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xii | |
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xxx | |
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Table of statutory instruments |
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xxxviii | |
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Table of international instruments |
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xxxix | |
Introduction |
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1 | (13) |
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Origins of a Taw of evidence' |
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2 | (3) |
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Properties of the law of evidence |
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5 | (7) |
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12 | (2) |
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1 Relevance and admissibility of evidence |
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14 | (49) |
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The respective functions of judge and jury |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (5) |
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The so-called `best evidence principle' |
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23 | (1) |
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Matters of which proof is unnecessary |
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24 | (5) |
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Judicial findings as evidence |
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29 | (9) |
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Prejudicial evidence, unfairly obtained evidence, and suspect witnesses |
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38 | (18) |
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Evidence excluded as a matter of public policy |
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56 | (7) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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2 Presumption and the burden of proof |
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63 | (43) |
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Criminal and civil burdens of proof |
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64 | (1) |
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The 'legal burden of proof and the `evidential burden' |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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The prosecution's legal burden of proof in criminal cases |
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68 | (2) |
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When the defendant in a criminal case bears the legal burden of proof |
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70 | (6) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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The judge's `invisible burden' |
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79 | (4) |
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The burden of proof when establishing the admissibility of evidence |
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83 | (1) |
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Presumptions and the incidence of the burden of proof |
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84 | (1) |
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Reversal of the burden of proof and the European Convention on Human Rights |
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84 | (22) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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3 Witnesses: competence, compellability, and various privileges |
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106 | (34) |
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The competence of witnesses in civil and criminal cases |
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107 | (3) |
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The compellability of witnesses |
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110 | (7) |
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Sworn and unsworn evidence |
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117 | (1) |
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Privileges enjoyed by certain classes of witness |
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118 | (16) |
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134 | (6) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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4 The course of the trial |
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140 | (60) |
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141 | |
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111 | (31) |
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The judge's right to call a witness |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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148 | (17) |
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165 | (1) |
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Calling evidence relating to witnesses' veracity |
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166 | (4) |
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The Crown's right to reopen its case |
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170 | (2) |
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Special protections extended to various classes of witness in criminal cases |
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172 | (28) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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5 Witnesses' previous consistent statements and the remnants of the rule against narrative |
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200 | (25) |
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The rule excluding previous consistent statements |
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200 | (20) |
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Evidence-in-chief delivered by video recording (Criminal Justice Act 2003, s 137) |
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220 | (1) |
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Statements made by the accused when first taxed with incriminating facts |
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221 | (1) |
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Statements made by the accused when incriminating articles are recovered |
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222 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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6 Character and credibility |
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225 | (17) |
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225 | (1) |
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The concept of `credibility' |
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226 | (2) |
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Bringing out the character of the parties and their witnesses |
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228 | (4) |
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Evidence of the defendant's good character |
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232 | (10) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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7 Evidence of the defendant's bad character |
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242 | (77) |
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Whether or not to admit evidence of a defendant's misconduct on other occasions |
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243 | (4) |
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I The admission of evidence of a defendant's bad character in criminal cases: Pt 11 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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247 | (66) |
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Two classes of situation that fall outside the bad character provisions |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (2) |
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What actually constitutes evidence of `bad character'? |
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253 | (3) |
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Acquittals may be admissible as `evidence of bad character' |
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256 | (3) |
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When is evidence of a defendant's bad character admissible under the 2003 Act? |
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259 | (1) |
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Situations in which bad character evidence becomes admissible under s 101: the seven gateways |
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260 | (43) |
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Contaminated evidence (s 107) |
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303 | (2) |
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The court's duty to give reasons for rulings on matters affecting bad character (s 110) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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Jointly charged offences treated as separate proceedings (s 112(2)) |
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307 | (6) |
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313 | (1) |
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II Similar fact evidence in civil cases |
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313 | (6) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (2) |
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8 The opinion rule and the presentation of expert evidence |
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319 | (29) |
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The general rule excluding evidence of opinion |
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320 | (1) |
