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E-grāmata: Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Guide

4.07/5 (147 ratings by Goodreads)

Rafay Baloch

Formāts: 532 pages
Izdošanas datums: 29-Sep-2017
Izdevniecība: Apple Academic Press Inc.
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781482231625

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Formāts: 532 pages
Izdošanas datums: 29-Sep-2017
Izdevniecība: Apple Academic Press Inc.
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781482231625

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

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Requiring no prior hacking experience, Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Guide supplies a complete introduction to the steps required to complete a penetration test, or ethical hack, from beginning to end. You will learn how to properly utilize and interpret the results of modern-day hacking tools, which are required to complete a penetration test. The book covers a wide range of tools, including Backtrack Linux, Google reconnaissance, MetaGooFil, dig, Nmap, Nessus, Metasploit, Fast Track Autopwn, Netcat, and Hacker Defender rootkit. Supplying a simple and clean explanation of how to effectively utilize these tools, it details a four-step methodology for conducting an effective penetration test or hack.Providing an accessible introduction to penetration testing and hacking, the book supplies you with a fundamental understanding of offensive security. After completing the book you will be prepared to take on in-depth and advanced topics in hacking and penetration testing. The book walks you through each of the steps and tools in a structured, orderly manner allowing you to understand how the output from each tool can be fully utilized in the subsequent phases of the penetration test. This process will allow you to clearly see how the various tools and phases relate to each other. An ideal resource for those who want to learn about ethical hacking but dont know where to start, this book will help take your hacking skills to the next level. The topics described in this book comply with international standards and with what is being taught in international certifications.

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

Author

xxvii

1 Introduction to Hacking

(18)

Important Terminologies

(5)

Asset

(1)

Vulnerability

(1)

Threat

(1)

Exploit

(1)

Risk

(1)

What Is a Penetration Test?

(1)

Vulnerability Assessments versus Penetration Test

(1)

Preengagement

(1)

Rules of Engagement

(1)

Milestones

(1)

Penetration Testing Methodologies

(1)

OSSTMM

(1)

NIST

(1)

OWASP

(1)

Categories of Penetration Test

(3)

Black Box

(1)

White Box

(1)

Gray Box

(1)

Types of Penetration Tests

(1)

Network Penetration Test

(1)

Web Application Penetration Test

(1)

Mobile Application Penetration Test

(1)

Social Engineering Penetration Test

(1)

Physical Penetration Test

(1)

Report Writing

(1)

Understanding the Audience

(1)

Executive Class

(1)

Management Class

(1)

Technical Class

(1)

Writing Reports

(1)

Structure of a Penetration Testing Report

(2)

Cover Page

(1)

Table of Contents

(1)

Executive Summary

(1)

Remediation Report

(1)

Vulnerability Assessment Summary

(2)

Tabular Summary

(1)

Risk Assessment

(1)

Risk Assessment Matrix

(1)

Methodology

(3)

Detailed Findings

(2)

Description

(1)

Explanation

(1)

Risk

(1)

Recommendation

(1)

Reports

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

2 Linux Basics

(34)

Major Linux Operating Systems

(1)

File Structure inside of Linux

(5)

File Permission in Linux

(2)

Group Permission

(1)

Linux Advance/Special Permission

(1)

Link Permission

(1)

Suid & Guid Permission

(1)

Stickybit Permission

(1)

Chatter Permission

(1)

Most Common and Important Commands

(1)

Linux Scheduler (Cron Job)

(3)

Cron Permission

(2)

Cron Permission

(1)

Cron Files

(2)

Users inside of Linux

(2)

Linux Services

(1)

Linux Password Storage

(1)

Linux Logging

(1)

Common Applications of Linux

(1)

What Is BackTrack?

(13)

How to Get BackTrack 5 Running

(1)

Installing BackTrack on Virtual Box

(4)

Installing BackTrack on a Portable USB

(4)

Installing BackTrack on Your Hard Drive

(4)

BackTrack Basics

(1)

Changing the Default Screen Resolution

(3)

Some Unforgettable Basics

(2)

Changing the Password

(1)

Clearing the Screen

(1)

Listing the Contents of a Directory

(1)

Displaying Contents of a Specific Directory

(1)

Displaying the Contents of a File

(1)

Creating a Directory

(1)

Changing the Directories

(1)

Windows

(1)

Linux

(1)

Creating a Text File

(1)

Copying a File

(1)

Current Working Directory

(1)

Renaming a File

(1)

Moving a File

(1)

Removing a File

(1)

Locating Certain Files inside BackTrack

(1)

