Table of cases |
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xii | |
Table of statutes |
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xxix | |
Table of statutory instruments |
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xxxvii | |
Table of international instruments |
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xxxviii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (12) |
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Origins of a law of evidence |
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2 | (3) |
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Properties of the law of evidence |
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5 | (7) |
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12 | (1) |
1 Relevance and admissibility of evidence |
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13 | (45) |
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The respective functions of judge and jury |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (4) |
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The so-called 'best evidence principle' |
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21 | (1) |
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Matters of which proof is unnecessary |
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22 | (5) |
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Judicial findings as evidence |
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27 | (9) |
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Prejudicial evidence, unfairly obtained evidence, and suspect witnesses |
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36 | (15) |
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Evidence excluded as a matter of public policy |
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51 | (5) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
2 Presumptions and the burden of proof |
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58 | (41) |
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Criminal and civil burdens of proof |
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59 | (1) |
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The 'legal burden of proof' and the 'evidential burden' |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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The prosecution's legal burden of proof in criminal cases |
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63 | (2) |
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When the defendant in a criminal case bears the legal burden of proof |
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65 | (5) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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The judge's 'invisible burden |
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74 | (2) |
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The burden of proof when establishing the admissibility of evidence |
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76 | (1) |
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Presumptions and the incidence of the burden of proof |
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77 | (1) |
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Reversal of the burden of proof and the European Convention on Human Rights |
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77 | (20) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
3 Witnesses: competence, compellability, and various privileges |
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99 | (32) |
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The competence of witnesses in civil and criminal cases |
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100 | (2) |
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The compellability of witnesses |
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102 | (8) |
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Sworn and unsworn evidence |
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110 | (1) |
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Privileges enjoyed by certain lasses of witness |
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111 | (14) |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
4 The course of the trial |
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131 | (57) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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The judge's right to call a witness |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (15) |
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154 | (1) |
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Calling evidence relating to witnesses' veracity |
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155 | (4) |
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The Crown's right to reopen its case |
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159 | (2) |
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Special protections extended to various classes of witness in criminal cases |
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161 | (25) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
5 Witnesses' previous consistent statements and the remnants of the rule against narrative |
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188 | (24) |
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The rule excluding previous consistent statements |
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188 | (19) |
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Evidence-in-chief delivered by video recording (Criminal Justice Act 2003, s 137) |
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207 | (1) |
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Statements made by the accused when first taxed with incriminating facts |
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208 | (2) |
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Statements made by the accused when incriminating articles are recovered |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
6 Character and credibility |
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212 | (17) |
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212 | (1) |
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The concept of 'credibility' |
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213 | (1) |
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Bringing out the character of the parties and their witnesses |
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214 | (4) |
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Evidence of the defendant's good character |
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218 | (9) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
7 Evidence of the defendant's bad character |
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229 | (73) |
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Whether or not to admit evidence of a defendant's misconduct on other occasions |
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230 | (3) |
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I The admission of evidence of a defendant's bad character in criminal cases: Pt 11 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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233 | (64) |
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Two classes of situation that fall outside the bad character provisions |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (1) |
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What actually constitutes evidence of 'bad character'? |
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239 | (4) |
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Acquittals may be admissible as 'evidence of bad character' |
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243 | (2) |
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When is evidence of a defendant's bad character admissible under the 2003 Act? |
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245 | (1) |
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Situations in which bad character evidence becomes admissible under s 101: the seven gateways |
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246 | (41) |
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Contaminated evidence (s 107) |
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287 | (2) |
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The court's duty to give reasons for rulings on matters affecting bad character (s 110) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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Jointly charged offences treated as separate proceedings (s 112(2)) |
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291 | (6) |
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297 | (1) |
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II Similar fact evidence in civil cases |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
8 The opinion rule and the presentation of expert evidence |
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302 | (28) |
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The general rule excluding evidence of opinion |
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303 | (1) |
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Four exceptions 'to the opinion rule born of necessity |
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303 | (1) |
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The principal exception to the opinion rule: expert opinion |
