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E-grāmata: Evolution of Meteorology: A Look into the Past, Present, and Future of Weather Forecasting

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Evolution of Meteorology: A Look into the Past, Present, and Future of Weather ForecastingPalielināt
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The essential guide to the history, current trends, and the future of meteorology 

This comprehensive review explores the evolution of the field of meteorology, from its infancy in 3000 bc, through the birth of fresh ideas and the naming of the field as a science, to the technology boom, to today. The Evolution of Meteorology reveals the full story of where meteorology was then to where it is now, where the field is heading, and what needs to be done to get the field to levels never before imagined. Authored by experts of the topic, this book includes information on forecasting technologies, organizations, governmental agencies, and world cooperative projects.

The authors explore the ancient history of the first attempts to understand and predict weather and examine the influence of the very early birth of television, computers, and technologies that are useful to meteorology. This modern-day examination of meteorology is filled with compelling research, statistics, future paths, ideas, and suggestions. This vital resource:

  • Examines current information on climate change and recent extreme weather events
  • Starts with the Ancient Babylonians and ends with the largest global agreement of any kind with the Paris Agreement
  • Includes current information on the most authoritative research in the field of meteorology
  • Contains data on climate change theories and understanding, as well as extreme weather statistics and histories

This enlightening text explores in full the history of the study of meteorology in order to bring awareness to the overall path and future prospects of meteorology. 

About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Section I: Building Blocks of Meteorology (3000 BC-AD 1950) 1(30)
1 Ancient Civilizations, Philosophical Theories, and Folklore (3000 BC-AD 1400)
3(8)
Kevin Anthony Teague
1.1 Ancient Babylonians
3(1)
1.2 Ancient Chinese
4(1)
1.3 Aristotle and Meteorologica
4(1)
1.4 Theophrastus and the Book of Signs
5(1)
1.5 Ibn Wahshiyya and Nabataean Agriculture
6(1)
1.6 William of Ockham and Nominalism
6(1)
1.7 Religion, Folklore, and Animals
7(1)
Chapter Summary
8(1)
References
8(3)
Book References
8(1)
Website References
9(2)
2 Inventions of Weather Instruments (1400-1800)
11(8)
Nicole Gallicchio
2.1 Rain Gauge
11(1)
2.2 Hygrometer
12(1)
2.3 Thermometer
13(2)
2.3.1 Psychrometer
14(1)
2.4 Barometer
15(1)
2.5 Anemometer
16(1)
Chapter Summary
16(1)
References
17(2)
Book References
17(1)
Journal/Report References
17(1)
Website References
17(2)
3 The Birth of Modern Meteorology (1800-1950)
19(12)
Kevin Anthony Teague
Nicole Gallicchio
3.1 Telegraph
19(1)
3.2 Fitzroy
20(1)
3.3 Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson
20(1)
3.4 Weather Balloons/Radiosondes
20(2)
3.4.1 Barothermograph/Barothermohygrograph
22(1)
3.5 Birth of Governmental Weather Departments
22(3)
3.6 Numerical Weather Prediction
25(1)
3.7 Weather Broadcasting
26(1)
3.8 Forecasting for WWII
26(1)
3.9 Extreme Weather Forecasting: 'Nowcasting'
27(1)
Section Summary
28(1)
References
28(5)
Book References
28(1)
Journal/Report References
28(1)
Website References
28(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
29(2)
