| Preface |
|
xiv | |
| Supplements |
|
xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxvi | |
| About the Authors |
|
xxix | |
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2 | (22) |
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2 | (2) |
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How Does Geology Influence Where and How We Live? |
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4 | (2) |
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How Does Geology Help Explain Our World? |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (2) |
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What Processes Affect Our Planet? |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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What Can Happen to a Rock? |
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14 | (2) |
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How Do the Atmosphere, Water, and Life Interact with Earth's Surface? |
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16 | (2) |
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What Is Earth's Place in the Solar System? |
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18 | (2) |
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Connections: How Is Geology Expressed in the Black Hills and in Rapid City? |
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20 | (2) |
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Investigation: How Is Geology Affecting This Place? |
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22 | (2) |
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Investigating Geologic Questions |
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24 | (26) |
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Investigating Geologic Questions |
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24 | (2) |
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What Can We Observe in Landscapes? |
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26 | (2) |
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How Do We Interpret Geologic Clues? |
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28 | (2) |
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How Do We Depict Earth's Surface? |
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30 | (2) |
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How Do We Depict Earth's Heights, Slopes, and Subsurface Geology? |
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32 | (2) |
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How Are Geologic Problems Quantified? |
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34 | (2) |
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How Do Geologists Refer to Rates and Time? |
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36 | (2) |
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How Do We Investigate Geologic Questions? |
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38 | (2) |
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How Do Scientific Ideas Get Established? |
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40 | (2) |
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How Was the Hypothesis of Continental Drift Conceived and Received? |
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42 | (2) |
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What Does a Geologist Do? |
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44 | (2) |
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Connections: How Did This Crater Form? |
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46 | (2) |
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Investigation: What Is the Geologic History of Upheaval Dome? |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (22) |
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50 | (2) |
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What Are the Major Features of Earth? |
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52 | (2) |
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Where Do Earthquakes and Volcanoes Occur? |
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54 | (2) |
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What Causes Tectonic Activity to Occur in Belts? |
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56 | (2) |
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What Happens at Divergent Boundaries? |
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58 | (2) |
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What Happens at Convergent Boundaries? |
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60 | (2) |
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What Happens Along Transform Boundaries? |
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62 | (2) |
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How Do Plates Move and Interact? |
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64 | (2) |
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What Geologic Features Does Plate Tectonics Help Explain? |
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66 | (2) |
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Connections: Why Is South America Lopsided? |
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68 | (2) |
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Investigation: Where Is the Safest Place to Live? |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (32) |
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72 | (2) |
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What Is the Difference Between a Rock and a Mineral? |
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74 | (2) |
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How Are Minerals Put Together in Rocks? |
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76 | (2) |
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How Do We Distinguish One Mineral from Another? |
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78 | (2) |
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What Controls a Crystal's Shape? |
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80 | (2) |
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What Causes Cleavage in Minerals? |
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82 | (2) |
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How Are Minerals Classified? |
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84 | (2) |
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What Is the Crystalline Structure of Silicate Minerals? |
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86 | (2) |
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What Are Some Common Silicate Minerals? |
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88 | (2) |
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What Are Some Common Nonsilicate Minerals? |
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90 | (2) |
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Where Are Different Minerals Abundant? |
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92 | (2) |
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What Are the Building Blocks of Minerals? |
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94 | (2) |
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How Do Atoms Bond Together? |
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96 | (2) |
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How Do Chemical Reactions Help Minerals Grow or Dissolve? |
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98 | (2) |
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Connections: How Are Minerals Used in Society? |
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100 | (2) |
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Investigation: What Minerals Would You Use to Build a House? |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (32) |
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104 | (2) |
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What Textures Do Igneous Rocks Display? |
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106 | (2) |
