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E-grāmata: European Union Law and Defence Integration [Hart e-books]

(University of Birmingham, UK)
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This monograph examines the legal dimension of European defence integration from the Second World War to the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. It covers the evolution of European defence and security law in its legal,historical, and political context. The notion of defence law describes the entire field of rules created to regulate the defence of a nation or alliance. The analysis leads from the earliest mutual defence treaties to the failure of the European Defence Community and the eventual separation of defence from the mainstream of European integration in the 1950s, further to the re-vitalisation of a European security policy in the Treaties of Maastricht, Amsterdam, and Nice. In the context of this evolutionary process, the book examines the function of Community Law as an instrument of European defence integration. Community law affects the economic and social aspects of the defence within the limits of the security exemptions of the EC Treaty. It has an impact on the composition of the armed forces, the procurement of armaments, or the regulation of the defence industries. The book concludes with an analysis of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the Constitutional Treaty agreed by the European Council in 2004. The discussion shows that European defence integration is characterised by fragmentation in an area where coherence is particularly important. First, defence and security are addressed in several organisations: the EU, the Western European Union, NATO, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Organisation for Joint Armaments Cooperation. Second, defence and security are addressed in both the supranational Community Pillar and the intergovernmental Second Pillar of the Treaty on European Union. The new Constitutional Treaty aims to overcome the three-Pillar structure of the Union. Nevertheless, it leaves the intergovernmental character of the security and defence policy intact and introduces flexible frameworks for its mutual defence, crisis management, and armaments components. However, the Union needs a coherent defence policy to ensure her security and to speak with one voice on the international scene.
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Table of Cases xxi
Table of Legislation xxxi
Abbreviations lv
Introduction 1(8)
Part I: The Evolution of European Defence Integration
1: All Quiet on the Western Front: The Early Legal History of European Defence Integration 1944-1958
9(42)
1. INTRODUCTION
9(1)
2. FROM WORLD WAR TO EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: THE 1940'S
10(9)
2.1. The First Step Towards European Integration: the Benelux 1944
13(1)
2.2. The International Framework for European Integration and the Foundations of the European Security Architecture: the United Nations 1945
14(1)
2.3. The American Factor: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan 1947
15(1)
2.4. The First Step Towards European Defence Integration and the Transatlantic Alliance: the Brussels Treaty on Western Union 1948
16(2)
2.5. Council of Europe 1949
18(1)
2.6. The Establishment of a Transatlantic Alliance: the Northern Atlantic Treaty Organisation 1949
18(1)
3. THE GENESIS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY FOR COAL AND STEEL 1950-1953
19(3)
4. THE FAILURE OF THE EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY TREATY 1950-1954
22(22)
4.1. Supranationality
23(2)
4.2. The Defensive Character of the EDC
25(2)
4.3. Non-discrimination
27(1)
4.4. Institutions
28(8)
4.4.1. The Board of Commissioners
28(2)
4.4.2. The Assembly
30(1)
4.4.3. The Council
31(3)
4.4.4. The Court
34(2)
4.5. The Budget
36(1)
4.6. The European Defence Forces
37(2)
4.7. The Defence Economic Regime
39(3)
4.8. The United Kingdom and the EDC
42(1)
4.9. The Failure of the EDC
43(1)
5. DEFENCE DEVELOPING SEPARATELY FROM THE MAINSTREAM OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
44(5)
5.1. The Intergovernmental Western European Union
44(3)
5.2. The More Supranational European Economic Community
47(2)
6. CONCLUSIONS
49(2)
2: A Pillar of Our Security: European Foreign and Security Law 1959-1998
51(41)
1. INTRODUCTION
51(1)
2. THE EMERGING EUROPEAN POLITICAL CO-OPERATION
52(5)
3. THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY OF THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION
57(33)
3.1. The Objectives of the European Union
60(1)
3.2. The Scope of the Common Foreign and Security Policy
61(5)
3.2.1. The Objectives of the Common Foreign and Security Policy
61(3)
3.2.2. A Common Defence Policy
64(2)
3.3. The EU institutions as Parts of the Single Institutional Framework
66(14)
3.3.1. The (European) Council
67(1)
3.3.2. The Council of the European Union