Section II: The Early Television, Computer, Satellite, and Radar Era (1950-1980) 31(20)
4 Television and the First Computerized Advancements
33(10)
Kevin Anthony Teague
4.1 Television in the Household
33(1)
4.2 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1950s
33(1)
4.3 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1960s and 1970s
34(1)
4.4 The Beginning of Computers and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)
35(2)
4.5 Computers and NWP in the Met Office
37(1)
4.6 Computers and NWP Worldwide
37(2)
4.7 The 1970s and Its Lasting Influences on Forecasting
39(1)
Chapter Summary
40(1)
References
40(3)
Book References
40(1)
Journal/Report References
40(1)
Website References
40(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
41(2)
5 Radar and Satellite History
43(8)
Nicole Gallicchio
5.1 Invention of the Radar
43(1)
5.2 Development of Weather Radar
44(2)
5.2.1 Doppler Radar
45(1)
5.3 Invention of the Satellite
46(1)
5.4 Remote Sensing
46(1)
5.5 Development of Weather Satellites
47(1)
Section Summary
48(1)
References
48(5)
Book References
48(1)
Journal/Report References
49(1)
Website References
49(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
49(2)
Section III: Modern-Day Technologies, Advancements, and Social Media Impacts (1980-2013) 51(70)
6 Personal Technology Boom
53(8)
Nicole Gallicchio
6.1 Television Networks
53(2)
6.1.1 The Weather Channel
53(1)
6.1.2 The BBC
54(1)
6.1.3 World Networks
54(1)
6.2 Personal Computers
55(1)
6.3 The Internet and Meteorology
56(1)
6.4 Cellphones and Social Media
56(2)
6.5 Movies
58(1)
Chapter Summary
59(1)
References
59(2)
Book References
59(1)
Journal/Report References
59(1)
Website References
59(2)
7 Covering Major Storms
61(14)
Nicole Gallicchio
7.1 The Great Storm of 1987
61(2)
7.2 Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones
63(3)
7.2.1 Hurricane Andrew
63(1)
7.2.2 Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy
64(2)
7.2.3 The Great Bhola Cyclone of 1970
66(1)
7.3 Tornadoes
66(2)
7.3.1 Tornadic Outbreaks
67(1)
7.3.2 Advanced Warnings for Tornado Activity
67(1)
7.4 Floods, Droughts, and Wildfires
68(2)
7.5 Storm Chasing
70(1)
7.6 Media Coverage
70(1)
Chapter Summary
71(1)
References
71(4)
Book References
71(1)
Journal/Report References
72(1)
Website References
72(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
73(2)
8 The Rise of Modern Computer Models
75(12)
Kevin Anthony Teague
8.1 European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF)
75(3)
8.1.1 General Circulation Model
76(1)
8.1.2 Ocean Wave Model
77(1)
8.1.3 Data Assimilation System
77(1)
8.1.4 Ensemble Prediction System (EPS)
77(1)
8.1.5 Monthly and Seasonal Forecasting System
77(1)
8.2 Main US Models
78(1)
8.2.1 Global Forecasting System (GFS)
78(1)
8.2.2 Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS)
78(1)
8.2.3 North American Model (NAM)
79(1)
8.3 Specific Use Forecasting Models
79(1)
8.4 Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)
79(1)
8.5 Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS)
80(1)
8.6 Main Model Biases and Various Characteristics
80(4)
8.6.1 UKMET Characteristics
80(2)
8.6.2 ECMWF Characteristics
82(1)
8.6.3 NAM Characteristics
82(1)
8.6.4 GFS Characteristics
83(1)
8.6.5 Ensemble Characteristics
83(1)
Chapter Summary
84(1)
References
84(3)
Book References
84(1)
Journal/Report References
84(1)
Website References
84(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
85(2)
9 Advancements within the Nationalized Governmental Weather Departments
87(20)
Kevin Anthony Teague
9.1 The National Weather Service
