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E-grāmata: Evolution of Sex Determination [Oxford Scholarship Online E-books]

(Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen), (Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne)
  • Formāts: 240 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jun-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780199657148
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Oxford Scholarship Online E-books
  • Cena pašlaik nav zināma
Evolution of Sex DeterminationPalielināt
  • Formāts: 240 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jun-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780199657148
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Wiley OnlineMore info about Oxford Scholarship Online e-books
Rokasgrāmatas mājas lapa: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657148.001.0001/acprof-9780199657148
Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination mechanisms are responsible for the sexual fate and development of sexual characteristics in an organism, be it a unicellular alga, a plant, or an animal. In many cases, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or different genes that specify their sexual morphology. In animals, this is often accompanied by chromosomal differences. In other cases, sex may be determined by environmental (e.g. temperature) or social variables (e.g. the size of an organism relative to other members of its population). Surprisingly, sex-determination mechanisms are not evolutionarily conserved but are bewilderingly diverse and appear to have had rapid turnover rates during evolution. Evolutionary biologists continue to seek a solution to this conundrum. What drives the surprising dynamics of such a fundamental process that always leads to the same outcome: two sex types, male and female? The answer is complex but the ongoing genomic revolution has already greatly increased our knowledge of sex-determination systems and sex chromosomes in recent years. This novel book presents and synthesizes our current understanding, and clearly shows that sex-determination evolution will remain a dynamic field of future research.