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304 | (17) |
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Scientific evidence: the presentation of DNA evidence |
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321 | (5) |
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Scientific evidence: the presentation of Bayes theorem and instructing the jury in mathematical probabilities |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
9 The rule against hearsay |
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330 | (67) |
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The rationale underlying a rule against hearsay |
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331 | (1) |
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I Hearsay in criminal cases |
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332 | (58) |
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Defects in the rule against hearsay prior to the enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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332 | (4) |
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What constitutes hearsay evidence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003? |
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336 | (5) |
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Exceptions to the rule against hearsay (s 114) |
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341 | (31) |
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Admissibility of 'multiple hearsay' (s 121) |
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372 | (2) |
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Testing the credibility of makers of statements who do not testify (s 124) |
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374 | (1) |
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Stopping the case in which hearsay evidence is unconvincing (s 125) |
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375 | (1) |
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The court's general discretion to exclude evidence in the interest of case management (s 126) |
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376 | (1) |
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Other statutory exceptions to the hearsay rule (s 114(1)(a)) |
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377 | |
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Human rights law, the rule against hearsay, and its exceptions (Art 6(3)(d)) |
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318 | (68) |
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Anonymous witnesses: the Coroners and Justice At 2009, ss 86-96 |
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386 | (4) |
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II Hearsay in civil proceedings |
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390 | (4) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
10 Confessions |
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397 | (40) |
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What constitutes a 'confession' under PACE, s 82(1)? |
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399 | (1) |
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At common law, an accused's silence may amount to an admission |
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400 | (2) |
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Can a denial ever amount to a 'confession under PACE, s 82(1)? |
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402 | (3) |
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The conditions of admissibility of confessions under PACE |
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405 | (16) |
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What if the accused, having first made an inadmissible confession, later makes a further confession that is obtained by proper methods? |
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421 | (1) |
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Confessions made by mentally handicapped persons (PACE, s 77) |
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422 | (1) |
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The admissibility of evidence discovered in consequence of an inadmissible confession |
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422 | (1) |
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Using an inadmissible confession to show that the accused speaks, writes, or expresses himself in a particular way |
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423 | (1) |
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The status of 'mixed statements' |
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424 | (1) |
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An accused's statement to the police is not normally evidence against other co-accused |
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425 | (3) |
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An accused's right to use his co-accused's confession (PACE, s 76A) |
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428 | (5) |
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Confessions by third parties, the prosecution, and the hearsay rule |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (2) |
11 Drawing adverse inferences from a defendant's omissions, lies, or false alibis |
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437 | (45) |
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I Inferences drawn from tie defendant's silence |
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438 | (4) |
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Erosion of English law's traditional right of silence |
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438 | (2) |
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The right of silence and European human rights law |
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440 | (2) |
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II The silence provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 |
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442 | |
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Section 34: the effect of the defendant's failure to mention facts when questioned or charged |
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442 | (2) |
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Failure to mention facts following legal advice |
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444 | (8) |
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Section 34 applies only to facts upon which the defendant subsequently relies at trial |
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452 | (3) |
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Directing the jury on s 34 |
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455 | (5) |
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Inferences stemming from failures occurring after the police have sufficient evidence to charge a suspect |
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460 | (2) |
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Section 36: the effect of a defendant's failure or refusal to account for objects, substances or marks |
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462 | (1) |
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Section 37: the effect of a defendant's failure or refusal to account for his presence in a particular place |
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463 | (1) |
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Section 35: drawing an adverse inference when the defendant elects not to give evidence at trial |
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464 | (4) |
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The silence provisions: an envoi |
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468 | (1) |
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The effect of a defendant's silence at common law |
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469 | (1) |
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The right of silence and evidence obtained under compulsion |
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470 | |
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III Inferences drawn from lies told by the defendant: Lucas directions |
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416 | (63) |
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IV Inferences drawn from false alibis put forward by the defendant |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (2) |
12 Identification evidence |
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482 | (29) |
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The inherent unreliability of evidence of identification |
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483 | (1) |
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The Court of Appeal's decision in Turnbull |
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483 | (10) |
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Identification procedures and PACE Code D |
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493 | (6) |
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Code D and the various methods of identification |
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499 | (9) |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (2) |
Index |
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511 | |