Text Editors inside BackTrack

(1)

Getting to Know Your Network

(1)

Dhclient

(1)

Services

(3)

MyS QL

(1)

SSHD

(2)

Postgresql

(1)

Other Online Resources

(2)

3 Information Gathering Techniques

(44)

Active Information Gathering

(1)

Passive Information Gathering

(1)

Sources of Information Gathering

(1)

Copying Websites Locally

(2)

Information Gathering with Whois

(1)

Finding Other Websites Hosted on the Same Server

(1)

Yougetsignal.com

(3)

Tracing the Location

(1)

Traceroute

(1)

ICMP Traceroute

(1)

TCP Traceroute

(1)

Usage

(1)

UDP Traceroute

(1)

Usage

(1)

NeoTrace

(1)

Cheops-ng

(1)

Enumerating and Fingerprinting the Webservers

(1)

Intercepting a Response

(2)

Acunetix Vulnerability Scanner

(1)

WhatWeb

(1)

Netcraft

(1)

Google Hacking

(1)

Some Basic Parameters

(1)

Site

(1)

Example

(1)

TIP regarding Filetype

(2)

Google Hacking Database

(1)

Hackersforcharity.org/ghdb

(1)

Xcode Exploit Scanner

(8)

File Analysis

(1)

Foca

(1)

Harvesting E-Mail Lists

(2)

Gathering Wordlist from a Target Website

(1)

Scanning for Subdomains

(1)

TheHarvester

(1)

Fierce in BackTrack

(2)

Scanning for SSL Version

(1)

DNS Enumeration

(1)

Interacting with DNS Servers

(1)

Nslookup

(1)

DIG

(1)

Forward DNS Lookup

(1)

Forward DNS Lookup with Fierce

(1)

Reverse DNS

(1)

Reverse DNS Lookup with Dig

(1)

Reverse DNS Lookup with Fierce

(1)

Zone Transfers

(1)

Zone Transfer with Host Command

(1)

Automating Zone Transfers

(1)

DNS Cache Snooping

(1)

What Is DNS Cache Snooping?

(2)

Nonrecursive Method

(1)

Recursive Method

(1)

What Is the Likelihood of Name Servers Allowing Recursive/Nonrecursive Queries?

(1)

Attack Scenario

(1)

Automating DNS Cache Snooping Attacks

(1)

Enumerating SNMP

(1)

Problem with SNMP

(1)

Sniffing SNMP Passwords

(1)

OneSixtyOne

(1)

Snmpenum

(1)

SolarWinds Toolset

(1)

SNMP Sweep

(1)

SNMP Brute Force and Dictionary

(1)

SNMP Brute Force Tool

(1)

SNMP Dictionary Attack Tool

(1)

SMTP Enumeration

(6)

Detecting Load Balancers

(1)

Load Balancer Detector

(1)

Determining Real IP behind Load Balancers

(1)

Bypassing CloudFlare Protection

(22)

Method 1: Resolvers

(2)

Method 2: Subdomain Trick

(1)

Method 3: Mail Servers

(1)

Intelligence Gathering Using Shodan

(2)

Further Reading

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

4 Target Enumeration and Port Scanning Techniques

(24)

Host Discovery

(3)

Scanning for Open Ports and Services

100

(1)

Types of Port Scanning

100

(1)

Understanding the TCP Three-Way Handshake

101

(1)

TCP Flags

101

(1)

Port Status Types

102

(1)

TCP SYN Scan

102

(1)

TCP Connect Scan

103

(1)

NULL, FIN, and XMAS Scans

104

(1)

NULL Scan

104

(1)

FIN Scan

105

(1)

XMAS Scan

105

(1)

TCP ACK Scan

105

(1)

Responses

106

(1)

UDP Port Scan

106

(1)

Anonymous Scan Types

107

(1)

IDLE Scan

107

(1)

Scanting for a Vulnerable Host

107

(2)

Performing an IDLE Scan with NMAP

109

(1)

TCP FTP Bounce Scan

109

(1)

Service Version Detection

110

(1)

OS Fingerprinting

111

(1)

POF

111

(1)

Output

112

(1)

Normal Format

112

(1)

Grepable Format

112

(1)

XML Format

113

(1)

Advanced Firewall/IDS Evading Techniques

113

(1)

Timing Technique

114

(1)

Wireshark Output

114

(1)

Fragmented Packets

115

(1)

Wireshark Output

115

(1)

Source Port Scan

115

(1)

Specifying an MTU

116

(1)

Sending Bad Checksums

116

(1)

Decoys

117

(1)

ZENMAP

117

(2)

Further Reading

119

(2)

5 Vulnerability Assessment

121

(18)

What Are Vulnerability Scanners and How Do They Work?

