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Exploring Geology [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 575 pages, height x width x depth: 274x241x25 mm, weight: 1542 g, Maps; Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Jun-2007
  • Izdevniecība: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
  • ISBN-10: 007325651X
  • ISBN-13: 9780073256511
  • Mīkstie vāki
  • Cena: 186,03 €*
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 575 pages, height x width x depth: 274x241x25 mm, weight: 1542 g, Maps; Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Jun-2007
  • Izdevniecība: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math
  • ISBN-10: 007325651X
  • ISBN-13: 9780073256511
Exploring Geology by Reynolds/Johnson/Kelly/Morin/Carter is a new, innovative textbook intended for an introductory college geology course, such as Physical Geology. This ground-breaking, visually spectacular book was designed from cognitive and educational research on how students think, learn, and study. Nearly all information in the book is built around nearly 2,700 photographs and stunning illustrations, rather than being in long blocks of text that are not articulated with figures. These annotated illustrations help students visualize geologic processes and concepts, and are suited to the way most instructors already teach. To alleviate cognitive load and help students focus on one important geologic process or concept at a time, the book consists entirely of two-page spreads organized into 19 chapters. Each two-page spread is a self-contained block of information about a specific topic, emphasizing geologic concepts, processes, features, and approaches. These spreads help students learn and organize geologic knowledge in a new and exciting way. Inquiry is embedded throughout the book, as is the way geologists investigate problems. The title of each two-page spread and topic heading is a question intended to get readers to think about the topic and become interested and motivated to explore the two-page spread for answers. Each chapter is a learning cycle, which begins with a visually engaging two-page spread about a compelling geologic issue. Each chapter ends with an Investigation that challenges students with a problem associated with a virtual place. The world-class media, spectacular presentations, and assessments are all tightly articulated with the textbook. This book is designed to encourage students to observe, interpret, think critically, and engage in authentic inquiry, and is highly acclaimed by reviewers, instructors, and students.
Preface xviii
Supplements Tour xxvi
Acknowledgments xxviii
About the Authors xxxi
The Nature of Geology
2(22)
The Nature of Geology
2(2)
How Does Geology Influence Where and How We Live?
4(2)
How Does Geology Help Explain Our World?
6(2)
What Is Inside Earth?
8(2)
What Processes Affect Our Planet?
10(2)
How Do Rocks Form?
12(2)
What Can Happen to a Rock?
14(2)
How Do the Atmosphere, Water, and Life Interact with Earth's Surface?
16(2)
What Is Earth's Place in the Solar System?
18(2)
Application: How Is Geology Expressed in the Black Hills and in Rapid City?
20(2)
Investigation: How Is Geology Affecting This Place?
22(2)
Investigating Geologic Questions
24(28)
Investigating Geologic Questions
24(2)
What Can We Observe in Landscapes?
26(2)
How Do We Interpret Geologic Clues?
28(2)
How Do We Investigate Geologic Questions?
30(2)
How Do Scientific Ideas Get Established?
32(2)
How Was the Hypothesis of Continental Drift Conceived and Received?
34(2)
How Are Earth's Surface and Subsurface Depicted?
36(2)
How Are Geologic Problems Quantified?
38(2)
How Do We Measure Geologic Features?
40(2)
How Do Geologists Refer to Rates and Time?
42(2)
What Are Some Strategies for Approaching Geologic Problems?
44(2)
What Does a Geologist Do?
46(2)
Application: How Did This Crater Form?
48(2)
Investigation: What Is the Geologic History of Upheaval Dome?
50(2)
Plate Tectonics
52(22)
Plate Tectonics
52(2)
What Are the Major Features of Earth?
54(2)
Where Do We Find Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Mountain Belts?
56(2)
What Causes Tectonic Activity to Occur in Belts?
58(2)
What Happens When Plates Move Apart?
60(2)
What Happens When Plates Converge?
62(2)
What Happens When Plates Slip Past One Another?
