At the end of the 20th century with stagnating industrial output, unemployment in many European countries has climbed to levels not seen since the 1930s. Interventionist industrial policies thus find new popularity after the gentle flirtation with liberalization in the early 1990s. Under the Maastricht Treaty, the European Union was granted industrial policy powers for the first time.
The present study aims to contribute to an understanding of European industrial policy by introducing an historical perspective. National policy continuities and the considerable time over which industrial performance responds to changed environments emerge with greater clarity in the long run. The chapters in this book take a broad view of industrial policy, including those policies that establish the `framework', such as competition law, as well as sector for firm specific policies.
The overall conclusion is that improved framework policies, such as liberalization and re-regulation, are still essential. Monetary union in the `core' will increase tensions arising from economic inflexibility. Although there are often strong political barriers blocking implementation of appropriate industrial policies, they will be even more necessary under monetary union.
Recenzijas
well edited and thoughtfully designed volume ... this is a book that could and should be usefully consulted not only by students and teachers, but by politicans and their customers, the general public. * Alan S.Milward, Journal of Economic History * this volume has two great merits: it provides a collection of case studies constructed along the same line of discussion themes, thus facilitating comparative analysis, and it offers a synthesis of a great deal of literature unavailable in English. Undoubtedly, the book has fulfilled its ask of rendering the future writing on the history of European industrial policy more manageable. * Francesca Fauri, EH.Net, April 2000. *
List of Tables xiii List of Figures xvi Industrial Policies in Europe: Introduction 1(17) Giovanni Federico James Foreman-Peck What is Industrial Policy? 2(4) The European Industrial Policy Debate 6(4) Why do Countries Adopt Industrial Policies? 10(2) What do Countries Gain from Industrial Policy? 12(2) The Case Study Menu 14(4) Britain: From Economic Liberalism to Socialism---And Back? 18(40) James Foreman-Peck Leslie Hannah The Industrial Policy of Nineteenth-Century Liberalism 20(9) Between the Wars: Rationalization and National Security 29(6) Post-1945: The Pervasive State 35(12) The 1980s: The Return of the Market 47(5) Conclusion 52(6) France: The Idiosyncrasies of Volontarisme 58(40) Jean-Pierre Dormois The Matrix of Colbertism 58(1) Industrial Policy under the Third Republic 59(14) Vichys Plans for Industrial Renovation 73(2) Industrial Policy since 1945 75(1) Substitution Strategies 75(7) Sector-Specific Policies 82(7) Influential Tactics 89(2) Retreat or Loss of Direction? 91(7) Germany: The Invention of Interventionism 98(26) Wilfried Feldenkirchen Changes in the `German Economic Order since the Late Nineteenth Century 98(3) German Concepts of Industrial Policy 101(4) Cartel and Competition Policy 105(3) Industrial Policy Instruments: Tariffs and Subsidies 108(3) Infrastructure 111(3) Public Ownership 114(3) Conclusion 117(7) Italy: Stalling and Surpassing 124(28) Giovanni Federico Renato Giannetti Introduction 124(1) The 1860s--1870s: A Liberal Prelude to Industrial Policy 124(2) The Return to Protection 126(2) The Support to the `Military-Industrial Complex 128(2) The Policy towards Network Industries 130(2) Fascism, Autarky, and the Corporate State: A New Course? 132(4) The 1950s: State-Owned Enterprises and Trade Liberalization 136(2) Macroeconomic Planning and Industrial Policy in the 1960s 138(2) The Failure of the `National Champions Strategy in the 1970s 140(3) The Industrial Policy of the 1980s: From National Champions to Regulation 143(2) Conclusion 145(7) Sweden: The Rise and Fall of the Swedish Model 152(25) Jan Bohlin Industrial Policy before World War I: Infrastructural Investments and Tariffs 152(7) The Formation and Maturation of the Swedish Model: From the Inter-war Period to the Post-war Golden Age of Capitalism 159(6) From Offensive to Crisis Management (1960--1980) 165(4) The Reorientation of Industrial Policy in