The Evolution of Sex Determination is an advanced, research level text suitable for graduate students and researchers in genetics, developmental biology, and evolution.
1 What are sexes, and why are there sexes? 1(17)
1.1 Meiotic sex
3(6)
1.1.1 What is sex?
3(2)
1.1.2 What use is sex?
5(4)
1.1.2a The costs of sex
6(1)
1.1.2b The benefits of sex
6(3)
1.2 Mating types, sexes, and genders
9(6)
1.2.1 What uses are primary mating types?
11(2)
1.2.1a Inbreeding avoidance
11(1)
1.2.1b Sex-advantage enhancement
11(1)
1.2.1c Control over organelle transmission
12(1)
1.2.1d Developmental switch
12(1)
1.2.2 Frequency-dependent selection on mating types
13(1)
1.2.3 Sexes and sex-ratio selection
14(1)
1.3 Sex roles, sexual conflicts, and sexual selection
15(1)
1.4 Sex determination versus sex differentiation
16(2)
2 The diversity of sexual cycles 18(19)
2.1 Sexual cycles among eukaryotes
18(18)
2.1.1 Haploid versus diploid phases
18(6)
2.1.1a Is diploidy better?
20(3)
2.1.1b What maintains haplo-diplontic cycles?
23(1)
2.1.2 (An)isogamy: from mating types to sexes
24(2)
2.1.3 Modes and timing of sex determination
26(2)
2.1.4 Haplo-genotypic sex determination (H-GSD)
28(1)
2.1.5 Diplo-genotypic sex determination (D-GSD)
28(1)
2.1.6 Epigenetic sex differentiation
29(5)
2.1.6a Simultaneous hermaphroditism
29(1)
2.1.6b Sequential hermaphroditism
30(1)
2.1.6c Environmental sex determination (ESD)
31(1)
2.1.6d Social sex determination
32(1)
2.1.6e Maternal control
32(1)
2.1.6f Parasite manipulation
33(1)
2.1.7 Self-incompatibility systems and induction types
34(1)
2.1.8 Evolutionary paths among sex-determination modes
34(2)
2.2 The eukaryote tree of sex
36(1)
3 Molecular mechanisms of sex determination 37(41)
3.1 Gene regulatory networks
37(4)
3.1.1 Sex-determination cascades
37(1)
3.1.2 The main actors
38(2)
3.1.2a Transcription factors
38(1)
3.1.2b Post-transcriptional regulation
39(1)
3.1.2c Hormones and pheromones
40(1)
3.1.3 Molecular mechanisms of transitions
40(1)
3.2 Haploid mating-type determination
41(10)
3.2.1 What genes are on MAT loci?
41(2)
3.2.2 Specific systems
43(6)
3.2.2a Zygomycetes
43(1)
3.2.2b Ascomycetes
43(1)
3.2.2c Basidiomycetes
44(3)
3.2.2d Amoebozoa
47(1)
3.2.2e Chlorophyta
47(2)
3.2.3 Epigenetic mating-type determination
49(2)
3.2.3a Mating-type switching
49(1)
3.2.3b Self-compatibility
50(1)
3.3 Diploid sex determination
51(20)
3.3.1 Sex determination in angiosperms
51(5)
3.3.2 Sex determination in animals
56(10)
3.3.2a DM-domain genes
57(4)
3.3.2b Sex determination in vertebrates
61(3)
3.3.2c Sex determination in Ecdysozoa
64(2)
3.3.3 Molecular mechanisms of sex manipulation by parasites
66(5)
3.4 Self-incompatibility systems and induction types
71(7)
3.4.1 SI systems
71(2)
3.4.1a SI systems in angiosperms
71(2)
3.4.1b SI systems in ascidians
73(1)
3.4.2 Induction types
73(17)
3.4.2a Mating types in ciliates
74(2)
3.4.2b Induction types in oomycetes
76(2)
4 The quantitative genetics of sex determination 78(11)
4.1 Sex as a threshold trait
78(1)
4.2 Genetic variance
78(2)
4.3 Environmental variance and random effects
80(1)
4.4 Mixed systems
81(1)
4.5 The classical dichotomous view: GSD versus ESD
82(1)
4.6 Norms of reaction
83(1)
4.7 Heritability of sex ratios
84(2)
4.8 G x E interactions
86(1)
4.9 Response to selection
86(1)
4.10 Local adaptations
87(2)
5 The evolution of sex chromosomes 89(26)
5.1 Recombination arrest
90(7)
5.1.1 Ultimate causes
90(3)
5.1.2 Proximate mechanisms
93(2)
5.1.3 Neo-sex chromosomes
95(2)
5.1.4 Pseudo-autosomal regions
97(1)
5.2 Genomic consequences of recombination arrest
97(16)
5.2.1 U and V chromosomes
99(2)
5.2.2 Y and W chromosomes
101(7)
5.2.2a Evolutionary forces on Y and W
101(1)
5.2.2b Empirical evidence
101(2)
5.2.2c Fitness costs to the heterogametic sex
103(1)
5.2.2d Opposing the decay: gene conversion and X-Y recombination
104(1)
5.2.2e Accommodating the decay: dosage compensation
104(3)
5.2.2f Are Y and W chromosomes doomed to extinction?
107(1)
5.2.3 X and Z chromosomes
108(9)
5.2.3a Evolutionary forces on X and Z
108(3)
5.2.3b Empirical evidence
111(2)
5.3 Heterogeneity between lineages
113(2)
6 Evolutionary correlates of sex-determination systems 115(18)
6.1 Sex determination and polyploidy
115(1)
6.2 Sex determination and parthenogenesis
116(1)
6.3 Sex determination and sex allocation
117(7)
6.3.1 Parental control and genetic conflicts over sex allocation
118(2)
6.3.2 Meiotic-drive sex chromosomes and sex-ratio distorters
120(4)
6.4 Sexual dimorphism and sexual selection
124(2)
6.4.1 Are sex chromosomes attractors for sexually selected traits?
124(1)
6.4.2 Is female heterogamety more conducive to flashy males?
125(1)
6.5 Sex determination and speciation
126(7)
6.5.1 Haldane's rule
127(3)
6.5.2 Darwin's corollary
130(1)
6.5.3 Large X-effects
130(1)
6.5.4 Pre-mating isolation
130(1)
6.5.5 Sex chromosome introgression in hybrid zones
131(1)
6.5.6 What about systems lacking differentiated sex chromosomes?
132(1)
7 Transitions among sex-determination systems 133(18)
7.1 A diversity of transitions
133(1)
7.2 Evolutionary causes
134(10)
7.2.1 Neutral processes
134(1)
7.2.2 Fitness differences between sex phenotypes
135(2)
7.2.2a SA-driven transitions
135(1)
7.2.2b Mutation-load driven transitions
136(1)
7.2.3 Sex-ratio selection
137(7)
7.2.3a Shifting optimal sex ratios
137(1)
7.2.3b Environmentally driven transitions
138(1)
7.2.3c Genetic conflicts
138(6)
7.3 Open questions on SD transitions
144(3)
7.3.1 Why do turnover rates differ between lineages?
144(1)
7.3.2 Are some SD systems more labile or some transitions more likely?
145(2)
7.3.3 Are some chromosome pairs particularly good at sex?
147(1)
7.4 Perspectives on SD transitions
147(4)
Glossary 151(9)
References 160(35)
Taxonomic Index 195(10)
Author Index 205(7)
Subject Index 212
Leo Beukeboom is full professor in Evolutionary Genetics at the Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Studies of the University of Groningen (Netherlands). His expertise is in organismal evolution with special interest in speciation, life history evolution, reproductive systems, sex determination and selfish genetic elements. His current research focuses on the interaction of genetic mechanisms of sex determination with life history traits in insects, Experimental study systems include species of haplodiploid parasitoid wasps and the polymorphic sex determination system of houseflies.

Nicolas Perrin is full professor at the Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne (Switzerland). His wide-ranging interests across evolutionary ecology led him to work on a diversity of topics, from life-history theory and optimal resource allocation to the evolution of mate choice and mating systems, population genetics and phylogeography, habitat and niche modeling, and the evolution of dispersal, kin structures and social systems. His present research focuses on sex-determination systems, integrating evolutionary modeling approaches with empirical work on the dynamics of sex chromosomes, using amphibians as model organisms.
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