64(2)
How Do Plates Move and Interact?
66(2)
What Geologic Features Does Plate Tectonics Help Explain?
68(2)
Application: Why Is South America Lopsided?
70(2)
Investigation: Where Is the Safest Place to Live?
72(2)
Earth Materials
74(32)
Earth Materials
74(2)
What Is the Difference Between a Rock and a Mineral?
76(2)
How Are Minerals Put Together in Rocks?
78(2)
How Do We Distinguish One Mineral from Another?
80(2)
What Controls a Crystal's Shape?
82(2)
What Causes Cleavage in Minerals?
84(2)
How Are Minerals Classified?
86(2)
What Is the Crystalline Structure of Silicate Minerals?
88(2)
What Are Some Common Silicate Minerals?
90(2)
What Are Some Common Nonsilicate Minerals?
92(2)
Where Are Different Minerals Abundant?
94(2)
What Are the Building Blocks of Minerals?
96(2)
How Do Atoms Bond Together?
98(2)
How Do Chemical Reactions Help Minerals Grow or Dissolve?
100(2)
Application: How Are Minerals Used in Society?
102(2)
Investigation: What Minerals Would You Use to Build a House?
104(2)
Igneous Environments
106(30)
Igneous Environments
106(2)
What Textures Do Igneous Rocks Display?
108(2)
How Are Igneous Rocks Classified?
110(2)
How Do Igneous Rocks Form?
112(2)
How Do Temperature and Pressure Vary Inside Earth?
114(2)
How Do Rocks Melt?
116(2)
How Does Magma Form Along Divergent Plate Boundaries?
118(2)
How Does Magma Form Along Convergent Plate Boundaries?
120(2)
How Is Magma Generated Away from Plate Boundaries?
122(2)
How Does Magma Move?
124(2)
How Does Magma Solidify?
126(2)
How Do Large Magma Chambers Form and Evolve?
128(2)
How Are Small Intrusions Formed and Expressed in the Landscape?
130(2)
Application: How Did the Sierra Nevada Form?
132(2)
Investigation: What Types of Igneous Processes Are Occurring Here?
134(2)
Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
136(32)
Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
136(2)
What Is and Is Not a Volcano?
138(2)
What Controls the Style of Eruption?
140(2)
What Features Characterize Scoria Cones and Basaltic Lava Flows?
142(2)
How Do Shield Volcanoes Form?
144(2)
What Causes Flood Basalts?
146(2)
What Are the Hazards of Basaltic Eruptions?
148(2)
What Are Composite Volcanoes?
150(2)
What Disasters Were Caused by Composite Volcanoes?
152(2)
How Do Volcanic Domes Form?
154(2)
How Do Huge Ash Eruptions Form Calderas?
156(2)
What Disasters Were Related to Calderas?
158(2)
What Areas Have the Highest Potential for Volcanic Hazards?
160(2)
How Do We Monitor Volcanoes?
162(2)
Application: What Volcanic Hazards Are Posed by Mount Rainier?
164(2)
Investigation: How Would You Assess Hazards on This Volcano?
166(2)
Sedimentary Environments
168(34)
Sedimentary Environments
168(2)
What Sedimentary Environments Occur on Land?
170(2)
What Sedimentary Environments Are Near Shorelines and in Oceans?
172(2)
Where Do Clasts Come From?
174(2)
What Are the Characteristics of Clastic Sediments?
176(2)
What Type of Rocks Do Clastic Sediments Form?
178(2)
What Are Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks and How Do They Form?
180(2)
Why Do Sedimentary Rocks Have Layers?
182(2)
How Do Breccia and Conglomerate Form?
184(2)
Where Does Sandstone Form?
186(2)
How Do Fine-Grained Clastic Rocks Form?
188(2)
How Do Carbonate Rocks Form?
190(2)
How Do Changing Environments Deposit a Sequence of Sediments?
192(2)
How Do We Study Sedimentary Sequences?
194(2)
Why Are Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Important to Our Society?