68(1)
3.3.2.1. Common Positions
69(1)
3.3.2.2. Joint Action
70(1)
3.3.2.3. International Agreements
71(1)
3.3.2.4. Voting
71(1)
3.3.2.5. The Political Committee
72(1)
3.3.2.6. The Presidency
72(1)
3.3.2.7. The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy
73(1)
3.3.3. The European Commission
74(2)
3.3.4. The European Parliament
76(2)
3.3.5. The European Court of Justice of the European Communities and Union
78(2)
3.4. The Western European Union
80(4)
3.5. The Requirement of NATO and UN Compatibility
84(1)
3.6. Neutral Member States, Nuclear Powers, Denmark, and Closer Co-operation
84(2)
3.7. The Budget
86(1)
3.8. The Requirement of Coherence
87(3)
4. THE RECORD OF THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY UNDER THE TREATIES OF MAASTRICHT AND AMSTERDAM
90(1)
5. CONCLUSIONS
91(1)
3: Between Saint-Malo and a New Rome: The Current State of European Defence and Security Integration 1998-2005
92(31)
1. INTRODUCTION
92(1)
2. TOWARDS A EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
93(7)
2.1. The Saint-Malo Declaration
93(3)
2.2. The Cologne European Council
96(1)
2.3. The Helsinki Headline Goal
97(3)
3. THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY UNDER THE TREATY OF NICE
100(18)
3.1. 'Deletion' of the Western European Union
100(8)
3.1.1. The Petersberg Tasks and the European Security Policy
102(1)
3.1.2. Mutual Defence and the European Defence Policy
103(1)
3.1.3. The European Armaments Policy
104(1)
3.1.4. The NATO Member States Outside the EU
105(1)
3.1.5. The Functions of the WEU Parliamentary Assembly
106(2)
3.1.6. 'Reunification' of the Strains of European Defence Integration?
108(1)
3.2. The Military Structures of the European Security and Defence Policy
108(4)
3.2.1. The Political and Security Committee
109(1)
3.2.2. The European Union Military Committee
110(1)
3.2.3. The European Union Military Staff
111(1)
3.2.4. The Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management
111(1)
3.3. Qualified Majority Voting
112(1)
3.4. Enhanced Co-operation
112(2)
3.5. The Record of the European Security and Defence Policy Under Nice
114(4)
4. TOWARDS THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY
118(2)
5. CONCLUSIONS
120(3)
Part II: Community Law as an Instrument of European Defence Integration
4: A Fine Balance: Free Movement and Public Security in the EC Treaty
123(170)
1. INTRODUCTION
123(2)
2. THE LIMITED SCOPE OF THE SECURITY EXCLUSIONS IN THE EC TREATY
125(2)
3. PUBLIC SECURITY EXEMPTIONS
127(12)
3.1. Public Security
131(1)
3.2. Procedures of Judicial Review
131(3)
3.2.1. Preliminary Rulings
132(1)
3.2.2. Enforcement Actions
132(2)
3.3. Standard of Judicial Review: Proportionality
134(8)
3.3.1. Campus Oil
135(2)
3.3.2. Richardt
137(1)
3.3.3. Albore
138(1)
4. CONCLUSIONS
139(2)
5: An Even Finer Balance: Armaments, Secrecy, and Article 296 EC
141(26)
1. INTRODUCTION
141(1)
2. THE ARMAMENTS EXEMPTION OF ARTICLE 296 (1) (B) EC
142(21)
2.1. The List of Armaments According to Article 296 (2) EC
143(5)
2.2. Dual-use Material and the Exhaustive Character of the List
148(2)
2.3. Disagreement on the Effect of Article 296 (1) (b) EC
150(2)
2.4. The Effect of Article 296 (1) (b) EC
152(5)
2.4.1. The Wording of the Treaty
154(2)
2.4.2. Effet Utile of Articles 296 et seq. EC
156(1)
2.4.3. The Special Review Procedures of Article 298 Subparagraph 2 EC
156(1)
2.5. Burden of Proof
157(1)
2.6. Procedural Requirements and Hard Defence Material Intended for Export
158(2)
2.7. Article 296 (1) (b) EC and the Common Foreign and Security Policy
160(3)
2.7.1. The Effect of Article 296 (1) (b) EC on the Common Foreign and Security Policy
160(2)
2.7.2. Armaments and Pillars
162(1)
3. THE SECRECY EXEMPTION OF ARTICLE 296 (1) (A) EC
163(3)
3.1. Abuse
164(1)
3.2. The Special Review Procedure of Article 298 Subparagraph 2 EC
164(1)
3.3. Article 296 (1) (a) EC and the Common Foreign and Security Policy
165(1)
4. CONCLUSIONS
166(1)
6: The Finest Balance: Article 297 EC and Community Law in Times of Crisis and War
167(29)
1. INTRODUCTION
167(2)
2. THE POSITION OF ARTICLE 297 EC IN THE TREATY
169(5)
2.1. Common Principles
169(1)
2.2. Differences
170(2)
2.3. Exceptional Character
172(2)
2.3.1. Double-Exceptional Character
172(1)
2.3.2. Triple-Exceptional Character
173(1)
2.3.3. Subsidiary Character
173(1)
3. ARTICLE 297 EC IN THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT
174(15)
3.1. Jurisdiction
174(4)
3.2. Consultation Procedure
178(4)
3.3. Provisory Measures
182(1)
3.4. Situations
183(5)
3.4.1. War
185(1)
3.4.2. Obligations Accepted for the Purpose of Maintaining Peace and International Security
186(1)
3.4.3. Serious Internal Disturbances Affecting the Maintenance of Law and Order
186(1)
3.4.4. Serious International Tension Constituting a Threat to War
187(1)
3.4.5. The Situations in Practice
187(1)
3.5. Standard of Review
188(1)
4. ARTICLE 297 EC AND THE COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY
189(5)
