

Malabsorption

333

(1)

Microscopic colitis

334

(1)

Tropical sprue

334

(1)

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

335

(1)

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE)

335

(1)

Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CUP)

336

(1)

Short bowel syndrome

336

(1)

Nutritional deficiency

336

(5)

Clinical clues to malnutrition

336

(1)

Nutritional assessment in end-stage liver disease

336

(4)

Enteral and parenteral nutrition

340

(1)

Large bowel

341

(9)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

341

(1)

Constipation

341

(2)

Diverticular disease

343

(1)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

343

(7)

Colon polyps

350

(1)

Colon cancer screening

350

(4)

Recommendations for screening and surveillance

350

(2)

Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT)

352

(1)

Malignant potential and surveillance

352

(2)

Gastrointestinal bleeding

354

(3)

Upper

354

(1)

Lower

355

(1)

Obscure Gl bleeding

356

(1)

Management of iron-deficiency anemia

357

(1)

Pancreas

357

(5)

Acute pancreatitis

357

(3)

Chronic pancreatitis

360

(1)

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)

361

(1)

Pancreatic cysts

362

(1)

Acknowledgments

362

(1)

Self-assessment questions

363

(6)

Chapter 12 Hepatology

369

(36)

Robert Gibson

Magnus Halland

Nicholas J Talley

Liver function tests and their abnormalities

370

(1)

Serum enzymes

370

(1)

Tests of synthetic function

370

(1)

Noninvasive hepatic fibrosis assessment

370

(1)

Approach to the patient with liver disease

370

(2)

Bilirubin metabolism and jaundice

372

(3)

Viral hepatitis

375

(6)

Hepatitis A (RNA virus)

375

(1)

Hepatitis B (DNA virus)

376

(3)

Hepatitis C (RNA virus)

379

(1)

Hepatitis D, E and G

380

(1)

Other viruses causing hepatitis

381

(1)

Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis

381

(1)

Cirrhosis

381

(2)

Useful investigations

382

(1)

Prognosis

382

(1)

Management

382

(1)

Ascites

383

(2)

Management

383

(2)

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)

385

(1)

Management

386

(1)

Hyponatremia

386

(1)

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)

386

(1)

Treatment

386

(1)

Portal hypertensive bleeding

387

(1)

Management

387

(1)

Portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE)

388

(2)

Precipitant-induced PSE

389

(1)

Persistent PSE

389

(1)

Minimal encephalopathy

389

(1)

Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH)

390

(1)

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)

390

(1)

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy

390

(1)

Acute liver failure (ALF)

391

(1)

Liver transplantation

391

(1)

Drugs and the liver

392

(2)

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) and acute liver disease

392

(2)

Alcohol and the liver

394

(1)

Specific liver diseases

394

(3)

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS)

394

(1)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

395

(1)

Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

396

(1)

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

396

(1)

Hemochromatosis

396

(1)

Autoimmune liver diseases

397

(1)

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)

397

(1)

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

397

(1)

Systemic disease and the liver

398

(1)

Pregnancy and liver disease

398

(1)

Gallbladder and biliary tree

398

(2)

Gallstones

399

(1)

Acatcutous cholecystitis

400

(1)

Porphyrias

400

(1)

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)

400

(1)

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)

400

(1)

Self-assessment questions

401

(4)

Chapter 13 Hematology

405

(52)

Stephen James Fuller

Hemostasis

406

(2)

Essential concepts

406

(1)

Components of the hemostatic system

406

(2)

Venous thrombosis

408

(2)

Predisposition to venous thrombosis

408

(1)

Diagnosis of venous thrombosis

409

(1)

Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE)

410

(1)

Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS)

410

(1)

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

410

(1)

Treatment

411

(1)

Thrombosis at unusual sites

411

(1)

Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT)

411

(1)

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT)

411

(1)

Cancer and thrombosis

411

(1)

Bleeding disorders

412

(3)

Von Willebrand disease (vWD)

412

(2)

Hemophilia A

414

(1)

Hemophilia B

415

(1)

Bleeding disorders due to deficiencies of other coagulation factors

415

(1)

Platelet disorders

415

(2)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

415

(1)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome

416

(1)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

417

(2)

Diagnosis

418

(1)

Treatment

418

(1)

Coagulopathy in intensive care patients

419

(1)

Myeloproliferative disorders

419

(5)

Polycythemia vera (PV)

419

(2)

Essential thrombocythemia (ET)