196(2)
Application: How Did Sedimentary Layers West of Denver Form?
198(2)
Investigation: What Is the Sedimentary History of This Plateau?
200(2)
Deformation and Metamorphism
202(36)
Deformation and Metamorphism
202(2)
What Processes Can Deform and Change a Rock After It Forms?
204(2)
How Do Rocks Respond to Stress, Temperature, and Fluids?
206(2)
How Do Rocks Fracture?
208(2)
What Are Different Types of Faults?
210(2)
What Are Folds and How Are They Shaped?
212(2)
What Are Some Metamorphic Structures?
214(2)
What Are Some Common Metamorphic Rocks?
216(2)
What Occurs During Metamorphism?
218(2)
Why Does Metamorphism Occur?
220(2)
How Are Different Structures and Metamorphic Features Related?
222(2)
What Types of Deformation and Metamorphism Occur in Compressional Settings?
224(2)
What Types of Deformation and Metamorphism Occur in Extensional Settings?
226(2)
What Deformation and Metamorphism Occur Along Zones of Shear?
228(2)
How Are Geologic Structures and Metamorphic Rocks Expressed in the Landscape?
230(2)
How Do We Study Geologic Structures?
232(2)
Application: What Is the Structural and Metamorphic History of New England?
234(2)
Investigation: What Structural and Metamorphic Events Occurred Here?
236(2)
Geologic Time
238(32)
Geologic Time
238(2)
How Do We Infer the Relative Ages of Events?
240(2)
How Are Ages Assigned to Rocks and Events?
242(2)
How Do We Study Ages of Landscapes?
244(2)
What Is the Significance of an Unconformity?
246(2)
What Are Fossils?
248(2)
How and Why Did Living Things Change Through Geologic Time?
250(2)
How Are Fossils Used to Infer Ages of Rocks?
252(2)
How Was the Geologic Timescale Developed?
254(2)
What Is the Evidence for the Age of Earth?
256(2)
What Were Some Milestones in the Early History of Life on Earth?
258(2)
What Were Some Milestones in the Later History of Life on Earth?
260(2)
How Do We Reconstruct Geologic Histories?
262(2)
Why Do We Investigate Geologic History?
264(2)
Application: What Is the History of the Grand Canyon?
266(2)
Investigation: What Is the Geologic History of This Place?
268(2)
The Seafloor and Continental Margins
270(30)
The Seafloor and Continental Margins
270(2)
How Do We Explore the Seafloor?
272(2)
How Is Paleomagnetism Used to Study the Ocean Floor?
274(2)
What Processes Occur at Mid-Ocean Ridges?
276(2)
What Are Major Features of the Deep Ocean?
278(2)
How Do Oceanic Islands, Seamounts, and Oceanic Plateaus Form?
280(2)
What Processes Form Island Arcs?
282(2)
How Did Smaller Seas of the Pacific Form?
284(2)
How Did Smaller Seas Near Eurasia Form?
286(2)
How Do Reefs and Coral Atolls Form?
288(2)
What Is the Geology of Continental Margins?
290(2)
How Do Marine Salt Deposits Form?
292(2)
How Did Earth's Modern Oceans Evolve?
294(2)
Application: How Did the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Region Form?
296(2)
Investigation: How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298(2)
Mountains, Basins, and Continents
300(30)
Mountains, Basins, and Continents
300(2)
Why Are Some Regions High in Elevation?
302(2)
Where Do Mountain Belts and High Regions Form?
304(2)
How Do Local Mountains Form?
306(2)
Where Do Basins Form?
308(2)
How Do Mountains and Basins Form at Convergent Continental Margins?
310(2)
How Does Continental Extension Occur?
312(2)
What Are the Characteristics and History of Continental Hot Spots?
314(2)
What Features Characterize the Interior of Continents?
316(2)
What Are Tectonic Terranes?
318(2)
How Do Continents Form?
320(2)
How Did the Continents Join and Split Apart?