121

(1)

Pros and Cons of a Vulnerability Scanner

122

(1)

Vulnerability Assessment with Nmap

122

(1)

Updating the Database

122

(1)

Scanning MS08_067_netapi

123

(1)

Testing SCADA Environments with Nmap

123

(1)

Installation

124

(1)

Usage

124

(1)

Nessus Vulnerability Scanner

124

(1)

Home Feed

125

(1)

Professional Feed

125

(1)

Installing Nessus on BackTrack

125

(1)

Adding a User

125

(3)

Nessus Control Panel

126

(1)

Reports

126

(1)

Mobile

126

(1)

Scan

127

(1)

Policies

127

(1)

Users

127

(1)

Configuration

127

(1)

Default Policies

127

(1)

Creating a New Policy

128

(1)

Safe Checks

128

(1)

Silent Dependencies

128

(1)

Avoid Sequential Scans

128

(1)

Port Range

129

(1)

Credentials

129

(1)

Plug-Ins

129

(1)

Preferences

130

(2)

Scanning the Target

130

(2)

Nessus Integration with Metasploit

132

(1)

Importing Nessus to Metasploit

132

(2)

Scanning the Target

133

(1)

Reporting

133

(1)

OpenVas

133

(1)

Resource

134

(2)

Vulnerability Data Resources

134

(1)

Exploit Databases

135

(1)

Using Exploit-db with BackTrack

136

(1)

Searching for Exploits inside BackTrack

137

(1)

Conclusion

138

(1)

6 Network Sniffing

139

(24)

Introduction

139

(1)

Types of Sniffing

140

(1)

Active Sniffing

140

(1)

Passive Sniffing

140

(1)

Hubs versus Switches

140

(1)

Promiscuous versus Nonpromiscuous Mode

141

(1)

MITM Attacks

141

(1)

ARP Protocol Basics

142

(1)

How ARP Works

142

(1)

ARP Attacks

143

(1)

MAC Flooding

143

(1)

Macof

143

(1)

ARP Poisoning

144

(1)

Scenario-How It Works

144

(1)

Denial of Service Attacks

144

(1)

Tools of the Trade

145

(1)

Dsniff

145

(1)

Using ARP Spoof to Perform MITM Attacks

145

(2)

Usage

146

(1)

Sniffing the Traffic with Dsniff

147

(1)

Sniffing Pictures with Drifnet

147

(1)

Urlsnarf and Webspy

148

(1)

Sniffing with Wireshark

149

(1)

Ettercap

150

(1)

ARP Poisoning with Ettercap

150

(2)

Hijacking Session with MITM Attack

152

(1)

Attack Scenario

152

(1)

ARP Poisoning with Cain and Abel

153

(2)

Sniffing Session Cookies with Wireshark

155

(1)

Hijacking the Session

156

(1)

SSL Strip: Stripping HTTPS Traffic

157

(1)

Requirements

157

(1)

Usage

158

(1)

Automating Man in the Middle Attacks

158

(1)

Usage

158

(1)

DNS Spoofing

159

(1)

ARP Spoofing Attack

159

(1)

Manipulating the DNS Records

160

(1)

Using Ettercap to Launch DNS Spoofing Attack

160

(1)

DHCP Spoofing

160

(1)

Conclusion

161

(2)

7 Remote Exploitation

163

(34)

Understanding Network Protocols

163

(1)

Transmission Control Protocol

164

(1)

User Datagram Protocol

164

(1)

Internet Control Messaging Protocol

164

(1)

Server Protocols

164

(1)

Text-Based Protocols (Important)

164

(1)

Binary Protocols

164

(2)

FTP

165

(1)

SMTP

165

(1)

HTTP

165

(1)

Further Reading

165

(1)

Resources

166

(1)

Attacking Network Remote Services

166

(1)

Overview of Brute Force Attacks

166

(1)

Traditional Brute Force

166

(1)

Dictionary Attacks

166

(1)

Hybrid Attacks

167

(1)

Common Target Protocols

167

(1)

Tools of the Trade

167

(1)

THC Hydra

167

(1)

Basic Syntax for Hydra

168

(2)

Cracking Services with Hydra

168

(2)

Hydra GUI

170

(1)

Medusa

170

(1)

Basic Syntax

170

(1)

OpenSSH Username Discovery Bug

170

(1)