the 1980s and early 1990s: The Return of Market Solutions 169(3) Summary and Conclusions 172(5) The Netherlands: The History of an Empty Box? 177(17) Jan L. van Zanden Introduction 177(1) Liberal Domination (1848--1914) 178(2) The Inter-war Period (1914--1945) 180(2) Industrialization Policy (1945--1963) 182(3) Industrial Policies without a Plan (1963--1983) 185(4) Technology Policy in the 1980s and 1990s 189(2) Conclusion: Is Industrial Policy an Empty Box? 191(3) Belgium: Liberalism by Default 194(21) Luc Hens Peter Solar The Context for Industrial Policy 194(1) Industrial Structure, Control, and Policy: The Main Lines 195(4) State-Owned Industry 199(4) Regulated Industries 203(2) Unregulated Industries 205(6) Conclusion 211(4) Ireland: From Inward to Outward Policies 215(18) Eoin OMalley Introduction 215(1) The 1920s 216(2) The Protectionist Phase: Late 1950s--1950s 218(5) Outward-Looking Policies: Late 1950s to Mid-1980s 223(4) Industrial Policy from the Mid-1980s to the Early 1990s 227(6) Spain: Industrial Policy under Authoritarian Politics 233(35) Pedro Fraile Balbin Introduction 233(1) Industrial Policy before the Civil War 234(5) Industrial Policy under Dictatorship: The Franco Era 239(12) The Transition to Democracy 251(4) The Political Framework of Industrial Policy: Spain in the European Context 255(13) Portugal: Industrialization and Backwardness 268(27) Joao Confraria Introduction 268(1) Portuguese Growth and Industrialization: An Overview 268(5) A Disarticulated Economy (1890--1926) 273(3) Industrial Policy in Protected Markets 276(5) Industrial Policy in Transition (1974--1985) 281(6) Industrial Policy after Membership of the European Community 287(4) Industrial Policies and Economic Growth 291(1) Concluding Remarks 291(4) Greece: From Rent-Seeking Protectionism to Direct Intervention 295(24) Ioanna Pepelasis Minoglou Introduction 295(3) The Nineteenth-Century Legacy (1880--1918) 298(4) The Inter-War Period: An Embryonic Industrial Policy 302(4) Petty Regulations within a `Free Market Framework (1953--1974) 306(5) Industrial Restructuring with Trade Liberalization (1974--1990) 311(3) Conclusion 314(5) Russia: A Comparative Economic Systems Interpretation 319(79) Christopher Mark Davis Introduction to Economic Systems and Industrial Policy in Russia 319(5) Industrial Policy in the Peacetime Tsarist Economy (1890--1913) 324(8) Industrial Policy in the New Economic Policy Period (1921--1927) 332(6) Industrial Policy in the Stalinist Peacetime Command Economy (1928--1941) 338(8) Industrial Policy in the Mature Soviet Command Economy during the Superpower Arms Race (1965--1985) 346(8) Industrial Policy in the Russian Transitional Market Economy (1992--2000) 354(11) Conclusions about Russian Industrial Policy 365(33) Appendix 372(26) A Cultural Theory of Industrial Policy 398(28) Mark Casson Introduction 398(3) A Systems View of the Economy 401(2) Embedding Industrial Policy in a Cultural Context 403(2) Interventionist Elites 405(3) Long Waves in Ideological Experimentation 408(4) Inter-Country Differences in Ideological Experimentation 412(2) Inter-Country Differences in the Propensity to Intervene 414(6) Trust as the Key to Successful Intervention 420(1) Conclusion 421(5) European Industrial Policy: An Overview 426(35) James Foreman-Peck Giovanni Federico The Impact of Industrial Policy over the Twentieth Century 426(3) Industrial Policy Persistence 429(2) Nineteenth-Century Liberal Industrial Policies 431(5) Wars and World Depression: The Spread of Interventionism 436(1) The Great Post-War Boom: The Hubris of Industrial Policy 437(8) The Nemesis of Industrial Policy: Eurosclerosis? 445(11) Conclusion 456(5) Index 461
Dr James Foreman-Peck teaches economics and economic history at the University of Oxford and is Fellow of St Antony's College. He has previously been a practising economist in the electricity supply industry, has taught economics and economic history at the University of California, Davis, and has been a Professor of Economic History at the University of Hull.
Professor Giovanni Federico teaches in the Department of Modern History, University of Pisa. He has previously been a Visiting Fellow of the European University Institute in Florence, and a Research Fellow of the Institute for Historical Research, University of London.