421

(2)

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF)

423

(1)

Leukemia

424

(8)

Acute myeloid leukemia (AMD

424

(2)

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML)

426

(1)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

427

(1)

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

427

(1)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

428

(2)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell disorders

430

(2)

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

432

(3)

Diagnosis

432

(1)

Staging

432

(1)

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

432

(1)

`Cell of origin' classification of DLBCL

433

(1)

`Double-hit' (DH) and `triple-hit' (TH) lymphomas

433

(1)

Burkitt lymphoma

433

(1)

Follicular lymphoma (FL)

433

(1)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)

434

(1)

Cutaneous lymphomas

434

(1)

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)

435

(1)

Histological subtypes and cell biology

435

(1)

Staging

435

(1)

Risk stratification

435

(1)

Plasma cell disorders

436

(2)

Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)

436

(1)

Asymptomatic myeloma

436

(1)

Symptomatic myeloma

436

(1)

Prognostic markers in myeloma

437

(1)

Treatment of myeloma

437

(1)

Differential diagnosis

437

(1)

Anemia

438

(10)

Mechanisms of anemia

438

(1)

Common laboratory tests used for diagnostic work-up

438

(1)

Approach to iron-deficiency anemia

438

(2)

Management of iron deficiency

440

(1)

Anemia of chronic disease

440

(1)

Thalassemias

440

(1)

Sideroblastic anemias

441

(1)

Macrocytic anemias

441

(2)

Hemolytic anemias

443

(5)

Drug-induced hemolysis

448

(1)

Non-immune acquired hemolytic anemias (DAT negative)

448

(1)

Acknowledgment

448

(1)

Self-assessment questions

449

(8)

Chapter 14 Oncology

457

(36)

Victoria Bray

Wei Chua

Christos S Karapetis

Melissa Moore

What is cancer?

459

(1)

DNA and genes

459

(1)

Basic elements of cancer biology

459

(1)

Essential elements of cancer diagnosis and treatment

459

(1)

Prevention

459

(1)

Diagnosis

460

(1)

Screening

460

(1)

Signs and symptoms

460

(1)

Diagnostic tests

460

(1)

Prognosis

461

(1)

Cancer factors

461

(1)

Patient factors

461

(1)

Prognostic vs predictive factors

461

(1)

Treatment principles

461

(1)

Defining treatment goals

461

(1)

Adjuvant therapy

462

(1)

Neoadjuvant therapy

462

(1)

Supportive management

462

(1)

Maintenance therapy

462

(1)

Principles of chemotherapy

462

(1)

Attitudes to chemotherapy

463

(1)

Toxicity of cytotoxic chemotherapy

463

(1)

Principles of radiotherapy

463

(1)

Fractionation

464

(1)

Radiation effects

464

(1)

Treatment responsiveness

464

(1)

Endocrine responsive

464

(1)

Potentially curable following chemotherapy alone

464

(1)

Tumors very sensitive to chemotherapy

464

(1)

Potentially curable following radiotherapy

464

(1)

Personalized medicine

464

(1)

Molecular targeted therapy

464

(1)

Monoclonal antibodies (the ABs')

464

(1)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (the `IBs')

465

(1)

Other

465

(1)

Familial cancers and cancer genetics

465

(1)

Oncological emergencies

465

(2)

Spinal cord compression

465

(1)

Febrile neutropenia

466

(1)

Cardiac tamponade

466

(1)

Addisonian crisis

467

(1)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

467

(1)

Hypercalcemia

467

(1)

Hyponatremia

467

(1)

Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction

467

(1)

Raised intracranial pressure (ICP)

467

(1)

Tumor markers in serum

467

(1)

Paraneoplastic syndrome

468

(1)

Cancer with unknown primary (CUP)

468

(1)

Diagnosis

468

(1)

Potentially treatable subgroups of CUP

468

(1)

Recent research and future directions

469

(1)

Lung cancer

469

(2)

Clinical presentation

469

(1)

Risk factors

469

(1)

Epidemiology and pathology

469

(1)

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

469

(1)

Molecular profiling

469

(1)

Prognosis

469

(1)

Management

469

(1)

Treatment of stage IV NSCLC

470

(1)

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

471

(1)

Renal cancer

471

(1)

Background

471

(1)

Diagnosis and staging

471

(1)

Treatment

472

(1)

Prognosis

472

(1)

Tumors of the pelvis, ureter and bladder

472

(1)