Cracking SSH with Medusa

171

(1)

Ncrack

171

(1)

Basic Syntax

171

(1)

Cracking an RDP with Ncrack

172

(1)

Case Study of a Morto Worm

172

(1)

Combining Nmap and Ncrack for Optimal Results

172

(2)

Attacking SMTP

173

(1)

Important Commands

174

(1)

Real-Life Example

174

(1)

Attacking SQL Servers

175

(1)

MySQL Servers

175

(1)

Fingerprinting MySQL Version

175

(1)

Testing for Weak Authentication

175

(1)

MS SQL Servers

176

(1)

Fingerprinting the Version

177

(1)

Brute Forcing SA Account

177

(1)

Using Null Passwords

178

(1)

Introduction to Metasploit

178

(1)

History of Metasploit

178

(1)

Metasploit Interfaces

178

(1)

MSFConsole

178

(1)

MSFcli

179

(1)

MSFGUI

179

(1)

Armitage

179

(1)

Metasploit Utilities

179

(1)

MSFPayload

179

(1)

MSFEncode

179

(1)

MSFVenom

179

(1)

Metasploit Basic Commands

180

(1)

Search Feature in Metasploit

180

(1)

Use Command

181

(1)

Info Command

181

(1)

Show Options

181

(1)

Set/Unset Command

182

(1)

Reconnaissance with Metasploit

182

(1)

Port Scanning with Metasploit

182

(1)

Metasploit Databases

182

(1)

Storing Information from Nmap into Metasploit Database

183

(1)

Useful Scans with Metasploit

184

(1)

Port Scanners

184

(1)

Specific Scanners

184

(1)

Compromising a Windows Host with Metasploit

184

(4)

Metasploit Autopwn

188

(1)

db_autopwn in Action

188

(1)

Nessus and Autopwn

189

(1)

Armitage

189

(1)

Interface

190

(1)

Launching Armitage

190

(1)

Compromising Your First Target from Armitage

191

(1)

Enumerating and Fingerprinting the Target

191

(1)

MSF Scans

192

(1)

Importing Hosts

192

(1)

Vulnerability Assessment

193

(1)

Exploitation

193

(2)

Check Feature

195

(1)

Hail Mary

196

(1)

Conclusion

196

(1)

References

196

(1)

8 Client Side Exploitation

197

(34)

Client Side Exploitation Methods

197

(4)

Attack Scenario 1: E-Mails Leading to Malicious Attachments

197

(1)

Attack Scenario 2: E-Mails Leading to Malicious Links

197

(1)

Attack Scenario 3: Compromising Client Side Update

198

(1)

Attack Scenario 4: Malware Loaded on USB Sticks

198

(1)

E-Mails with Malicious Attachments

198

(3)

Creating a Custom Executable

198

(1)

Creating a Backdoor with SET

198

(3)

PDF Hacking

201

(1)

Introduction

201

(1)

Header

202

(1)

Body

202

(1)

Cross Reference Table

202

(1)

Trailer

202

(1)

PDF Launch Action

202

(1)

Creating a PDF Document with a Launch Action

203

(2)

Controlling the Dialog Boxes

205

(1)

PDF Reconnaissance

205

(1)

Tools of the Trade

205

(2)

PDFINFO

205

(1)

PDFINFO "Your PDF Document"

206

(1)

PDFTK

206

(1)

Origami Framework

207

(1)

Installing Origami Framework on BackTrack

207

(1)

Attacking with PDF

208

(1)

Fileformat Exploits

208

(1)

Browser Exploits

208

(1)

Scenario from Real World

209

(1)

Adobe PDF Embedded EXE

210

(1)

Social Engineering Toolkit

211

(3)

Attack Scenario 2: E-Mails Leading to Malicious Links

213

(1)

Credential Harvester Attack

214

(1)

Tabnabbing Attack

215

(1)

Other Attack Vectors

216

(1)

Browser Exploitation

217

(1)

Attacking over the Internet with SET

217

(1)

Attack Scenario over the Internet

217

(3)

Using Windows Box as Router (Port Forwarding)

220

(1)

Browser AutoPWN

220

(1)

Why Use Browser AutoPWN?