322(2)
Application 1: How Did the Appalachian and Ouachita Mountains Form?
324(2)
Application 2: What Is the Geologic History of the Western United States?
326(2)
Investigation: Where Will Mountains and Basins Form in This Region?
328(2)
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior
330(36)
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior
330(2)
What Is an Earthquake?
332(2)
How Does Faulting Cause Earthquakes?
334(2)
Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?
336(2)
How Do Earthquake Waves Travel Through Earth?
338(2)
How Do We Determine the Location and Size of an Earthquake?
340(2)
How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage?
342(2)
What Were Some Major North American Earthquakes?
344(2)
What Were Some Major World Earthquakes?
346(2)
How Does a Tsunami Form and Cause Destruction?
348(2)
How Do We Study Earthquakes in the Field?
350(2)
Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?
352(2)
What Is the Potential for Earthquakes Along the San Andreas Fault?
354(2)
How Do We Explore What Is Below Earth's Surface?
356(2)
What Do Seismic Waves Indicate About Earth's Interior?
358(2)
How Do We Investigate Deep Processes?
360(2)
Application: What Happened During the Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964?
362(2)
Investigation: Where Did This Earthquake Occur, and What Damage Might It Cause?
364(2)
Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology
366(32)
Climate, Weather, and Their Influences on Geology
366(2)
What Causes Winds?
368(2)
How Does Wind Transport Material?
370(2)
Why Does It Rain and Snow?
372(2)
How Do Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Other Storms Develop?
374(2)
How Do Ocean Currents Influence Climate?
376(2)
What Causes Short-Term Climatic Variations?
378(2)
What Controls the Location of Rain Forests?
380(2)
What Are Deserts and How Do They Form?
382(2)
What Features Are Common in Deserts?
384(2)
What Is the Evidence for Global Warming?
386(2)
What Factors Influence Global Warming?
388(2)
What Is the Relationship Among Climate, Tectonics, and Landscape Evolution?
390(2)
How Does Geology Influence Ecology?
392(2)
Application: What Occurred During the Hurricane Season of 2004?
394(2)
Investigation: What Kinds of Climate and Weather Would Occur in This Place?
396(2)
Shorelines, Glaciers, and Changing Sea Levels
398(36)
Shorelines, Glaciers, and Changing Sea Levels
398(2)
What Processes Occur Along Shorelines?
400(2)
What Causes High Tides and Low Tides?
402(2)
How Do Waves Form and Propagate?
404(2)
How Is Material Eroded, Transported, and Deposited Along Shorelines?
406(2)
What Landforms Occur Along Shorelines?
408(2)
What Are Some Challenges of Living Along Shorelines?
410(2)
How Do Geologists Assess the Relative Risks of Different Stretches of Coastline?
412(2)
What Happens When Sea Level Changes?
414(2)
What Causes Changes in Sea Level?
416(2)
What Is the Evidence for Past Glaciations?
418(2)
How Do Glaciers Form, Move, and Vanish?
420(2)
What Are Mountain Glaciers and What Landscape Features Do They Form?
422(2)
What Are Continental Ice Sheets and What Record Do They Leave Behind?
424(2)
What Features Are Peripheral to Glaciers?
426(2)
What Starts and Stops Glacial Episodes?
428(2)
Application: What Would Happen to Sea Level If the Ice in West Antarctica Melted?
430(2)
Investigation: How Could an Episode of Global Warming or a Glacial Period Affect North America?
432(2)
Weathering, Soil, and Unstable Slopes
434(30)
Weathering, Soil, and Unstable Slopes
434(2)
What Physical Processes Affect Rocks Near the Surface?
436(2)
How Do Chemical Processes Affect Rocks Near the Surface?
438(2)
How Do Different Rocks and Minerals Weather?
440(2)
What Factors Influence Weathering?
442(2)
How Does Soil Form?
444(2)
Why Is Soil Important to Society?
446(2)
What Controls the Stability of Slopes?