Epidemiology

472

(1)

Risk factors

472

(1)

Clinical presentation

473

(1)

Investigation and diagnosis

473

(1)

Treatment

473

(1)

Prostate cancer

473

(1)

Epidemiology

473

(1)

Screening

473

(1)

Staging

473

(1)

Management

473

(1)

Testis cancer

474

(2)

Epidemiology and risk

474

(1)

Pathology

474

(1)

Diagnosis

474

(1)

Prognostic factors in stage I NSGCT

475

(1)

Treatment

475

(1)

Post-chemotherapy residual masses

475

(1)

Relapsed disease

476

(1)

High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT)

476

(1)

Head and neck cancer

476

(1)

Early-stage disease

476

(1)

Advanced-stage disease

476

(1)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

476

(1)

Esophageal cancer

476

(1)

Pathology and epidemiology

476

(1)

Clinical presentation

476

(1)

Diagnosis and screening

477

(1)

Management

477

(1)

Gastric cancer

477

(1)

Epidemiology

477

(1)

Clinical presentation

477

(1)

Diagnosis

477

(1)

Treatment

477

(1)

Gastric MALT lymphoma

478

(1)

Colorectal cancer

478

(2)

Pathology and epidemiology

478

(1)

Diagnosis and staging

478

(1)

Management

479

(1)

Future directions

480

(1)

Pancreatic cancer

480

(1)

Key points

480

(1)

Epidemiology

480

(1)

Diagnosis

480

(1)

Management

480

(1)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

481

(1)

Key points

481

(1)

Risk factors

481

(1)

Prognosis

481

(1)

Treatment

481

(1)

Brain tumors

482

(1)

Low-grade glioma (astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma)

482

(1)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

482

(1)

Lymphoma

482

(1)

Melanoma

483

(1)

Pathology and epidemiology

483

(1)

Diagnosis and staging

483

(1)

Management

483

(1)

Advanced disease

483

(1)

Non-melanoma skin cancer

483

(1)

Risk factors

483

(1)

Management

484

(1)

Sarcoma

484

(1)

Clinical presentation

484

(1)

Diagnosis

484

(1)

Treatment

484

(1)

Breast cancer

485

(2)

Epidemiology

485

(1)

Risk factors

485

(1)

Pathology

485

(1)

Screening

485

(1)

Diagnosis and staging

485

(1)

Management

485

(2)

Recent research and future directions

487

(1)

Ovarian cancer

487

(1)

Key points

487

(1)

Pathology and epidemiology

487

(1)

Diagnosis

488

(1)

Management

488

(1)

Future directions

488

(1)

Endometrial cancer

488

(1)

Pathology and epidemiology

488

(1)

Diagnosis

488

(1)

Management

489

(1)

Cancer survivorship

489

(1)

Self-assessment questions

490

(3)

Chapter 15 Palliative Medicine

493

(14)

Meera Agar

Katherine Clark

David Currow

Pain

494

(2)

Definition

494

(1)

Impact of the problem

494

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

494

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

494

(2)

Mucositis

496

(1)

Definition

496

(1)

Impact of the problem

496

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

496

(1)

Interventions

496

(1)

Fatigue

497

(1)

Definition

497

(1)

Impact of the problem

497

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

497

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

497

(1)

Nausea and vomiting

497

(3)

Definition

497

(1)

Impact of the problem

498

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

498

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

498

(2)

Cachexia and anorexia

500

(1)

Definition

500

(1)

Impact of the problems

500

(1)

Underlying pathophysiological basis

500

(1)

Interventions

501

(1)

Breathlessness

501

(1)

Definition

501

(1)

Impact of the problem

501

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

501

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

502

(1)

Constipation

502

(1)

Definition

502

(1)

Impact of the problem

502

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

502

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

502

(1)

Delirium

502

(1)

Definition

502

(1)

Impact of the problem

502

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

503

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

503

(1)

Insomnia

503

(2)

Definition

503

(1)

Impact of the problem

503

(1)

Pathophysiological basis

503

(1)

Interventions to palliate the problem

504

(1)

Self-assessment questions

505

(2)

Chapter 16 Immunology

507

(56)

Brad Frankum

Monique Wei Meng Lee

Jessie A Lee

Key concepts in immunobiology

508

(5)

Innate and adaptive immunity

508

(1)

Specificity and diversity

509

(1)

Immunological memory

510

(1)

Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency

511

(1)

Immunity, inflammation and tissue repair

511

(1)

Understanding immunobiology

512

(1)

Manipulation of the immune system

512

(1)

Allergic disease

513

(13)

Anaphylaxis

513

(1)

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic conjunctivitis (AC)

514

(2)

Chronic rhinosinusitis

516

(2)

Atopic dermatitis (AD)

518

(1)

Food allergy

519

(2)

Urticaria and angioedema

521

(3)

Drug allergy

524

(1)

Insect venom allergy

525

(1)

Eosinophilia

526

(1)

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

526

(1)

Mast cell disorders

527

(1)

Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM)

527

(1)

Systemic mastocytosis (SM)

527

(1)

Systemic autoimmune disease

528

(12)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

528

(4)

Sjogren's syndrome (SS)

532

(3)

Inflammatory myopathies

535

(1)

Anti-synthetase syndrome

535

(2)

Scleroderma and CREST syndrome

537

(1)

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)

538

(1)

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

539

(1)

IgG4-related disease

539

(1)

Primary vasculitis

540

(6)

Large-vessel vasculitis

540

(2)

Medium-vessel vasculitis

542

(1)

Small-vessel vasculitis

543

(2)

Single-organ vasculitis

545

(1)

Variable-vessel vasculitis

545

(1)

Autoinflammatory disorders

546

(1)

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)

546

(1)

TNF-receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)

547

(1)

Immunodeficiency

547

(3)

Primary immunodeficiency

547

(3)

Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency

550

(1)

HIV/AIDS

550

(7)

Epidemiology

551

(1)

Risk factors for HIV infection

551

(1)

Pathophysiology

551

(1)

Clinical features and diagnosis

552

(1)

Management

553

(2)

Prognosis

555

(2)

Self-assessment questions

557

(6)

Chapter 17 Musculoskeletal Medicine

563

(36)

Carlos El Haddad

Kevin Pile

An approach to a patient with painful joints

564

(2)

History

564

(1)

Examination

565

(1)

Investigations

566

(1)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

566

(5)

Genetics and environmental contribution to RA

566

(1)

Pathology

567

(1)

Diagnosis

567

(1)

Clinical features and complications

567

(2)

Investigations

569

(1)

Treatment

569

(2)

Conclusions

571

(1)

Spondyloarthropathies

571

(4)

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

572

(1)

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)

573

(1)

Reactive arthritis (ReA)

574

(1)

IBD-associated spondyloarthropathy

575

(1)

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD)

575

(1)

Crystal arthropathies

575

(5)

Gout

575

(4)

Pseudogout

579

(1)

Relapsing polychondritis (RP)

580

(1)

Osteoarthritis (OA)

580

(4)

Types of osteoarthritis

581

(1)

Clinical features

581

(1)

Specific joint involvement

581

(1)

Investigations

582

(1)

Treatment

582

(2)

Genetic connective tissue disorders

584

(1)

Painful shoulders

584

(3)

Clinical assessment

585

(1)

Examination

585

(1)

Rotator cuff disease

585

(1)

Frozen shoulder/adhesive capsulitis

586

(1)

Tennis elbow and golfer's elbow

587

(1)

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

587

(1)

Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis)

587

(1)

Plantar fasciitis

588

(1)

Fibromyalgia

588

(2)

Epidemiology and etiology

589

(1)

Investigations

589

(1)

Prognosis, differential diagnosis and treatment

590

(1)

Septic arthritis

590

(1)

Investigations

591

(1)

Treatment

591

(1)

Acute low back pain

591

(3)

Specific pathology leading to acute low back pain

592

(1)

Management

593

(1)

Outcome

593

(1)

Chronic low back pain

594

(1)

Clinical assessment

594

(1)

Conservative treatment

594

(1)

Invasive treatment

594

(1)

Self-assessment questions

595

(4)

Chapter 18 Neurology

599

(58)

Christopher Levi

Thomas Wellings

Disorders of consciousness

600

(2)

Definitions

600

(1)

Levels of consciousness

600

(1)

Causes of coma

600

(1)

Assessment of the patient with impaired consciousness

601

(1)

Headache

602

(6)

Primary headache syndromes

602

(4)

Secondary headache

606

(2)

Stroke

608

(4)

Acute assessment and management

608

(1)

Thrombolysis

609

(1)

Neurosurgical intervention

610

(1)

General care measures

611

(1)