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How Are Igneous Rocks Classified? |
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108 | (2) |
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What Are Some Other Igneous Rocks? |
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110 | (2) |
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How Do Temperature and Pressure Vary Inside Earth? |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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How Do Igneous Rocks Form? |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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How Does Magma Form Along Divergent Plate Boundaries? |
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122 | (2) |
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How Does Magma Form Along Convergent Plate Boundaries? |
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124 | (2) |
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How Is Magma Generated at Hot Spots and Other Sites Away from Plate Boundaries? |
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126 | (2) |
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How Do Large Magma Chambers Form and How Are They Expressed in Landscapes? |
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128 | (2) |
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How Are Small Intrusions Formed and Expressed in Landscapes? |
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130 | (2) |
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Connections: How Did the Sierra Nevada Form? |
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132 | (2) |
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Investigation: What Types of Igneous Processes Are Occurring Here? |
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134 | (2) |
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Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards |
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136 | (32) |
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Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards |
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136 | (2) |
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What Is and Is Not a Volcano? |
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138 | (2) |
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What Controls the Style of Eruption? |
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140 | (2) |
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What Features Characterize Scoria Cones and Basaltic Lava Flows? |
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142 | (2) |
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How Do Shield Volcanoes Form? |
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144 | (2) |
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What Causes Flood Basalts? |
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146 | (2) |
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What Are the Hazards of Basaltic Eruptions? |
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148 | (2) |
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What Are Composite Volcanoes? |
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150 | (2) |
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What Disasters Were Caused by Composite Volcanoes? |
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152 | (2) |
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How Do Volcanic Domes Form? |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (2) |
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What Disasters Were Related to Calderas? |
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158 | (2) |
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What Areas Have the Highest Potential for Volcanic Hazards? |
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160 | (2) |
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How Do We Monitor Volcanoes? |
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162 | (2) |
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Connections: What Volcanic Hazards Are Posed by Mount Rainier? |
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164 | (2) |
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Investigation: How Would You Assess Hazards on This Volcano? |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (34) |
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168 | (2) |
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What Sedimentary Environments Occur on Land? |
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170 | (2) |
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What Sedimentary Environments Are Near Shorelines and in Oceans? |
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172 | (2) |
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Where Do Clasts Come From? |
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174 | (2) |
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What Are the Characteristics of Clastic Sediments? |
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176 | (2) |
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What Types of Rocks Do Clastic Sediments Form? |
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178 | (2) |
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What Are Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks and How Do They Form? |
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180 | (2) |
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Why Do Sedimentary Rocks Have Layers? |
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182 | (2) |
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Where Do Breccia and Conglomerate Form? |
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184 | (2) |
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Where Does Sandstone Form? |
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186 | (2) |
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How Do Fine-Grained Clastic Rocks Form? |
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188 | (2) |
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How Do Carbonate Rocks Form? |
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190 | (2) |
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How Do Changing Environments Create a Sequence of Different Kinds of Sediments? |
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192 | (2) |
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How Do We Study Sedimentary Sequences? |
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194 | (2) |
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Why Are Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Important to Our Society? |
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196 | (2) |
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Connections: How Did Sedimentary Layers West of Denver Form? |
|
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198 | (2) |
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Investigation: What Is the Sedimentary History of This Plateau? |
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200 | (2) |
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Deformation and Metamorphism |
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202 | (32) |
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Deformation and Metamorphism |
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202 | (2) |
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What Processes Can Deform and Change a Rock After It Forms? |
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204 | (2) |
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How Do Rocks Respond to Stress, Temperature, and Fluid Pressure? |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (2) |
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What Are Different Types of Faults? |
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210 | (2) |
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What Are Folds and How Are They Shaped? |