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Four exceptions to the opinion rule born of necessity |
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320 | (1) |
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The principal exception to the opinion rule: expert opinion |
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321 | (18) |
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Scientific evidence: the presentation of DNA evidence |
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339 | (5) |
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Scientific evidence: the presentation of Bayes theorem and instructing the jury in mathematical probabilities |
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344 | (4) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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9 The rule against hearsay |
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348 | (69) |
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The rationale underlying a rule against hearsay |
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349 | (1) |
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I Hearsay in criminal cases |
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350 | (60) |
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Defects in the rule against hearsay prior to the enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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350 | (5) |
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What constitutes hearsay evidence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003? |
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355 | (5) |
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Exceptions to the rule against hearsay (s 114) |
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360 | (31) |
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Admissibility of `multiple hearsay' (s 121) |
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391 | (2) |
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Testing the credibility of makers of statements who do not testify (s 124) |
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393 | (1) |
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Stopping the case in which hearsay evidence is unconvincing (s 125) |
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394 | (1) |
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The court's general discretion to exclude evidence in the interest of case management (s 126) |
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395 | (1) |
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Other statutory exceptions to the hearsay rule (s 114(1)(a)) |
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396 | (2) |
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Human rights law, the rule against hearsay, and its exceptions (Art 6(3)(d)) |
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398 | (8) |
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Anonymous witnesses: the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, ss 86--96 |
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406 | (4) |
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II Hearsay in civil proceedings |
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410 | (7) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (41) |
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What constitutes a `confession' under PACE, s 82(1)? |
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419 | (2) |
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At common law, an accused's silence may amount to an admission |
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421 | (1) |
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Can a denial ever amount to a `confession' under PACE, s 82(1)? |
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422 | (3) |
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The conditions of admissibility of confessions under PACE |
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425 | (17) |
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What if the accused, having first made an inadmissible confession, later makes a further confession that is obtained by proper methods? |
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442 | (1) |
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Confessions made by mentally handicapped persons (PACE, s 77) |
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442 | (1) |
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The admissibility of evidence discovered in consequence of an inadmissible confession |
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443 | (1) |
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Using an inadmissible confession to show that the accused speaks, writes, or expresses himself in a particular way |
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444 | (1) |
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The status of `mixed statements' |
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445 | (1) |
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An accused's statement to the police is not normally evidence against other co-accused |
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446 | (3) |
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An accused's right to use his co-accused's confession (PACE, s 76A) |
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449 | (4) |
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Confessions by third parties, the prosecution, and the hearsay rule |
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453 | (5) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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11 Drawing adverse inferences from a defendant's omissions, lies, or false alibis |
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458 | (5) |
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I Inferences drawn from the defendant's silence |
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459 | |
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Erosion of English law's traditional right of silence |
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459 | (2) |
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The right of silence and European human rights law |
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461 | |
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II The silence provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 |
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463 | |
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Section 34: the effect of the defendant's failure to mention facts when questioned or charged |
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463 | (40) |
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Failure to mention facts following legal advice |
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466 | (7) |
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Section 34 applies only to facts upon which the defendant subsequently relies at trial |
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473 | (3) |
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Directing the jury on s 34 |
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476 | (5) |
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Inferences stemming from failures occurring after the police have sufficient evidence to charge a suspect |
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481 | (2) |
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Section 36: the effect of a defendant's failure or refusal to account for objects, substances or marks |
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483 | (1) |
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Section 37: the effect of a defendant's failure or refusal to account for his presence in a particular place |
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484 | (1) |
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Section 35: drawing an adverse inference when the defendant elects not to give evidence at trial |
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485 | (4) |
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The silence provisions: an envoi |
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489 | (2) |
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The effect of a defendant's silence at common law |
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491 | (1) |
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The right of silence and evidence obtained under compulsion |
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491 | (6) |
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III Inferences drawn from lies told by the defendant: Lucas directions |
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497 | (3) |
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IV Inferences drawn from false alibis put forward by the defendant |
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500 | (3) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (2) |
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12 Identification evidence |
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503 | (30) |
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The inherent unreliability of evidence of identification |
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504 | (1) |
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The Court of Appeal's decision in Turnbull |
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504 | (10) |
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Identification procedures and PACE Code D |
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514 | (6) |
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Code D and the various methods of identification |
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520 | (13) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (2) |
Index |
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533 | |