221

(1)

Problem with Browser AutoPWN

221

(2)

VPS/Dedicated Server

223

(1)

Attack Scenario 3: Compromising Client Side Update

223

(1)

How Evilgrade Works

223

(1)

Prerequisites

223

(6)

Attack Vectors

223

(1)

Internal Network Attack Vectors

223

(1)

External Network Attack Vectors

224

(1)

Evilgrade Console

224

(1)

Attack Scenario

224

(3)

Attack Scenario 4: Malware Loaded on USB Sticks

227

(2)

Teensy USB

229

(1)

Conclusion

229

(1)

Further Reading

229

(2)

9 Postexploitation

231

(40)

Acquiring Situation Awareness

231

(5)

Enumerating a Windows Machine

231

(2)

Enumerating Local Groups and Users

233

(1)

Enumerating a Linux Machine

233

(2)

Enumerating with Meterpreter

235

(1)

Identifying Processes

235

(1)

Interacting with the System

235

(1)

User Interface Command

235

(1)

Privilege Escalation

236

(1)

Maintaining Stability

236

(1)

Escalating Privileges

237

(4)

Bypassing User Access Control

238

(1)

Impersonating the Token

239

(2)

Escalating Privileges on a Linux Machine

241

(1)

Maintaining Access

241

(1)

Installing a Backdoor

241

(1)

Cracking the Hashes to Gain Access to Other Services

241

(1)

Backdoors

241

(3)

Disabling the Firewall

242

(1)

Killing the Antivirus

242

(1)

Netcat

243

(1)

MSFPayload/MSFEncode

244

(2)

Generating a Backdoor with MSFPayload

244

(1)

MSFEncode

245

(1)

MSFVenom

246

(5)

Persistence

247

(2)

What Is a Hash?

249

(1)

Hashing Algorithms

249

(1)

Windows Hashing Methods

250

(1)

LAN Manager (LM)

250

(1)

NTLM/NTLM2

250

(1)

Kerberos

250

(1)

Where Are LM/NTLM Hashes Located?

250

(1)

Dumping the Hashes

251

(2)

Scenario 1-Remote Access

251

(1)

Scenario 2-Local Access

251

(1)

Ophcrack

252

(1)

References

253

(1)

Scenario 3-Offline System

253

(1)

Ophcrack LiveCD

253

(1)

Bypassing the Log-In

253

(1)

References

253

(1)

Cracking the Hashes

253

(2)

Bruteforce

253

(1)

Dictionary Attacks

254

(1)

Password Salts

254

(1)

Rainbow Tables

254

(1)

John the Ripper

255

(1)

Cracking LM/NTLM Passwords with JTR

255

(1)

Cracking Linux Passwords with JTR

256

(1)

Rainbow Crack

256

(3)

Sorting the Tables

257

(1)

Cracking the Hashes with rcrack

258

(1)

Speeding Up the Cracking Process

258

(1)

Gaining Access- to-Remote Services

258

(1)

Enabling the Remote Desktop

259

(1)

Adding Users to the Remote Desktop

259

(1)

Data Mining

259

(3)

Gathering OS Information

260

(1)

Harvesting Stored Credentials

261

(1)

Identifying and Exploiting Further Targets

262

(7)

Mapping the Internal Network

263

(1)

Finding Network Information

264

(1)

Identifying Further Targets

265

(1)

Pivoting

266

(1)

Scanning Ports and Services and Detecting OS

267

(1)

Compromising Other Hosts on the Network Having the Same Password

268

(1)

psexec

269

(1)

Exploiting Targets

270

(1)

Conclusion

270

(1)

10 Windows Exploit Development Basics

271

(20)

Prerequisites

271

(1)

What Is a Buffer Overflow?

271

(1)

Vulnerable Application

272

(1)

How to Find Buffer Overflows

273

(1)

Methodology

273

(1)

Getting the Software Up and Running

273

(1)

Causing the Application to Crash

273

(2)

Skeleton Exploit

275

(6)

Determining the Offset

278

(2)

Identifying Bad Characters

280

(1)

Figuring Out Bad Characters with Mona

281

(6)

Overwriting the Return Address

283

(2)

NOP Sledges

285

(1)

Generating the ShellCode

286

(1)

Generating Metasploit Module

287

(1)

Porting to Metasploit

288

(2)

Conclusion

290

(1)

Further Resources

290

(1)

11 Wireless Hacking

291

(22)

Introduction

291

(1)

Requirements

291

(2)

Introducing Aircrack-ng

293

(1)

Uncovering Hidden SSIDs

293

(1)

Turning on the Monitor Mode

294

(1)

Monitoring Beacon Frames on Wireshark

294

(1)

Monitoring with Airodump-ng

295

(1)

Speeding Up the Process

296

(2)

Bypassing MAC Filters on Wireless Networks

296

(2)

Cracking a WEP Wireless Network with Aircrack-ng

298

(1)