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212 | (2) |
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What Are Some Metamorphic Features? |
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214 | (2) |
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What Are Some Common Metamorphic Rocks? |
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216 | (2) |
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How Does Metamorphism Occur? |
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218 | (2) |
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Where Does Metamorphism Occur? |
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220 | (2) |
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What Types of Deformation and Metamorphism Occur in Extensional and Strike-Slip Settings? |
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222 | (2) |
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How Are Different Structures and Metamorphic Features Related? |
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224 | (2) |
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How Are Geologic Structures and Metamorphic Rocks Expressed in the Landscape? |
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226 | (2) |
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How Do We Study Geologic Structures and Metamorphic Features? |
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228 | (2) |
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Connections: What Is the Structural and Metamorphic History of New England? |
|
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230 | (2) |
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Investigation: What Structural and Metamorphic Events Occurred Here? |
|
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (32) |
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234 | (2) |
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How Do We Infer the Relative Ages of Events? |
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236 | (2) |
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How Do We Study Ages of Landscapes? |
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238 | (2) |
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What Is the Significance of an Unconformity? |
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240 | (2) |
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How Are Ages Assigned to Rocks and Events? |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (2) |
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How and Why Did Living Things Change Through Geologic Time? |
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246 | (2) |
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How Are Fossils Used to Infer Ages of Rocks? |
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248 | (2) |
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How Was the Geologic Timescale Developed? |
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250 | (2) |
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What Is the Evidence for the Age of Earth? |
|
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252 | (2) |
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What Were Some Milestones in the Early History of Life on Earth? |
|
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254 | (2) |
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What Were Some Milestones in the Later History of Life on Earth? |
|
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256 | (2) |
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How Do We Reconstruct Geologic Histories? |
|
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258 | (2) |
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Why Do We Investigate Geologic History? |
|
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260 | (2) |
|
Connections: What Is the History of the Grand Canyon? |
|
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262 | (2) |
|
Investigation: What Is the Geologic History of This Place? |
|
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264 | (2) |
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The Seafloor and Continental Margins |
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266 | (30) |
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The Seafloor and Continental Margins |
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266 | (2) |
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How Do We Explore the Seafloor? |
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268 | (2) |
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How Is Paleomagnetism Used to Study the Ocean Floor? |
|
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270 | (2) |
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What Processes Occur at Mid-Ocean Ridges? |
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272 | (2) |
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What Are Major Features of the Deep Ocean? |
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274 | (2) |
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How Do Oceanic Islands, Seamounts, and Oceanic Plateaus Form? |
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276 | (2) |
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What Processes Form Island Arcs? |
|
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278 | (2) |
|
How Did Smaller Seas of the Pacific Form? |
|
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280 | (2) |
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How Did Smaller Seas Near Eurasia Form? |
|
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282 | (2) |
|
How Do Reefs and Coral Atolls Form? |
|
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284 | (2) |
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What Is the Geology of Continental Margins? |
|
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286 | (2) |
|
How Do Marine Salt Deposits Form? |
|
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288 | (2) |
|
How Did Earth's Modern Oceans Evolve? |
|
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290 | (2) |
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Connections: How Did the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Region Form? |
|
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292 | (2) |
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Investigation: How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? |
|
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294 | (2) |
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Mountains, Basins, and Continents |
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296 | (30) |
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Mountains, Basins, and Continents |
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296 | (2) |
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Why Are Some Regions High in Elevation? |
|
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298 | (2) |
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Where Do Mountain Belts and High Regions Form? |
|
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300 | (2) |
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How Do Local Mountains Form? |
|
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (2) |
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How Do Mountains and Basins Form at Convergent Continental Margins? |
|
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306 | (2) |
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How Does Continental Extension Occur? |
|
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308 | (2) |
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What Are the Characteristics and History of Continental Hot Spots? |
|
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310 | (2) |
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What Features Characterize the Interiors of Continents? |
|
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312 | (2) |
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What Are Tectonic Terranes? |
|
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (2) |
