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E-grāmata: European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers: Balancing on a Tightrope?

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(Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Cambridge)
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European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers: Balancing on a Tightrope?Palielināt
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The tension between freedom of expression and European personal data protection regulation is unmistakable. Nowhere is this more apparent than in its interface with professional journalism and other traditional publishers including artists, writers and academics. This book systematically explores how that tension has been managed across thirty-one European States from the 1970s through to the 2010s including under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is found that, notwithstanding confusing laws, data authorities have regulated journalism through contextual rights balancing. However, they have struggled to establish a clear standard of strictness or ensure consistent enforcement. Their stance regarding other publishers has been more confused - whilst academics have been subject to onerous restrictions developed for medical and related research, other writers and artists have been largely ignored. This book suggests that contextual rights balancing should be extended to all traditional publishers and systematically developed through robust co-regulation that draws on the strength of both statutory control and self-regulation.

Recenzijas

Overall, given its breadth and depth, this is an impressive feat of scholarship with relevance for both media law and data protection law, and for both policy and practice. For practitioners, it may serve as a valuable international reference work in this complex and divergent field of law. For scholars and policymakers, it offers a rigorous and comprehensive commentary on its past, present and future * Paddy Leerssen, European Data Protection Law Review * This book presents a comprehensive picture about how Data Protection law and interpretation has evolved in terms of journalistic purposes, and asks the very relevant question of how regulation might best evolve in the GDPR era [ ...] It will be of interest to anyone who works with legal issues on data protection and privacy, publishing, human rights, freedom of expression or journalism. * Laura Linkomies, Privacy Laws & Business *

Table of Cases
xvii
Table of Legislation
xxi
List of Abbrevations
xxix
PART I EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION FOUNDATIONS
1 Introduction
3(16)
1 Aims, Scope, and Methodology
5(9)
1.1 Aims
5(1)
1.2 Scope
5(8)
1.3 Study Sources and Methods
13(1)
2 The Books Core Empirical and Normative Findings
14(3)
3 The Plan of the Book
17(2)
2 The Development of European Human Rights and Freedom of Expression Law
19(1)
1 The General Development of European Freedom of Expression and (Civil and Political) Human Rights Law
20(4)
1.1 Origins and Post-Second World War Formal Consolidation
20(1)
1.2 Limitations on Legal Enforcement prior to the 1970s
20(1)
1.3 Development of Legal Protection from the 1970s Onwards
21(3)
2 European Jurisprudence on Freedom of Expression
24(7)
2.1 European Court of Human Rights: A Hierarchy of Protection
24(3)
2.2 European Court of Human Rights: Press Privilege?
27(2)
2.3 Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the EFTA Court Contributions
29(2)
3 Codifying Rights and Limits to Freedom of Expression
31(2)
3.1 General Situation
31(1)
3.2 Broadcasting, Audio-visual Media, and Audio-visual Content
32(1)
4 Conclusions
33(2)
3 The Development of European Data Protection Law and Regulation
35(22)
1 First-Generation European Data Protection (1970s--1990s)
36(3)
1.1 Precursors, Origins, and Transnational Developments
36(2)
1.2 Legislative and Constitutional Developments at National Level
38(1)
2 Second-Generation European Data Protection (1990s--2010s)
39(9)
2.1 Transnational Developments including the DPD and EU Charter
39(4)
2.2 Legislative and Constitutional Developments at National Level
43(2)
2.3 The Contributions of the CJEU, the EFTA Court, and the Article 29 Working Party
45(3)
3 Third-Generation European Data Protection (2010s to present day)
48(4)
3.1 Transnational Developments Leading to the General Data Protection Regulation
48(3)
3.2 Legislative Developments at National Level
51(1)
4 Conclusions
52(5)