Early secondary prevention

611

(1)

Intracerebral hemorrhage

612

(1)

Medical treatment

612

(1)

Surgical management

612

(1)

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

612

(1)

Natural history and outcome of an aneurysmal SAH

612

(1)

Surgical versus endovascular management of SAH

612

(1)

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

613

(1)

Definition

613

(1)

Differential diagnosis of transient neurological disturbances

613

(1)

Pathophysiology

613

(1)

Investigation

613

(1)

Recurrent event risk

613

(1)

Prevention of recurrent events

613

(1)

Dementia

614

(3)

Diagnosis

614

(1)

Major dementia syndromes

614

(1)

Diagnostic work-up of the dementia patient

615

(1)

Other dementia syndromes

615

(2)

Seizures and the epilepsies

617

(7)

Seizure types

617

(1)

Assessing a patient after a seizure

618

(1)

Investigation of a first seizure

619

(1)

The epilepsies

619

(1)

Important epilepsy syndromes

619

(3)

Choice of anticonvulsant therapy

622

(1)

Status epilepticus

622

(2)

Non-epileptic seizures

624

(1)

Balance, dizziness and vertigo

624

(5)

Hemodynamic dizziness or `lightheadedness'

625

(1)

Vertigo

625

(2)

Central pathologies

627

(1)

Treatment of vertiginous patients

628

(1)

Other balance disorders

629

(1)

Movement disorders

629

(7)

Tremor

629

(1)

Parkinson's disease (PD)

630

(3)

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)

633

(1)

Multisystem atrophy (MSA)

633

(1)

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

633

(1)

Corticobasat syndrome

633

(1)

Dystonia

633

(1)

Hyperkinetic movement disorders

634

(1)

NMDA encephalitis

635

(1)

Multiple sclerosis and CNS inflammation

636

(5)

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

636

(4)

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO; `Devic's disease')

640

(1)

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and transverse myelitis (TM)

640

(1)

Neurological manifestations of sarcoidosis and Behcet's disease

641

(1)

Sarcoidosis

641

(1)

Behget's disease

641

(1)

Neuromuscular disease

641

(4)

Myopathy

642

(2)

Genetic disorders

644

(1)

Neuromuscular disorders

645

(7)

Myasthenia gravis (MG)

645

(2)

Disorders of peripheral nerves

647

(1)

Motor neuron disease (MND)/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

647

(2)

Demyelinating neuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

649

(1)

Peripheral neuropathy

650

(2)

Self-assessment questions

652

(5)

Chapter 19 Psychiatry For The Internist

657

(10)

Brian Kelly

Lisa Lampe

Depression

657

(1)

Anxiety disorders

658

(1)

Treatment

659

(1)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

659

(1)

Somatization

659

(1)

Eating disorders

660

(1)

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa

661

(1)

Suicide and deliberate self-harm

661

(1)

Psychotropic agents

662

(3)

Lithium carbonate

662

(1)

Anticonvulsants

662

(1)

Antipsychotic agents

663

(1)

Antidepressants

664

(1)

Self-assessment questions

665

(2)

Chapter 20 Clinical Infectious Diseases

667

(44)

Iain Gosbell

D Ashley R Watson

Clinical approach to infectious diseases

668

(1)

Overview

668

(1)

History

668

(1)

Examination

668

(1)

Diagnostics in infectious diseases

669

(1)

Pre-analytical considerations

669

(1)

Analytical considerations

669

(1)

Post-analytical considerations

669

(1)

Selected common clinically important organisms

670

(7)

Selected bacteria

670

(2)

Selected viruses

672

(2)

Selected fungi

674

(3)

Selected parasites

677

(1)

Anti-infective treatment

677

(3)

Is infection likely?

677

(1)

What are the likely pathogen(s)?

678

(1)

Are anti-infective drugs required?

679

(1)

Choice of empirical and definitive antibiotics

679

(1)

What host factors need consideration?

679

(1)

What therapy other than antibiotics is required?

679

(1)

Ongoing assessment and further results

679

(1)

What is the duration and endpoint of treatment?