|
How Did the Continents Join and Split Apart? |
|
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318 | (2) |
|
Connections: How Did the Appalachian and Ouachita Mountains Form? |
|
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320 | (2) |
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Connections: What Is the Geologic History of the Western United States? |
|
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322 | (2) |
|
Investigation: Where Will Mountains and Basins Form in This Region? |
|
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324 | (2) |
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Earthquakes and Earth's Interior |
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326 | (38) |
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Earthquakes and Earth's Interior |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (2) |
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How Does, Faulting Cause Earthquakes? |
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330 | (2) |
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Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur? |
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332 | (2) |
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What Causes Earthquakes Along Plate Boundaries and Within Plates? |
|
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334 | (2) |
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How Do Earthquake Waves Travel? |
|
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336 | (2) |
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How Do We Determine the Location and Size of an Earthquake? |
|
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338 | (2) |
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How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage? |
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340 | (2) |
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What Were Some Major North American Earthquakes? |
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342 | (2) |
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What Were Some Major World Earthquakes? |
|
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344 | (2) |
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How Does a Tsunami Form and Cause Destruction? |
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346 | (2) |
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How Do We Study Earthquakes in the Field? |
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348 | (2) |
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Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? |
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350 | (2) |
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What Is the Potential for Earthquakes Along the San Andreas Fault? |
|
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352 | (2) |
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How Do We Explore What Is Below Earth's Surface? |
|
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354 | (2) |
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What Do Seismic Waves Indicate About Earth's Interior? |
|
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356 | (2) |
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How Do We Investigate Deep Processes? |
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358 | (2) |
|
Connections: What Happened During the Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964? |
|
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360 | (2) |
|
Investigation: Where Did This Earthquake Occur, and What Damage Might Be Expected? |
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362 | (2) |
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Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology |
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364 | (32) |
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Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (2) |
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How Does Wind Transport Material? |
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368 | (2) |
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Why Does It Rain and Snow? |
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370 | (2) |
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How Do Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Other Storms Develop? |
|
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372 | (2) |
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How Do Ocean Currents Influence Climate? |
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374 | (2) |
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What Causes Short-Term Climatic Variations? |
|
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376 | (2) |
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What Controls the Location of Rain Forests? |
|
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378 | (2) |
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What Are Deserts and How Do They Form? |
|
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380 | (2) |
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What Features Are Common in Deserts? |
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382 | (2) |
|
What Is the Evidence for Global Warming? |
|
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384 | (2) |
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What Factors Influence Global Warming? |
|
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386 | (2) |
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What Is the Relationship Among Climate, Tectonics, and Landscape Evolution? |
|
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388 | (2) |
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How Does Geology Influence Ecology? |
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390 | (2) |
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Connections: What Occurred During the Hurricane Seasons of 2004 and 2005? |
|
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392 | (2) |
|
Investigation: What Kinds of Climate and Weather Would Occur in This Place? |
|
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394 | (2) |
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Shorelines, Glaciers, and Changing Sea Levels |
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396 | (40) |
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Shorelines, Glaciers, and Changing Sea Levels |
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396 | (2) |
|
What Processes Occur Along Shorelines? |
|
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398 | (2) |
|
What Causes High Tides and Low Tides? |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
How Do Waves Form and Propagate? |
|
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402 | (2) |
|
How Is Material Eroded, Transported, and Deposited Along Shorelines? |
|
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404 | (2) |
|
What Landforms Occur Along Shorelines? |
|
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406 | (2) |
|
What Are Some Challenges of Living Along Shorelines? |
|
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408 | (2) |
|
How Do Geologists Assess the Relative Risks of Different Stretches of Coastline? |
|
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410 | (2) |
|
What Happens When Sea Level Changes? |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
What Causes Changes in Sea Level? |
|
|
414 | (2) |
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416 | (2) |
|
How Do Glaciers Form, Move, and Vanish? |
|
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418 | (2) |
|
What Happens When Glaciers Erode into the Landscape? |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
What Features Do Glacial Sediments Form? |
|
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422 | (2) |
|
What Features Are Peripheral to Glaciers? |
|
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424 | (2) |
|
