Table of cases |
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xii | |
Table of statutes |
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xxxi | |
Table of statutory instruments |
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xxxix | |
Table of international instruments |
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xl | |
Introduction |
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1 | (13) |
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Origins of a 'law of evidence' |
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2 | (3) |
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Properties of the law of evidence |
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5 | (8) |
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13 | (1) |
1 Relevance and admissibility of evidence |
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14 | (50) |
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The respective functions of judge and jury |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (5) |
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The so-called 'best evidence principle' |
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23 | (1) |
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Matters of which proof is unnecessary |
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24 | (5) |
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Judicial findings as evidence |
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29 | (10) |
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Prejudicial evidence, unfairly obtained evidence, and suspect witnesses |
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39 | (18) |
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Evidence excluded as a matter of public policy |
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57 | (6) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
2 Presumptions and the burden of proof |
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64 | (45) |
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Criminal and civil burdens of proof |
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65 | (1) |
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The 'legal burden of proof' and the 'evidential burden' |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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The prosecution's legal burden of proof in criminal cases |
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69 | (2) |
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When the defendant in a criminal case bears the legal burden of proof |
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71 | (6) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (2) |
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The judge's 'invisible burden' |
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81 | (4) |
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The burden of proof when establishing the admissibility of evidence |
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85 | (1) |
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Presumptions and the incidence of the burden of proof |
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86 | (1) |
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Reversal of the burden of proof and the European Convention on Human Rights |
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86 | (21) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
3 Witnesses: competence, compellability and various privileges |
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109 | (36) |
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The competence of witnesses in civil and criminal cases |
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110 | (3) |
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The compellability of witnesses |
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113 | (7) |
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Sworn and unsworn evidence |
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120 | (1) |
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Privileges enjoyed by certain classes of witness |
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121 | (17) |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
4 The course of the trial |
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145 | (64) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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The judge's right to call a witness |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (5) |
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154 | (18) |
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172 | (1) |
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Calling evidence relating to witnesses' veracity |
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173 | (5) |
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The Crown's right to reopen its case |
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178 | (1) |
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Special protections extended to various classes of witness in criminal cases |
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179 | (28) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
5 Witnesses' previous consistent statements and the remnants of the rule against narrative |
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209 | (26) |
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The rule excluding previous consistent statements |
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209 | (21) |
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Evidence-in-chief delivered by video recording (Criminal Justice Act 2003, s 137) |
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230 | (1) |
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Statements made by the accused when first taxed with incriminating facts |
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231 | (1) |
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Statements made by the accused when incriminating articles are recovered |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
6 Character and credibility |
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235 | (18) |
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235 | (1) |
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The concept of 'credibility' |
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236 | (2) |
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Bringing out the character of the parties and their witnesses |
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238 | (4) |
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Evidence of the defendant's good character |
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242 | (10) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
7 Evidence of the defendant's bad character |
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253 | (81) |
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Whether or not to admit evidence of a defendant's misconduct on other occasions |
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254 | (4) |
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I. The admission of evidence of a defendant's bad character in criminal cases: Pt 11 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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258 | (70) |
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Two classes of situation that fall outside the bad character provisions |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (2) |
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What constitutes evidence of 'bad character'? |
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265 | (4) |
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Acquittals may be admissible as 'evidence of bad character' |
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269 | (3) |
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When is evidence of a defendant's bad character admissible under the 2003 Act? |
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272 | (1) |
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Situations in which bad character evidence becomes admissible under s 101: the seven gateways |
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273 | (46) |
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Contaminated evidence (s 107) |
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319 | (2) |
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The court's duty to give reasons for rulings on matters affecting bad character (s 110) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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Jointly charged offences treated as separate proceedings (s 112(2)) |
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323 | (5) |
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328 | (1) |
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II. Similar fact evidence in civil cases |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
8 The opinion rule and the presentation of expert evidence |
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334 | (34) |
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The general rule excluding evidence of opinion |
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335 | (1) |
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Four exceptions to the opinion rule born of necessity |
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335 | (1) |
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The principal exception to the opinion rule: expert opinion |