PART II EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION AND PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM
4 First-Generation European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism
57(1)
1 First-Generation Legal Instruments and Professional Journalism
58(4)
1.1 Pan-European Legal Instruments
58(1)
1.2 National Legal Instruments
59(3)
2 Regulatory Implementation of First-Generation Data Protection in Relation to the Professional Journalistic Media
62(6)
2.1 State Developments
62(4)
2.2 Transnational Developments
66(2)
3 Conclusions and Broader Implications
68(2)
5 Second-Generation European Data Protection and Professional Journalism: Formal Law and Regulatory Guidance
70(1)
1 Second-Generation Legal Instruments and Professional Journalism
71(1)
1.1 Pan-European Legal Instruments
71(1)
1.2 National Legal Instruments
72(8)
1.3 Explaining these National Divergences
80(2)
1.4 The Relationship between the Statutory Regime and Self-Regulatory Norms and Structures
82(3)
2 Regulatory Guidance on the Interface between Second-Generation Data Protection and Professional Journalism
85(1)
2.1 Pan-European Article 29 Working Party Guidance
85(2)
2.2 State DPA Guidance: An Overview
87(1)
2.3 State DPA Guidance: The General Focus on Contextual Rights Balancing
87(3)
2.4 State DPA Guidance: The Link with Self-Regulation
90(3)
2.5 State DPA Guidance: Specific Issues Given Emphasis
93(5)
3 Conclusions
98(2)
6 Second-Generation European Data Protection and Professional Journalism: Probing Regulatory Standard-Setting
100(1)
1 Exploring the Basic Interpretative Stance of the DPAs
102(4)
1.1 Questions Posed
102(1)
1.2 Results Overview
103(2)
1.3 Relationship with Statutory Law
105(1)
2 Detailed Interpretation and Standard-Setting by the DPAs
106(4)
2.1 Questions Posed
106(2)
2.2 Results Overview
108(2)
3 Exploring the Relationships between DPA Standard-Setting, Statutory Law, and Self-Regulatory Norms
110(10)
3.1 Undercover Journalism, DPA Standard-Setting, and Statutory Law
110(4)
3.2 Subject Access, DPA Standard-Setting, and Statutory Law
114(3)
3.3 DPA Standard-Setting and Self-Regulatory Norms
117(3)
4 General Analysis
120(1)
5 Conclusions
121(2)
7 Second-Generation European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism: Probing Enforcement
123(1)
1 The Data Protection Authority (DPA) Questionnaire
124(1)
1.1 Questions Posed
124(2)
1.2 Enforcement Power Stance Findings
126(2)
1.3 Enforcement Action Findings: Scope of Activity
128(1)
1.4 Enforcement Action Findings: Areas of Activity
129(1)
2 The Data Protection Authority Website Review
130(10)
2.1 General Enforcement Findings
131(6)
2.2 Media Archives and Enforcement
137(3)
3 Explaining Divergences in a Regulator's Enforcement Stance and Action: Statutory Law Stringency, Resourcing, or Both?
140(3)
4 Further Analysis
143(6)
5 Conclusions
149(2)
8 Third-Generation European Data Protection Law and Professional Journalism
151(1)
1 The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Professional Journalism
152(1)
1.1 Overview
152(1)
1.2 Drafting History
153(2)
2 Statutory Substantive Applicability of Data Protection vis-a-vis Journalism
155(15)
2.1 Methodology and Difficulties
155(1)
2.2 Overview of Results
156(7)
2.3 The Data Protection Principles (Dimension A: Provisions (i)--(v))
163(1)
2.4 Transparency Rules (Dimension B: Provisions (vi)--(viii))
164(3)
2.5 Sensitive Data Rules (Dimension C: Provisions (ix)--(xv))
167(1)
2.6 Discipline Requirements (Dimension D: Provisions (xv)--(xvii))
168(2)
3 Regulatory Supervision of Data Protection vis-a-vis Professional Journalism
170(4)
3.1 State Regulatory Oversight
170(3)
3.2 Pan-European Cooperation and Consistency
173(1)
4 Comparisons of Statutory Stringency vis-a-vis the DPD Era and between States
174(2)
5 Formal Statutory Provisions Relating to Self-Regulation
176(3)
6 Formal Provisions Concerning Professional Journalism and Media Archiving
179(2)
7 Conclusions
181(1)
9 The Future Shape of European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism
182(1)
1 The Contemporary European Jurisprudential Context
183(1)
1.1 The European Court of Human Rights
183(2)
1.2 Court of Justice of the European Union
185(2)
2 The Contemporary DPA Resource Context
187(1)
3 State DPAs, Professional Journalism, and Standard-Setting
188(9)
3.1 The Need for, and Dilemma of Data Protection Standard-Setting
189(4)
3.2 Achieving and Promoting Co-regulatory Standards
193(2)
3.3 The Particular Dilemma of Media Archives
195(2)
4 State DPAs, Professional Journalism, and Enforcement
197(4)
4.1 The General Context
197(1)
4.2 Crafting a Strategic Enforcement Strategy
198(3)