What Is the Evidence for Past Glaciations? |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
What Happened During Past Ice Ages? |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
What Starts and Stops Glacial Episodes? |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
Connections: What Would Happen to Sea Level if the Ice in West Antarctica Melted? |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Investigation: How Could an Episode of Global Warming or a Glacial Period Affect North America? |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Weathering, Soil, and Unstable Slopes |
|
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436 | (30) |
|
Weathering, Soil, and Unstable Slopes |
|
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436 | (2) |
|
What Physical Processes Affect Rocks Near the Surface? |
|
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438 | (2) |
|
How Do Chemical Processes Affect Rocks Near the Surface? |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
How Do Different Rocks and Minerals Weather? |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
What Factors Influence Weathering? |
|
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444 | (2) |
|
|
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446 | (2) |
|
Why Is Soil Important to Society? |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
What Controls the Stability of Slopes? |
|
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450 | (2) |
|
|
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452 | (2) |
|
How Does Material on Slopes Fall and Slide? |
|
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454 | (2) |
|
How Does Material Flow Down Slopes? |
|
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456 | (2) |
|
Where Do Slope Failures Occur in the U.S.? |
|
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458 | (2) |
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How Do We Study Slope Failures and Assess the Risk for Future Events? |
|
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460 | (2) |
|
Connections: What Is Happening with the Slumgullion Landslide in Colorado? |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
Investigation: Which Areas Have the Highest Risk of Slope Failure? |
|
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464 | (2) |
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|
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466 | (34) |
|
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (2) |
|
How Do Rivers Transport Sediment and Erode Their Channels? |
|
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470 | (2) |
|
How Do River Systems Change Downstream or Over Short Time Frames? |
|
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472 | (2) |
|
What Factors Influence Profiles of Rivers? |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
Why Do Rivers and Streams Have Curves? |
|
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476 | (2) |
|
What Features Characterize Mountain Rivers and Streams? |
|
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478 | (2) |
|
What Features Characterize Braided Rivers? |
|
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480 | (2) |
|
What Features Characterize Low-Gradient Rivers? |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
What Happens When a River Reaches Its Base Level? |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
How Do Rivers Change Over Time? |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
What Happens During River Incision? |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
What Is and What Is Not a Flood? |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
What Were Some Devastating Floods? |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
How Do We Measure Floods? |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Connections: How Does the Colorado River Change as It Flows Across the Landscape? |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
Investigation: How Would Flooding Affect This Place? |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
|
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500 | (26) |
|
|
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500 | (2) |
|
Where Does Water Occur on Our Planet? |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
How Do We Use Freshwater? |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
Where Is Groundwater Found? |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
How and Where Does Groundwater Flow? |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
What Is the Relationship Between Surface Water and Groundwater? |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
What Features Form When Groundwater Interacts with Limestone? |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
How Do We Explore for Groundwater? |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
What Problems Are Associated with Groundwater Pumping? |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
How Can Water Become Contaminated? |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
How Does Groundwater Contamination Move and How Do We Clean It Up? |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
Connections: What Is Going On with the Ogallala Aquifer? |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
Investigation: Who Polluted Surface Water and Groundwater in This Place? |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
Energy and Mineral Resources |
|
|
526 | (32) |
|
Energy and Mineral Resources |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
How Do Oil and Natural Gas Form? |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
In What Settings Are Oil and Gas Trapped? |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
How Do Coal and Coal-Bed Methane Form? |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
What Are Other Types of Hydrocarbons? |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
How Do We Explore for Fossil Fuels? |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
How Is Nuclear Energy Produced? |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
How Is Water Used to Generate Electricity? |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
What Are Some Alternative Energy Sources? |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
What Are Mineral Deposits and How Do They Form? |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
How Do Precious Metal Deposits Form? |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
How Do Base Metal Deposits Form? |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
How Do We Explore for Mineral Deposits? |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
Why Are Industrial Rocks and Minerals So Important to Society? |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
Connections: Why Is Wyoming So Rich in Energy Resources? |
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
Investigation: Where Would You Explore for Fossil Fuels in This Place? |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
Geology of the Solar System |
|
|
558 | |
|
Geology of the Solar System |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
How Do We Explore Other Planets and Moons? |
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
Why Is Each Planet and Moon Different? |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
What Is the Geology of the Inner Planets? |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
What Is the Geology of Our Moon? |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
What Is Observed on Jupiter and Its Moons? |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
What Is Observed on Saturn and Its Moons? |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
What Is the Geology of the Outer Planets and Their Moons? |
|
|
572 | (2) |
|
Connections: What Have We Learned About Mars? |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
Investigation: How and When Did Geologic Features on This Alien World Form? |
|
|
576 | |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | (17) |
| Shaded-Relief Map of the United States |
|
18 | |
| Map of the World |
|
| Tapestry of Time Map of North America |
|