4.1. Overlap Between Article 297 EC and the Common Foreign and Security Policy?
190(3)
4.1.1. In the Event of Serious Internal Disturbances Affecting the Maintenance of Law and Order
190(1)
4.1.2. In the Event of War
190(1)
4.1.3. Serious International Tension Constituting a Threat of War
191(1)
4.1.4. In Order to Carry out Obligations It has Accepted for the Purpose of Maintaining Peace and International Security
192(1)
4.2. Impact of the Narrow Interpretation of Article 297 EC
193(1)
5. CONCLUSIONS
194(2)
7: Heavy Equipment, Food, Fodder, and Stores for the Armies of Europe: Community Law and the Regulation of European Defence Procurement
196(33)
1. INTRODUCTION
196(2)
2. EC PUBLIC PROCUREMENT REGULATION
198(5)
3. HARD DEFENCE MATERIAL EXCLUSIONS
203(10)
3.1. The Current Directives
203(5)
3.2. The New Directive
208(5)
4. SECRECY AND SECURITY EXCLUSIONS
213(8)
4.1. Security Exclusion No. 1 "Contracts Declared Secret"
214(2)
4.2. Security Exclusion No. 2 "Special Security Measures"
216(3)
4.3. Security Exclusion No. 3 "Basic Interests of Security"
219(2)
5. EXCLUSIONS IN THE TREATY AND IN THE DIRECTIVES
221(1)
6. CONTRACTS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN THE FIELD OF DEFENCE
222(4)
6.1. The Background
222(3)
6.1.1. Western European Armaments Group and Organisation
222(2)
6.1.2. Organisation for Joint Armaments Procurement
224(1)
6.2. Interpretation
225(1)
7. OTHER EXCLUSIONS
226(1)
8. CONCLUSIONS
227(2)
8: Policing an Armed Market: The Regulation of the European Defence Industries
229(33)
1. INTRODUCTION
229(2)
2. COMPETITION LAW: ARTICLES 81 AND 82 EC
231(4)
3. MERGER CONTROL
235(13)
3.1. Recital 19
237(2)
3.2. The Legitimate Interests Exception
239(2)
3.3. Mergers and the Defence Industrial Base
241(7)
3.3.1. Exclusion
241(1)
3.3.2. Balance-System
242(3)
3.3.3. Exemptions Similar to Article 81(3) EC
245(3)
4. STATE AIDS
248(4)
4.1. Application of Article 296 (1) (b) EC
249(1)
4.2. Other Exceptions
250(2)
5. TRADE IN ARMAMENTS
252(8)
5.1. Intra-Community Transfers
253(2)
5.2. Defence Exports
255(11)
5.2.1. Exports of Dual-Use Goods
256(2)
5.2.2. Exports of Armaments
258(2)
6. CONCLUSIONS
260(2)
9: European Bands of Brothers and Sisters: The Regulation of Sex Equality in the Armed Forces of the Member States
262
1. INTRODUCTION
262(2)
2. SEX EQUALITY IN COMMUNITY LAW
264(2)
3. THE STORY OF SEX EQUALITY IN THE ARMED FORCES
266(23)
3.1. Royal Ulster Constabulary Women Wearing Firearms
266(3)
3.2. Who is Cooking for the Royal Marines?
269(8)
3.3. Tank Girls for the Bundeswehr
277(7)
3.3.1. The German Situation Before Kreil
278(4)
3.3.2. The Judgment
282(1)
3.3.3. The German Situation After Kreil
283(1)
