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E-grāmata: Ethics of Medical Research on Humans

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Sep-2001
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511036446
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Ethics of Medical Research on HumansPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Sep-2001
  • Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511036446
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The three areas of ethical concern in medical research on humans are what is necessary, valuable, and achievable scientifically; the obligation of doctors to do the best for their patients; and the wishes and needs of patients and potential research participants. Foster (research ethics, King's College) says none of them can be considered in isolation or as a trade-off for the others. She offers a series of moral approaches that provide three distinct perspectives for making ethical decisions. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

One of the most difficult problems confronting clinicians and medical professionals today is the application of ethical principles to real decisions affecting patients. In this even-handed book, Clare Foster examines the three main approaches to moral decision-making: goal-based, duty-based, and rights-based. She discusses the underlying philosophical arguments behind each approach, examines their relative strengths and weaknesses, and indicates how they can actually be applied. Is it ethical to experiment with new cures on people who are probably dying? How do you assess quality of consent? This book provides a thorough, nonpartisan grounding in what the ethical principles are and what informs them.

This book examines the three main approaches to moral decision-making. It is essential reading for all medical decision-makers.

Recenzijas

'The case studies provide a useful training tool. Research ethics committees, for example, could apply the three approaches to moral decision-making and then refer to Foster's analysis.' Modern Law Review 'The book is beautifully written. The language is lucid, unambiguous, direct and affecting. The reader cannot avoid being repeatedly stimulated and made to question assumptions and prejudices. This is the sort of book that, if only students read books these days, should be read early in the undergraduate medical curriculum, and read again by anyone involved in research or research administration.' Family Practice ' the book can be recommended for anyone taxed with judging the ethical aspects of medical research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ' compelling reading for anyone who thinks deeply about the research they are undertaking to read this book was illuminating and frankly inspirational.' Pharmaceutical Physician 'Of its kind, this is one of the best I have seen, and I have no hesitation in recommending it to members of research ethics committees, beginning postgraduate and upper-level undergraduate students studying research ethics and anyone interested in understanding the theoretical foundations of research ethics.' New Genetics and Society 'This is an excellent book that clearly benefits from the expertise of its author, Claire Foster the book is beautifully written in a cohesive, open, inclusive and accessible style I have only praise for the quality and construction of this very well thought out book Certainly it is an invaluable resource for anyone involved in research with people, particularly in health care.' Nursing Ethics ' a complete, easy to understand, framework for ethical review Each approach is clearly and succinctly defined with interesting and pertinent examples is relevant to anyone involved in the process of research on humans it allows the reader to develop their own personal ethical position and possibly consider their own research in a completely new light.' Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Papildus informācija