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336 | (21) |
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Scientific evidence: the presentation of DNA evidence |
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357 | (6) |
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Scientific evidence: the presentation of Bayes' theorem and instructing the jury in mathematical probabilities |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
9 The rule against hearsay |
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368 | (70) |
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The rationale underlying a rule against hearsay |
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369 | (1) |
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I. Hearsay in criminal cases |
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370 | (61) |
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Defects in the rule against hearsay prior to the enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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370 | (4) |
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What constitutes hearsay evidence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003? |
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374 | (6) |
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Exceptions to the rule against hearsay (s 114) |
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380 | (32) |
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Admissibility of 'multiple hearsay' (s 121) |
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412 | (2) |
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Testing the credibility of makers of statements who do not testify (s 124) |
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414 | (1) |
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Stopping the case in which hearsay evidence is unconvincing (s 125) |
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415 | (1) |
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The court's discretion to exclude evidence in the interest of case management (s 126) |
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416 | (1) |
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Other statutory exceptions to the hearsay rule (s 114(1)(a)) |
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417 | (2) |
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Human rights law, the rule against hearsay, and its exceptions (Art 6(3)(d)) |
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419 | (8) |
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Anonymous witnesses: the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, ss 86-96 |
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427 | (4) |
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II. Hearsay in civil proceedings |
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431 | (4) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (2) |
10 Confessions |
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438 | (42) |
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What constitutes a 'confession' under PACE, s 82(1)? |
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440 | (2) |
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At common law, an accused's silence may amount to an admission |
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442 | (2) |
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Can a denial ever amount to a 'confession' under PACE, s 82(1)? |
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444 | (2) |
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The conditions of admissibility of confessions under PACE |
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446 | (17) |
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What if the accused, having first made an inadmissible confession, later makes a further confession that is obtained by proper methods? |
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463 | (1) |
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Confessions made by mentally handicapped persons: PACE, s 77 |
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464 | (1) |
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The admissibility of evidence discovered in consequence of an inadmissible confession |
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465 | (1) |
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Using an inadmissible confession to show that the accused speaks, writes, or expresses himself in a particular way |
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466 | (1) |
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The status of 'mixed statements' |
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466 | (1) |
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An accused's statement to the police is not normally evidence against other co-accused |
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467 | (4) |
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An accused's right to use his co-accused's confession: PACE, s 76A |
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471 | (4) |
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Confessions by third parties, the prosecution, and the hearsay rule |
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475 | (2) |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (3) |
11 Drawing adverse inferences from a defendant's omissions, lies or false alibis |
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480 | (47) |
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I. Inferences drawn from the defendant's silence |
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481 | (4) |
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Erosion of English law's traditional right of silence |
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481 | (2) |
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The right of silence and European human rights law |
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483 | (2) |
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II. The silence provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 |
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485 | (36) |
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Section 34: the effect of the defendant's failure to mention facts when questioned or charged |
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485 | (3) |
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Failure to mention facts following legal advice |
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488 | (8) |
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Section 34 applies only to facts upon which the defendant subsequently relies at trial |
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496 | (3) |
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Directing the jury on s 34 |
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499 | (5) |
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Inferences stemming from failures occurring after the police have sufficient evidence to charge a suspect |
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504 | (2) |
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Section 36: the effect of a defendant's failure or refusal to account for objects, substances or marks |
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506 | (2) |
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Section 37: the effect of a defendant's failure or refusal to account for his presence in a particular place |
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508 | (1) |
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Section 35: drawing an adverse inference when the defendant elects not to give evidence at trial |
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508 | (5) |
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The silence provisions: an envoi |
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513 | (2) |
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The effect of a defendant's silence at common law |
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515 | (1) |
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The right of silence and evidence obtained under compulsion |
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515 | (6) |
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III. Inferences drawn from lies told by the defendant: Lucas directions |
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521 | (3) |
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IV. Inferences drawn from false alibis put forward by the defendant |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
12 Identification evidence |
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527 | (30) |
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The inherent unreliability of evidence of identification |
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528 | (1) |
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The Court of Appeal's decision in Turnbull |
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528 | (11) |
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Identification procedures and PACE Code D |
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539 | (7) |
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Code D and the various methods of identification |
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546 | (10) |
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556 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
Index |
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557 | |