3.4. Who Wants to be a Legionnaire?
284(5)
4. THE APPLICATION OF EC SOCIAL LAW TO THE ARMED FORCES OF THE MEMBER STATES
289(1)
5. CONCLUSIONS
289(4)
Part III: European Defence Integration Under the Constitutional Treaty
10: Joining Pillars, Joining Forces: the Objectives and Principles of the Common Security and Defence Policy
293(102)
1. INTRODUCTION
293(1)
2. TOWARDS THE CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY 2000-2004
294(2)
3. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
296(5)
3.1. Strive for Peace
296(1)
3.2. The Relations with the Wider World: The Union's Values and Interests
297(3)
3.3. The EU Operational Capacity
300(1)
4. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
301(2)
4.1. The Principles of External Action
301(1)
4.2. The CFSP and the Member States: Mutual Solidarity, Loyalty, and Convergence
302(1)
4.3. Consistency
303(1)
5. CONCLUSIONS
303(2)
11: Crisis Management, Armaments, and Collective Defence: the Scope of Defence Integration Under the Constitutional Treaty
305(1)
1. INTRODUCTION
305(1)
2. THE SCOPE OF THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
305(32)
2.1. Crisis Management
309(10)
2.1.1. Ad hoc Flexibility
310(3)
2.1.2. Permanent Structured Cooperation
313(6)
2.2. The European Capabilities and Armaments Policy and the European Defence Agency
319(9)
2.2.1. The Tasks of the European Defence Agency
321(4)
2.2.2. Partial Participation and the European Defence Agency
325(2)
2.2.3. The European Defence Agency and the Constitutional Treaty
327(1)
2.3. Collective Defence
328(9)
2.3.1. The Mutual Defence Clause in the December 2003 and June 2004 Version of the Constitutional Treaty
329(2)
2.3.2. Closer Co-operation
331(1)
2.3.3. The Neutral Member States and Mutual Defence
332(3)
2.3.4. Collective Defence in the October 2004 Version of the Constitutional Treaty
335(2)
3. THE DEFENCE ACQUIS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
337(10)
3.1. Free Movement and Public Security
339(1)
3.2. The National Security Exemptions
340(7)
3.2.1. The Position of Articles 111-131 and 111-132 in the Constitution
341(2)
3.2.2. The Survival of the Armaments Exemption
343(2)
3.2.3. The Coexistence of Article 111-436 (1) (b) and the European Defence Agency in the Constitutional Treaty
345(2)
3.2.4. The Secrecy Exemption in Article 111-342 (1) (a) Constitutional Treaty
347(1)
4. LINKS WITH RELATED INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANISATIONS
347(6)
4.1. United Nations
347(3)
4.2. NATO
350(2)
4.3. WEU
352(1)
5. CONCLUSIONS
353(1)
12: The Old Players and a New Minister: The Institutional Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy Under the Constitutional Treaty
354(1)
1. INTRODUCTION
354(1)
2. THE MORE INTERGOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS
355(25)
2.1. The European Council
355(5)
2.2. The Council
360(10)
2.2.1. Common Foreign and Security Policy
360(2)
2.2.2. Common Security and Defence Policy
362(1)
2.2.3. Voting on CFSP and CSDP
363(5)
2.2.4. The Council and the Defence Acquis Communautaire
368(1)
2.2.5. The Political and Security Committee
369(1)
2.3. The Union Minister for Foreign Affairs
370(10)
2.3.1. The Predecessor Under the Treaty of Nice
371(1)
2.3.2. The Appointment and Removal of the Minister
372(1)
2.3.3. The Competencies of the Minister
373(1)
2.3.3.1. Common Foreign and Security Policy Competencies
373(1)
2.3.3.2. Common Security and Defence Policy Competencies
375(1)
2.3.3.3. Community Competencies
376(1)
2.3.3.4. A Stranger Among Equals
377(1)
2.3.3.5. A Union Minister for Security and Defence?
379(1)
3. THE SUPRANATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
380(12)
3.1. The Commission
381(1)
3.2. The European Parliament
382(3)
3.3. The European Court of Justice
385(7)
3.3.1. Exclusion of Jurisdiction
386(5)
3.3.2. Jurisdiction for the Use of the National Security Exemptions
391(1)
3.3.4. Jurisdiction for Defence Matters
392(1)
4. CONCLUSIONS
392(3)
Conclusions 395(6)
Bibliography 401(13)
Index 414


Martin Trybus is a Lecturer in Law at the University of Birmingham School of Law.
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781847312440_pe.html
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