This book examines the three main approaches to moral decision-making. It is essential reading for all medical decision-makers.
Foreword xi Professor Sir David Weatherall Acknowledgements xiii An introduction to the ethical issues 1(12) Introduction 1(2) What is the value of research? 3(2) What are the limitations of research? 5(1) What is the right way to treat human research participants? 6(2) How can research participants views be respected? 8(1) Three areas of ethical concern in research: science, best interests and autonomy 9(4) Goal-based morality: scientific rigour in research 13(18) The foundations of goal-based thinking 13(5) Research should manimize health and minimize harm 13(1) Utilitarianisms strengths and weaknesses 13(4) Goal-based moral thinking applied to medical research 17(1) The application of goal-based thinking 18(12) The goals of research 18(3) Methods of research 21(4) Disseminating the results of research 25(5) Summary and concluding remarks 30(1) Duty-based morality: acting in the research subjects best interests 31(16) The foundations of duty-based thinking 31(8) From goals to duties 31(1) Natural law ethics 32(2) Kants categorical imperative 34(2) Duty-based moral thinking applied to medical research 36(3) The application of duty-based thinking 39(6) Therapeutic research 39(4) Non-therapeutic research 43(2) Summary and concluding remarks 45(2) Right-based morality: respecting the autonomy of research participants 47(18) The foundations of right-based thinking 47(10) From duties to rights 47(1) Definitions of rights 48(5) The validity of rights 53(4) The applications of right-based thinking 57(6) The consent procedure 57(4) Concluding remarks on consent 61(1) Confidentiality 61(2) Summary and concluding remarks 63(2) From principles to practice 65(8) Introduction 65(1) Goal-based morality 65(3) Goal-based moralitys theoretical basis summarized 65(1) Goal of research in theory and practice 66(1) Research method summarized 67(1) The practical implications of the choice of research method 67(1) Summary of the problems with disseminating the results of research 67(1) Introduction to practical examples of dissemination problems 68(1) Duty-based morality 68(3) Duty-based moralitys theoretical basis summarized 68(1) The practical implications of duty-based morality 69(1) Introduction to examples 69(2) Right-based morality 71(1) Right-based moralitys theoretical basis summarized 71(1) Introduction to examples 71(1) Does the three-approaches framework succeed? 72(1) Case studies of goal-based issues 73(20) Introduction 73(1) Goals of research 73(7) Organ transplantation 73(2) Maintaining the condition of donor organs 75(2) Xenotransplantation 77(2) Autografting using cloned embryos 79(1) Methods of research 80(8) The discovery of pencillin was due to luck and hard work, but not planning 81(4) Alternative and complementary therapy research needs open minds 85(1) Trials in homeopathy 86(2) Dissemination of the results of research 88(2) Results of research into futile treatment depend on what is understood by futile 88(1) Results of pharmaceutical company research are always commercially favourable 89(1) Results should ultimately meet public need 90(1) Summary and concluding remarks 90(3) Case studies of duty-based issues 93(20) Introduction 93(1) Therapeutic research 94(9) Duty to care versus scientific goals: placebo controls in therapeutic research 94(1) Trails of folic acid in pregnancy 95(1) Trials for treatments of peptic ulcer disease 96(1) Scientific arguments against the use of placebo 97(1) The FDAs arguments for requiring placebo 98(2) Meta-analysis of trials of ondansetron 100(2) Concluding remarks 102(1) Non-therapeutic research 103(7) Duty to care versus scientific goals: potential risks in non-therapeutic research 103(3) Duty to care versus patient autonomy: non-therapeutic healthy volunteer research indicates the need to protect subjects from harm even if they consent 106(4) Summary and concluding remarks 110(3) Case studies of right-based issues 113(20) Introduction 113(1) Consent 113(17) Right-based difficulties with consent: the empirical evidence 114(7) Duty-based difficulties with consent 121(2) Goal-based difficulties with consent 123(3) Written consent 126(2) Concluding remarks 128(2) Confidentiality 130(2) Should records-based or epidemiological research take place if it compromises patient autonomy? 130(2) Concluding remarks 132(1) Summary and concluding remarks 132(1) A framework for ethical review: researches, research ethics committees, and moral responsibility 133(14) Introduction 133(1) The three approaches combined 133(2) A framework to assist ethical review 135(1) Goal-based questions 135(1) Duty-based questions 136(1) Right-based questions 136(1) Resolving conflicts between the three approaches 136(3) Goal-based questions to set the context 136(1) Goal-based and duty-based moral imperatives in conflict 136(1) Goal-based and right-based 137(1) Duty-based and right-based 138(1) Goal-based and right-based again 139(1) When the three approaches fail 139(1) Research ethics committees 140(6) The Nuremberg Code 141(1) Pappworths guinea pigs 141(1) Sir Austin Bradford-Hill and Mrs. Hodgson 142(1) The Medical Research Council, the World Medical Association and the Royal College of Physicians 143(1) The Ministry of Health 143(1) The growth of research ethics committees power 143(1) Multi-centre research ethics committees 144(1) Who guards the guardians? 145(1) Bradford-Hills prophecy 145(1) Conclusion 146(1) References 147(8) Index 155
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