Placing Your Wireless Adapter in Monitor Mode

298

(1)

Determining the Target with Airodump-ng

299

(3)

Attacking the Target

299

(1)

Speeding Up the Cracking Process

300

(1)

Injecting ARP Packets

300

(1)

Cracking the WEP

301

(1)

Cracking a WPA/WPA2 Wireless Network Using Aircrack-ng

302

(1)

Capturing Packets

303

(1)

Capturing the Four-Way Handshake

303

(1)

Cracking WPA/WAP2

304

(2)

Using Reaver to Crack WPS-Enabled Wireless Networks

305

(1)

Reducing the Delay

306

(1)

Further Reading

306

(3)

Setting Up a Fake Access Point with SET to PWN Users

306

(3)

Attack Scenario

309

(2)

Evil Twin Attack

310

(1)

Scanning the Neighbors

311

(1)

Spoofing the MAC

311

(1)

Setting Up a Fake Access Point

311

(1)

Causing Denial of Service on the Original AP

311

(1)

Conclusion

312

(1)

12 Web Hacking

313

(180)

Attacking the Authentication

313

(2)

Username Enumeration

314

(1)

Invalid Username with Invalid Password

314

(1)

Valid Username with Invalid Password

314

(1)

Enabling Browser Cache to Store Passwords

314

(1)

Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks

315

(1)

Types of Authentication

315

(4)

HTTP Basic Authentication

315

(1)

HTTP-Digest Authentication

316

(1)

Form-Based Authentication

317

(2)

Exploiting Password Reset Feature

319

(1)

Etsy.com Password Reset Vulnerability

319

(3)

Attacking Form-Based Authentication

320

(2)

Brute Force Attack

322

(4)

Attacking HTTP Basic Auth

323

(3)

Further Reading

326

(8)

Log-In Protection Mechanisms

326

(1)

CAPTCHA Validation Flaw

326

(2)

CAPTCHA Reset Flaw

328

(1)

Manipulating User-Agents to Bypass CAPTCHA and Other Protections

329

(1)

Real-World Example

330

(1)

Authentication Bypass Attacks

330

(1)

Authentication Bypass Using SQL Injection

330

(3)

Testing for SQL Injection Auth Bypass

331

(2)

Authentication Byp-ass Using XPATH Injection

333

(1)

Testing for XPATH Injection

333

(1)

Authentication Bypass Using Response Tampering

334

(1)

Crawling Restricted Links

334

(1)

Testing for the Vulnerability

335

(1)

Automating It with Burp Suite

336

(1)

Authentication Bypass with Insecure Cookie Handling

336

(6)

Session Attacks

339

(1)

Guessing Weak Session ID

339

(2)

Session Fixation Attacks

341

(1)

Requirements for This Attack

342

(1)

How the Attack Works

342

(2)

SQL Injection Attacks

342

(1)

What Is an SQL Injection?

342

(1)

Types of SQL Injection

342

(1)

Union-Based SQL Injection

343

(1)

Error-Based SQL Injection

343

(1)

Blind SQL Injection

343

(1)

Detecting SQL Injection

343

(1)

Determining the Injection Type

343

(1)

Union-Based SQL Injection (MySQL)

344

(1)

Testing for SQL Injection

344

(7)

Determining the Number of Columns

345

(1)

Determining the Vulnerable Columns

346

(1)

Fingerprinting the Database

347

(1)

Enumeration Information

347

(1)

Information_schema

348

(1)

Information_schema Tables

348

(1)

Enumerating All Available Databases

348

(1)

Enumerating All Available Tables in the Database

349

(1)

Extracting Columns from Tables

349

(1)

Extracting Data from Columns

350

(1)

Using group_concat

350

(1)

MySQL Version < or = to 5

351

(1)

Guessing Table Names

351

(2)

Guessing Columns

352

(1)

SQL Injection to Remote Command Execution

352

(1)

Reading Files

353

(1)

Writing Files

353

(8)

Blind SQL Injection

355

(1)

Boolean-Based SQLi

355

(1)

True Statement

355

(1)

False Statement

356

(1)

Enumerating the DB User

356

(2)

Enumerating the MYSQL Version

358

(1)

Guessing Tables

358

(1)

Guessing Columns in the Table

359

(1)

Extracting Data from Columns

360

(1)

Time-Based SQL Injection

361

(1)

Vulnerable Application

361

(1)

Testing for Time-Based SQL Injection

362

(7)

Enumerating the DB User

362

(1)

Guessing the Table Names

363

(1)