679

(1)

Anti-infective agents

680

(10)

Antibiotics

680

(7)

Antiviral agents

687

(1)

Antifungals

688

(2)

Specific syndromes

690

(5)

Acute fever

690

(1)

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO)

690

(2)

Skin and soft tissue infections

692

(2)

Drug fever

694

(1)

Infections in special hosts and populations

695

(7)

Infections in immunosuppressed patients

695

(1)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

696

(6)

Systemic viral infections

702

(4)

HIV

702

(1)

Hepatitis viruses

702

(1)

Herpesviruses

702

(1)

Zoonoses

703

(3)

Infection prevention and control

706

(2)

Administrative support

706

(1)

Judicious use of antibiotics

707

(1)

MRO surveillance

707

(1)

Infection control precautions

707

(1)

Environmental measures

707

(1)

Decolonization

707

(1)

Self-assessment questions

708

(3)

Chapter 21 Immunization

711

(16)

Robert W Pickles

General principles

711

(1)

Immunizing agents

712

(2)

Factors affecting immunogenicity

714

(1)

Chemical and physical properties of antigens (vaccines)

714

(1)

Physiological attributes of individuals

714

(1)

Route of administration

714

(1)

Presence of adjuvants

714

(1)

Contraindications

714

(1)

False contraindications

714

(1)

Egg allergy

714

(1)

Booster doses

714

(1)

Immunization in specific populations

714

(5)

Pregnancy

714

(1)

Preconception

715

(1)

Breastfeeding

715

(1)

Immunocompromised hosts

715

(4)

Oncology patients

719

(1)

Solid-organ transplant patients

719

(1)

Hemopoetic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) recipients

719

(1)

HIV/AIDS

719

(1)

Asplenia

719

(1)

Occupational exposure

719

(1)

Travel vaccines

719

(1)

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

719

(2)

Intramuscular immune globulin

719

(1)

Specific intramuscular immune globulin preparations (hyperimmune globulins)

719

(2)

Specific immune globulins for intravenous use

721

(1)

Routine immunization of adults

721

(1)

Self-assessment questions

722

(5)

Chapter 22 Dermatology For The Physician

727

(12)

Brad Frankum

Saxon D Smith

Autoinflammatory diseases of the skin

727

(5)

Acne

727

(1)

Atopic dermatitis

728

(1)

Hidradenitis suppurativa

728

(1)

Psoriasis

729

(1)

Erythema nodosum (EN)

729

(1)

Bullous lesions

730

(1)

Dermatitis herpetiformis

731

(1)

Livedo reticularis

732

(1)

Skin problems associated with underlying systemic disease

732

(3)

Acanthosis nigricans

732

(1)

Neutrophilic dermatoses

733

(1)

Pruritus

734

(1)

Pigmentation

734

(1)

Photosensitivity

734

(1)

Rash on the palms and soles

734

(1)

Red person syndrome (erythroderma or exfoliative dermatitis)

734

(1)

Excessive sweating (hyperhydrosis)

735

(1)

Facial flushing

735

(1)

Genetic or congenital skin diseases

735

(1)

The phakomatoses

735

(1)

Skin disease associated with malignancy

736

(2)

Primary or secondary malignancy

736

(1)

Underlying malignancy

737

(1)

Self-assessment questions

738

(1)

Chapter 23 Medical Ophthalmology

739

(16)

Michael Hennessy

Brad Frankum

Peter Mccluskey

Elisa Cornish

Introduction

739

(1)

Ocular history

740

(1)

Ocular examination

740

(4)

General inspection findings

740

(1)

Visual acuity

740

(1)

Intraocular pressure

740

(1)

Field of vision

741

(1)

Pupils

741

(1)

Color saturation

742

(1)

Ocular motility

742

(1)

Ophthalmoscopy

743

(1)

Auscultation

743

(1)

Ocular conditions

744

(3)

Retinal vascular disease

744

(1)

Retinal arterial occlusion

744

(1)

Retinal venous occlusion

745

(1)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR)

746

(1)

Uveitis

747

(1)

Scleritis

747

(1)

Thyroid-related orbitopathy

747

(1)

Dry eye

748

(1)

Neoplasia and the eye

748

(1)

Neuro-ophthalmology

749

(1)

Optic neuritis (ON)

749

(1)

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION)

749

(1)

Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION)

749

(1)

Papilledema

750

(1)

Extraocular muscle paralysis

750

(1)

Phakomatoses

750

(1)

Ocular effects of systemic medication

750

(2)

Self-assessment questions

752

(3)

Chapter 24 Women's Health for the Physician

755

(16)

Steve Robson

Andrew Korda

Infertility

755

(2)

Age and infertility

756

(1)

Anovulatory infertility

756

(1)

Hyperprolactinemia

757

(1)