87(4)
9.1.1 Automated Surface Observing System
88(1)
9.1.2 Next Generation Weather Radar
88(1)
9.1.3 Satellites
88(1)
9.1.4 Advanced Computer Systems
88(1)
9.1.5 Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System
89(2)
9.1.6 Further Advancements
91(1)
9.2 The Met Office
91(2)
9.2.1 The Met Office around the World
92(1)
9.2.2 Public Weather Service
92(1)
9.2.3 The Met College
93(1)
9.3 Advancements across the World
93(3)
9.3.1 Korea Meteorological Administration
94(1)
9.3.2 Japan Meteorological Agency
95(1)
9.3.3 South African Weather Service
95(1)
9.3.4 Australian Government's Bureau of Meteorology
95(1)
9.3.5 China Meteorological Administration
95(1)
9.3.6 Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia
96(1)
9.3.7 Mexico National Weather Service
96(1)
9.4 Radar Development
96(4)
9.4.1 Radar in Europe
96(2)
9.4.2 Radar in the United States
98(1)
9.4.3 Radar in Asia and Australia
98(2)
9.5 New Satellite Developments
100(2)
9.5.1 United States' GOES and TIROS Satellites
100(1)
9.5.2 Europe's METEOSAT
101(1)
9.5.3 Russia's METEOR
101(1)
9.5.4 United States' LANDSAT
102(1)
9.5.5 Canada's RADARSAT
102(1)
9.5.6 Japan's GMS and MTSAT
102(1)
Chapter Summary
102(2)
References
104(3)
Book References
104(1)
Journal/Report References
104(1)
Website References
104(2)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
106(1)
10 Meteorological Agencies at the Global and Private Level
107(14)
Kevin Anthony Teague
10.1 World Government Agencies
107(3)
10.2 Operations of World Organizations
110(1)
10.3 Global Discussions
110(1)
10.4 What a Private-Sector Weather Business Entails
111(1)
10.5 Government vs. Private Sector
112(3)
10.5.1 The United States
113(1)
10.5.2 Australia
114(1)
10.5.3 Canada
114(1)
10.5.4 Europe/United Kingdom
114(1)
10.5.5 Japan/East Asia
115(1)
10.6 The Lesser-Known Services of the Private Sector
115(3)
10.6.1 Extreme Weather
115(1)
10.6.2 Weather Technology
116(2)
Section Summary
118(1)
References
118(5)
Book References
118(1)
Journal/Report References
119(1)
Website References
119(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
120(1)
Section IV: Current and Future Ideologies of Climate Change and Meteorological Processes 121(56)
11 Climate Change
123(18)
Nicole Gallicchio
11.1 Climate Discussions
123(2)
11.2 Earth's Lifetime Fluctuations
125(2)
11.3 Past Climate Data
127(3)
11.3.1 Coring
128(1)
11.3.2 Varve
128(1)
11.3.3 Loess
128(1)
11.3.4 Glacial Deposits
128(1)
11.3.5 Dendrochronology
129(1)
11.3.6 Boreholes
129(1)
11.3.7 Climate Data Limitations
129(1)
11.4 Permafrost and Climate Change
130(2)
11.5 Greenhouse Gases
132(1)
11.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
133(4)
11.6.1 The Copenhagen Diagnosis
134(1)
11.6.2 The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Overview
135(2)
Chapter Summary
137(1)
References
138(3)
Book References
138(1)
Journal/Report References
138(1)
Website References
138(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
139(2)
12 Extreme Weather
141(28)
Nicole Gallicchio
12.1 Current Climate and Weather Trends
141(3)
12.1.1 Global Temperature Anomalies
143(1)
12.2 Classifying Extreme Weather
144(3)
12.2.1 Thresholds
144(1)
12.2.2 Temporal Duration
145(1)
12.2.3 Climate Extremes Index
145(1)
12.2.4 Using the Past for Today
146(1)
12.3 Extreme Weather Influences
147(3)
12.3.1 Temperature
147(1)
12.3.2 Convection
147(1)
12.3.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
148(1)
12.3.4 Ocean and Tidal Cycles
149(1)
12.3.5 Ocean Current Change
149(1)
12.4 Is Extreme Weather on the Rise?
150(3)