Guessing the Columns

364

(1)

Extracting Data from Columns

365

(1)

Automating SQL Injections with Sqlmap

366

(1)

Enumerating Databases

367

(1)

Enumerating Tables

367

(1)

Enumerating the Columns

367

(1)

Extracting Data from the Columns

368

(1)

HTTP Header-Based SQL Injection

368

(1)

Operating System Takeover with Sqlmap

369

(1)

OS-CMD

369

(1)

OS-SHELL

369

(1)

OS-PWN

370

(1)

XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)

371

(1)

How to Identify XSS Vulnerability

371

(1)

Types of Cross-Site Scripting

371

(1)

Reflected/Nonpersistent XSS

372

(1)

Vulnerable Code

372

(1)

Medium Security

373

(1)

Vulnerable Code

373

(1)

High Security

373

(2)

Bypassing htmlspecialchars

374

(1)

UTF-32 XSS Trick: Bypass 1

375

(1)

Svg Craziness: Bypass 2

375

(1)

Bypass 3: href Attribute

376

(1)

Stored XSS/Persistent XSS

377

(1)

Payloads

377

(1)

Blind XSS

378

(1)

DOM-Based XSS

378

(12)

Detecting DOM-Based XSS

378

(6)

Sources (Inputs)

378

(1)

Sinks (Creating/Modifying HTML Elements)

378

(6)

Static JS Analysis to Identify DOM-Based XSS

384

(1)

How Does It Work?

385

(1)

Setting Up JSPRIME

385

(5)

Dominator: Dynamic Taint Analysis

390

(4)

POC for Internet Explorer

394

(1)

POC for Chrome

394

(1)

Pros/Cons

395

(1)

Cross Browser DOM XSS Detection

395

(2)

Types of DOM-Based XSS

397

(8)

Reflected DOM XSS

397

(1)

Stored DOM XSS

397

(2)

Exploiting XSS

399

(1)

Cookie Stealing with XSS

399

(3)

Exploiting XSS for Conducting Phishing Attacks

402

(2)

Compromising Victim's Browser with XSS

404

(1)

Exploiting XSS with BeEF

405

(1)

Setting Up BeEF on BackTrack

405

(3)

Demo Pages

408

(5)

BeEF Modules

409

(3)

Module: Replace HREFs

409

(1)

Module: Getcookie

409

(1)

Module: Tabnabbing

410

(2)

BeEF in Action

412

(1)

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

413

(1)

Why Does a CSRF Attack Work?

413

(1)

How to Attack

413

(1)

GET-Based CSRF

414

(1)

POST-Based CSRF

414

(1)

CSRF Protection Techniques

415

(1)

Referrer-Based Checking

415

(1)

Anti-CSRF Tokens

415

(1)

Predicting/Brute Forcing Weak Anti-CSRF Token Algorithm

416

(1)

Tokens Not Validated upon Server

416

(1)

Analyzing Weak Anti-CSRF Token Strength

417

(2)

Bypassing CSRF with XSS

419

(6)

File Upload Vulnerabilities

421

(2)

Bypassing Client Side Restrictions

423

(1)

Bypassing MIME Type Validation

423

(2)

Real-World Example

425

(1)

Bypassing Blacklist-Based Protections

425

(1)

Case 1: Blocking Malicious Extensions

425

(1)

Bypass

426

(1)

Case 2: Case-Sensitive Bypass

426

(1)

Bypass

426

(1)

Real-World Example

426

(5)

Vulnerable Code

426

(1)

Case 3: When All Dangerous Extensions Are Blocked

426

(3)

XSS via File Upload

427

(1)

Flash-Based XSS via File Upload

428

(1)

Case 4: Double Extensions Vulnerabilities

429

(1)

Apache Double Extension Issues

429

(1)

IIS 6 Double Extension Issues

429

(1)

Case 5: Using Trailing Dots

429

(1)

Case 6: Null Byte Trick

429

(1)

Case 7: Bypassing Image Validation

429

(1)

Case 8: Overwriting Critical Files

430

(1)

Real-World Example

431

(1)

File Inclusion Vulnerabilities

431

(1)

Remote File Inclusion

432

(1)

Patching File Inclusions on the Server Side

433

(19)

Local File Inclusion

433

(1)

Linux

434

(1)

Windows

434

(1)

LFI Exploitation Using /proc/self/environ

434

(2)

Log File Injection

436

(4)

Finding Log Files: Other Tricks

440

(1)

Exploiting LFI Using PHP Input

440

(1)