Infertility due to anatomical abnormalities of the reproductive tract

757

(1)

Male factor infertility

757

(1)

Unexplained infertility

757

(1)

Contraception

757

(3)

Steroidal contraception

758

(2)

Emergency contraception

760

(1)

Menopausal symptoms

760

(1)

Premenstrual syndrome

761

(1)

Abnormal uterine bleeding

761

(1)

Diagnosis

761

(1)

Management

762

(1)

Dysmenorrhea

762

(1)

Vulvar conditions

762

(3)

Management

762

(1)

Conditions with abnormalities on examination

763

(2)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

765

(1)

Chlamydia

765

(1)

Gonorrhea

766

(1)

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

766

(1)

Ctinical features

766

(1)

Treatment

767

(1)

Sexual problems

767

(2)

Treatment

768

(1)

Self-assessment questions

769

(2)

Chapter 25 Obstetric Medicine

771

(18)

Annemarie Hennessy

Angela Makris

General principles of medical obstetric care

772

(1)

Diabetes in pregnancy

772

(3)

Gestational diabetes

773

(1)

Type 1 Diabetes in pregnancy

774

(1)

Type 2 Diabetes in pregnancy

774

(1)

Hypertension in pregnancy

775

(2)

Mechanisms of disease

775

(1)

Clinical presentation, investigation and diagnosis

775

(1)

Treatment and targets

776

(1)

Prevention strategies for preeclampsia

776

(1)

Respiratory disease in pregnancy

777

(1)

Pneumonia

777

(1)

Asthma

777

(1)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy

778

(1)

Thyroid disorders in pregnancy

778

(1)

Hypothyroidism

779

(1)

Hyperthyroidism

779

(1)

Common gastroenterological and liver disorders in pregnancy

779

(2)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

779

(1)

Constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

779

(1)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

780

(1)

Cholestasis of pregnancy

780

(1)

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP)

781

(1)

Budd-Chiari syndrome in pregnancy

781

(1)

Viral infection in pregnancy

781

(1)

Viral hepatitis

781

(1)

Immunological and hematological disease in pregnancy

782

(1)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

782

(1)

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

782

(1)

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

783

(1)

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA)

783

(1)

Cardiac disease in pregnancy

783

(2)

Valvular heart disease

783

(1)

Arrhythmias and palpitations

784

(1)

Cardiomyopathy, including postpartum cardiomyopathy

784

(1)

Other vascular conditions

784

(1)

Obesity in pregnancy

785

(1)

Neurological conditions in pregnancy

785

(1)

Self-assessment questions

786

(3)

Chapter 26 Geriatric Medicine

789

(18)

Will Browne

Balakrishnan Kichu R Nair

Elizabeth Whiting

Jeffrey Rowland

Paven Preet Kaur

Ramdeep Bajwa

Introduction

790

(1)

Epidemiology of aging

790

(1)

Theories of aging

790

(1)

Processes underlying aging

790

(1)

Homeostenosis

790

(1)

Evolution and aging

790

(1)

Telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction

790

(1)

Endocrine factors associated with aging

790

(1)

Inflammation and aging

791

(1)

Free radicals and aging

791

(1)

Programmed aging

791

(1)

Physiology of aging

791

(1)

Cardiovascular changes

791

(1)

Cardiac changes

791

(1)

Renal changes

791

(1)

Musculoskeletal changes

791

(1)

Neurological changes

792

(1)

Skin changes

792

(1)

Metabolic and endocrine changes

792

(1)

Gastrointestinal changes

792

(1)

Pathology: disease in older people

792

(4)

Concepts related to aging

792

(1)

Common problems typical to older people

793

(3)

Atypical presentation of acute illness

796

(1)

Delirium

796

(1)

Declining mobility and falls

796

(1)

New incontinence

796

(1)

Geriatrics, the 5M's and the role of the Geriatrician

797

(1)

Approach to comprehensive geriatric assessment

797

(1)

Special considerations

798

(1)

Undernutrition

798

(1)

Advance care planning

798

(1)

Capacity

798

(1)

End of life care

799

(1)

Immunizations

799

(1)

Elder abuse

799

(1)

Treatment considerations

799

(1)

Polypharmacy

799

(1)

Bed rest

799

(1)

Futility of treatment

799

(1)

Self-assessment questions

800

(7)

Index

807

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E-grāmata: Essentials of Internal Medicine - eBook

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