12.4.1 Is Climate Change Influencing Extreme Weather?
152(1)
12.5 Weather Pattern Predictions
153(12)
12.5.1 Possible Future Weather Patterns for a Warming Climate
154(1)
12.5.2 Possible Future Weather Patterns for a Cooling Climate
155(1)
12.5.3 The Next Ice Age
156(1)
12.5.4 Jet Stream Positioning
157(1)
12.5.5 El Nino and La Nina
158(2)
12.5.6 Extreme Tropical Cyclones
160(3)
12.5.7 Droughts
163(1)
12.5.8 Extreme and Unlikely Snowfalls
164(1)
Chapter Summary
165(1)
References
166(3)
Book References
166(1)
Journal/Report References
166(1)
Website References
166(2)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
168(1)
13 Additional Meteorological Impacts
169(8)
Nicole Gallicchio
13.1 Space Weather
169(2)
13.1.1 Space Weather and Technology
169(1)
13.1.2 Solar Flares and Wind
170(1)
13.2 Earthquakes and the Effect on Climate Change
171(1)
13.3 Weather and the Effects on the Human Body
172(2)
Section Summary
174(1)
References
175(4)
Journal/Report References
175(1)
Website References
175(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
175(2)
Section V: The Future Direction of Meteorology 177(51)
14 Weather Technology
179(32)
Kevin Anthony Teague
14.1 Tropical Cyclone Technology
179(7)
14.1.1 Tropical Cyclone Hunter Technology
179(1)
14.1.2 Sea Foam Detection
180(2)
14.1.3 Drones
182(1)
14.1.4 Sea Gliders
183(1)
14.1.5 Data Initialization
183(2)
14.1.6 Tropical Cyclone Modeling
185(1)
14.2 Coastal Flooding
186(4)
14.2.1 Coastal Flood Risk
186(1)
14.2.2 Coastal Flooding Technology and Preparedness
187(3)
14.3 Extreme Weather
190(8)
14.3.1 Forecasting and Nowcasting
190(2)
14.3.2 Nowcasting Precipitation
192(1)
14.3.3 Nowcasting Tornadoes
193(1)
14.3.4 Warning Systems
194(2)
14.3.5 High-Resolution Models
196(2)
14.4 Enhancements to Radar, Satellite, and Model Output of Supercomputers
198(5)
14.4.1 Radar Enhancements
198(1)
14.4.2 Satellite Enhancements
199(3)
14.4.3 Improving Model Output Data
202(1)
14.5 Long-Range Forecasting
203(1)
14.6 Various Planned Advancements
203(3)
14.6.1 Lidar
203(1)
14.6.2 Smartphone Measurements
203(1)
14.6.3 Cloud Overlap
204(1)
14.6.4 Weather Modification
204(2)
Chapter Summary
206(1)
References
206(5)
Book References
206(1)
Journal/Report References
206(1)
Website References
207(3)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
210(1)
15 Global Cooperation
211(17)
Kevin Anthony Teague
15.1 Overall Global Forecasting
211(2)
15.2 Global Networking in Meteorology
213(2)
15.3 Disaster Management
215(5)
15.3.1 Global Disaster Management Technology
218(1)
15.3.2 Weather-Related Insurance
219(1)
15.4 Global Radar and Satellite Cooperation
220(1)
15.4.1 Global Radar Effort
220(1)
15.4.2 Global Satellite Effort
221(1)
15.5 Global Data-Processing and Forecasting Systems
221(2)
15.5.1 Global NWP Growth
222(1)
15.5.2 Global Supercomputers
223(1)
15.6 Global Response to Climate Change
223(2)
Section Summary
225(1)
References
226(2)
Book References
226(1)
Journal/Report References
226(1)
Website References
227(1)
Figure References-In Order of Appearance
228(1)
Book Summary 228(3)
Appendix Figures A-H 231(14)
Index 245
Kevin A. Teague and Nicole Gallicchio are the cofounders of Forecasting Consultants LLC, a private weather forecasting and forensic company geared towards a multitude of industries and users. Their business has allowed the authors to grow and expand their knowledge base in all aspects of atmospheric science.
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