Exploiting LFI Using File Uploads

441

(1)

Read Source Code via LFI

442

(1)

Local File Disclosure Vulnerability

443

(2)

Vulnerable Code

443

(2)

Local File Disclosure Tricks

445

(1)

Remote Command Execution

446

(2)

Uploading Shells

448

(4)

Server Side Include Injection

452

(1)

Testing a Website for SSI Injection

452

(1)

Executing System Commands

453

(1)

Spawning a Shell

453

(1)

SSRF Attacks

454

(1)

Impact

455

(8)

Example of a Vulnerable PHP Code

456

(1)

Remote SSRF

457

(6)

Simple SSRF

457

(1)

Partial SSRF

458

(5)

Denial of Service

463

(4)

Denial of Service Using External Entity Expansion (XEE)

463

(1)

Full SSRF

464

(2)

dict://

464

(1)

gopher://

465

(1)

http://

465

(1)

Causing the Crash

466

(1)

Overwriting Return Address

467

(1)

Generating Shellcode

467

(2)

Server Hacking

469

(1)

Apache Server

470

(6)

Testing for Disabled Functions

470

(2)

Open_basedir Misconfiguration

472

(2)

Using CURL to Bypass Open_basedir Restrictions

474

(1)

Open_basedir PHP 5.2.9 Bypass

475

(1)

Reference

476

(1)

Bypassing open_basedir Using CGI Shell

476

(1)

Bypassing open_basedir Using Mod_Peri, Mod_Python

477

(1)

Escalating Privileges Using Local Root Exploits

477

(1)

Back Connecting

477

(1)

Finding the Local Root Exploit

478

(1)

Usage

478

(1)

Finding a Writable Directory

479

(1)

Bypassing Symlinks to Read Configuration Files

480

(1)

Who Is Affected?

481

(1)

Basic Syntax

481

(4)

Why This Works

482

(1)

Symlink Bypass: Example 1

482

(1)

Finding the Username

482

(2)

/etc/passwd File

483

(1)

/etc/valiases File

483

(1)

Path Disclosure

483

(1)

Uploading .htaccess to Follow Symlinks

484

(1)

Symlinking the Configuration Files

484

(1)

Connecting to and Manipulating the Database

485

(1)

Updating the Password

486

(1)

Symlink the Root Directory

486

(1)

Example 3: Compromising WHMCS Server

487

(1)

Finding a WHMCS Server

487

(1)

Symlinking the Configuration rile

488

(3)

WHMCS Killer

488

(2)

Disabling Security Mechanisms

490

(1)

Disabling Mod_Security

490

(1)

Disabling Open_basedir and Safe_mode

490

(1)

Using CGI, PERL, or Python Shell to Bypass Symlinks

491

(1)

Conclusion

491

(2)

Index

493

Rafay Baloch is a globally renowned cybersecurity expert and white-hat hacker with a proven record of identifying critical zero-day security vulnerabilities in numerous web applications, products, and browsers. His discoveries have been instrumental in safeguarding the privacy and security of millions of users worldwide. Baloch has received various accolades, including being named one of the Top 5 Ethical Hackers of 2014 by Checkmarx, one of the 15 Most Successful Ethical Hackers Worldwide, and one of the Top 25 Threat Seekers by SC Magazine. In addition, Reflectiz listed him among the Top 21 Cybersecurity Experts You Must Follow on Twitter in 2021.

On March 23, 2022, the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) recognized Balochs significant contributions to the field of cybersecurity with the Pride of Pakistan award. Baloch is also the author of Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Guide, published by Taylor & Francis in 2014.

Rafay has presented his research at various international cybersecurity conferences, including Black Hat, Hack In Paris, HEXCON, the 10th Information Security Conference in Greece, the CSAW Conference, and many others. He is frequently sought after for his insights and analysis on current cybersecurity topics, appearing in national and international mainstream media outlets such as Forbes, WSJ, Independent UK, BBC, Express Tribune, DAWN, and many others.

Baloch has also served as Senior Consultant for Cyber Security at the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), the national telecom regulator. Currently, he runs a cybersecurity company REDSECLABS, offering cybersecurity consulting at the global level.

Rafay Baloch is the founder of REDSECLABS, a company specializing in security consulting, training, and a variety of other Cyber Security-related services. The book features several sample codes and 'extra mile' exercises designed to enhance learning. To apply these concepts practically, we encourage you to visit our website at https://www.redseclabs.com. On the site, you'll find blog posts that explore these exercises and other resources mentioned throughout the books, along with showcases of our research work.

.

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