448(2)
How Do Slopes Fail?
450(2)
How Does Material on Slopes Fall and Slide?
452(2)
How Does Material Flow Down Slopes?
454(2)
How Do Slope Failures Affect Society?
456(2)
How Do We Study Slope Failures and Assess the Risk for Future Events?
458(2)
Application: What Is Happening with the Slumgullion Landslide in Colorado?
460(2)
Investigation: Which Areas Have the Highest Risk of Slope Failure?
462(2)
Rivers and Streams
464(34)
Rivers and Streams
464(2)
What Are River Systems?
466(2)
How Do Rivers Transport Sediment and Erode Their Channels?
468(2)
How Do River Systems Change Downstream or over Short Time Frames?
470(2)
What Factors Influence Profiles of Rivers?
472(2)
Why Do Rivers and Streams Have Curves?
474(2)
What Features Characterize Mountain Rivers and Streams?
476(2)
What Features Characterize Braided Rivers?
478(2)
What Features Characterize Low-Gradient Rivers?
480(2)
What Happens When a River Reaches Its Base Level?
482(2)
How Do Rivers Change over Time?
484(2)
What Happens During River Incision?
486(2)
What Is and What Is Not a Flood?
488(2)
What Were Some Devastating Floods?
490(2)
How Do We Measure Floods?
492(2)
Application: How Does the Colorado River Change as It Flows Across the Landscape?
494(2)
Investigation: How Would Flooding Affect This Place?
496(2)
Water Resources
498(26)
Water Resources
498(2)
Where Does Water Occur on Our Planet?
500(2)
How Do We Use Freshwater Supplies?
502(2)
What Is the Setting of Groundwater?
504(2)
How and Where Does Groundwater Flow?
506(2)
What Is the Relationship Between Surface Water and Groundwater?
508(2)
What Features Are Associated with Groundwater?
510(2)
How Do We Explore for Groundwater?
512(2)
What Problems Are Associated with Groundwater Pumping?
514(2)
How Can Water Become Contaminated?
516(2)
How Does Groundwater Contamination Move and How Do We Clean It Up?
518(2)
Application: What Is Going on with the Ogallala Aquifer?
520(2)
Investigation: Who Polluted Surface and Groundwater in This Place?
522(2)
Energy and Mineral Resources
524(32)
Energy and Mineral Resources
524(2)
How Do Oil and Natural Gas Form?
526(2)
In What Settings Are Oil and Gas Trapped?
528(2)
How Do Coal and Coal-Bed Methane Form?
530(2)
What Are Other Types of Hydrocarbons?
532(2)
How Do We Explore for Fossil Fuels?
534(2)
How Is Nuclear Energy Produced?
536(2)
How Is Water Used to Generate Energy?
538(2)
What Are Some Other Sources of Energy?
540(2)
What Are Mineral Deposits and How Do They Form?
542(2)
How Do Precious Metal Deposits Form?
544(2)
How Do Base Metal Deposits Form?
546(2)
How Do We Explore for Mineral Deposits?
548(2)
Why Are Industrial Rocks and Minerals So Important to Society?
550(2)
Application: Why Is Wyoming So Rich in Energy Resources?
552(2)
Investigation: Where Would You Explore for Fossil Fuels in This Place?
554(2)
Geology of the Solar System
556(1)
Geology of the Solar System
556
How Do We Explore Other Planets and Moons?
558(2)
Why Is Each Planet and Moon Different?
560(2)
What Is the Geology of the Inner Planets?
562(2)
What Is the Geology of Our Moon?
564(2)
What Is Observed on Jupiter and Its Moons?
566(2)
What Is Observed on Saturn and Its Moons?
568(2)
What Is the Geology of the Outer Planets and Their Moons?
570(2)
Application: What Have We Learned About the Geology of Mars?
572(2)
Investigation: How and When Did Geologic Features on This Alien World Form?
574
Credits
1(1)
Index 1