5 A Role for the European Data Protection Board?
201(3)
5.1 Avoiding a Coercive, Non-Deferential Approach
201(2)
5.2 The Value of Guidance, Consultation, and Voluntary Cooperation
203(1)
6 Conclusions
204(5)
PART III EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION AND `NON-JOURNALISTIC' TRADITIONAL PUBLISHERS
10 European Data Protection Regulation and `Non-Journalistic' Traditional Publishers: First- and Second-Generation Developments Outside Academia
209(1)
1 Legal Instruments and Professional Writers and Artists
210(1)
1.1 First-Generation Legal Instruments
210(2)
1.2 Second-Generation Legal Instruments
212(3)
2 First-Generation DPA Standard-Setting and Enforcement
215(2)
3 Second-Generation DPA Standard-Setting and Enforcement
217(5)
3.1 Standard-Setting Guidance
217(3)
3.2 Enforcement
220(2)
3.3 Explaining National Divergences under the DPD
222(1)
4 Final Analysis and Conclusion
222(2)
11 European Data Protection Regulation and Academic Publishers: First- and Second-Generation Developments
224(2)
1 `Knowledge Facilitation' Provisions in First-Generation Legal Instruments
226(1)
1.1 Pan-European/Transnational Legal Instruments
226(2)
1.2 National Legal Instruments
228(1)
2 `Knowledge Facilitation' Provisions in Second-Generation Legal Instruments
229(3)
2.1 The Data Protection Directive 95/46
229(2)
2.2 National Legal Instruments
231(1)
3 DPA Guidance on Academic Research and Publication
232(7)
3.1 First-Generation DPA Guidance
232(1)
3.2 Second-Generation Pan-European DPA Guidance
233(1)
3.3 Second-Generation State DPA Guidance
234(5)
4 Second-Generation Regulatory Standard-Setting as Revealed in the DPA Questionnaire
239(3)
4.1 Question Posed
239(1)
4.2 Results
240(1)
4.3 Discussion
241(1)
5 DPA Enforcement in Relation to Academic Research and Publication
242(7)
5.1 First-Generation DPA Enforcement
242(3)
5.2 Second-Generation DPA Enforcement
245(4)
6 Conclusions
249(3)
12 `Non-Journalistic' Traditional Publishers and Third-Generation European Data Protection Regulation: Formal Law and the Future
252(2)
1 Third-Generation Data Protection Law and `Non-Journalistic' Traditional Publishers
254(1)
1.1 The GDPR and its Drafting
254(2)
1.2 National Legal Instruments
256(3)
2 State DPAs, `Non-Journalistic' Traditional Publishers, and Standard-Setting
259(8)
2.1 An Initial Threshold Issue: Delimiting the Scope of Special Expression
259(3)
2.2 A Continuing Role for the Knowledge Facilitation Regime?
262(1)
2.3 Crafting and Disseminating Guidance
263(4)
3 State DPAs, `Non-Journalistic' Traditional Publishers, and Enforcement
267(2)
4 The European Data Protection Board
269(1)
5 Conclusions
270(5)
PART IV CONCLUSIONS
13 Balancing on a Tightrope in an Age of New Online Media?
275(2)
1 The Continuing Direct Significance of Data Protection's Regulation of Traditional Publishers
277(2)
2 The Indirect Significance of the Book's Core Themes to New Online Media
279(1)
2.1 The Importance of Contextual Balancing
279(3)
2.2 The Role and Design of Co-Regulation
282(3)
2.3 The Need for Robust and Strategic Enforcement
285(1)
3 The Growing Centrality of Data Protection Regulation
286(3)
APPENDICES
1 First-Generation European/EEA Data Protection Statutes (up to 1990)
289(2)
2 Second-Generation European/EEA Data Protection Statutes
291(7)
3 Third-Generation European/EEA Data Protection Statutes (as of May 2019)
298(6)
4 Second-Generation European Data Protection Law and Professional Journalism
304(3)
5 Second-Generation European Data Protection Regulation, Professional Journalism and Hofstede et al. Cultural Variables
307(4)
6 European/EEA Self-Regulatory Journalism Codes
311(5)
7 Third-Generation European Data Protection Law and Professional Journalism (as of May 2019)
316(3)
8 European Data Protection, `Non-Journalistic' Special Expression, Social Science and 2017 DPA Resources
319(4)
Notes 323(94)
Index 417
Dr David Erdos is Deputy Director of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, and University Senior Lecturer in Law and the Open Society in the Faculty of Law and also WYNG Fellow in Law at Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge. After reading PPE at Merton College Oxford, David studied for an MA (2003) and PhD (2006) in the Politics Department of Princeton University. Prior to joining Cambridge in 2013, he spent six years as a research fellow in the Faculty of Law and at Balliol College in Oxford. David's work has examined the development of human rights systems (including through a monograph Delegating Rights Protection (2010)) and also the law and governance of information. Drawing on a background in both political science and law, his research has blended doctrinal analysis with rigorous quantitative and qualitative methodology from social science. His most recent work has focused on the interface between European data protection and freedom of expression.
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