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Exploring the Nexus Doctrine In International Tax Law [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 312 pages
  • Sērija : Series on International Taxation
  • Izdošanas datums: 14-May-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Kluwer Law International
  • ISBN-10: 9403533633
  • ISBN-13: 9789403533636
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Exploring the Nexus Doctrine In International Tax LawPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 312 pages
  • Sērija : Series on International Taxation
  • Izdošanas datums: 14-May-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Kluwer Law International
  • ISBN-10: 9403533633
  • ISBN-13: 9789403533636
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9789403533636.html
Keywords:

In an age when cross-border business transactions are increasingly effected without the transference of physical products, revenue concerns of states have led to a multitude of tax disputes based on the concept of ‘nexus’. This important and timely book is the most authoritative to date to discuss one of the major tax topics of our time – the question of how taxing rights on income generated from cross-border activities in the digital age should be allocated among jurisdictions.

Demonstrating in prodigious depth that it is the economic nexus of the tax entity or activity with the state, and not the physical nexus, which meets the jurisdictional requirement, the author – a leading authority on this area who is a Senior Commissioner of Income Tax and a Member of the Dispute Resolution Panel of the Government of India – addresses such dimensions of the subject as the following:

  • whether a strict territorial nexus as a normative principle is ingrained in source rule jurisprudence;
  • detailed scrutiny of such classical doctrines as benefit theory, neutrality theory, and internation equity;
  • comparative critique of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nation (UN) model tax treaties;
  • whether international law and customary principles mandate a strict territorial link with the source state for the assumption of tax jurisdiction;
  • whether the economic nexus-based tax jurisdiction and absence of a physical presence breach the constitutional doctrine of extraterritoriality or due process; and
  • whether retrospective tax legislation breaches the principle of constitutional fairness.

The book offers a politically informed analysis of the nexus principle and balances the dynamics of physical presence and economic nexus standards, based on an in-depth survey of the historical evolution of judicial pronouncements and international practices in this regard.

Dr Singh’s book exposes an urgently needed missing link in the international source rule literature and takes a giant step towards solving the thorny question of appropriate tax apportionment. It sheds brilliant light on the policies states may adopt when signing new tax treaties, so that unintended results may be foreseen and avoided. Tax practitioners, taxation authorities, and academic researchers in the field of international tax law and policy will greatly appreciate the book’s forthright enhancement of the ability to defend challenges based on the nexus doctrine.

About the Author vii
List of Abbreviations
xv
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Politics of Taxation
1(22)
1.1 Background: Competing Concerns and Politics
1(7)
1.1.1 G20 and OECD Efforts
2(1)
1.1.2 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
2(3)
1.1.3 The US Concerns: Financial Transparency Issues
5(1)
1.1.4 The Financial Transparency Endeavours: The FATCA Agreements
5(1)
1.1.5 The European Commission's Response
6(1)
1.1.6 Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)
6(1)
1.1.7 Cross-Border Transactions and Increasing Stakes
7(1)
1.2 The Indian Experience
8(9)
1.2.1 Carborandum Co
9(1)
1.2.2 The 1976 Amendment
9(1)
1.2.3 Ishikawajima and the 2007 Amendments
10(1)
1.2.4 Jindal Thermal and the 2010 Amendments
11(1)
1.2.5 Vodafone and the 2012 Amendments
12(2)
1.2.6 Nokia
14(1)
1.2.7 Cairn
15(1)
1.2.8 The Object of This Study
16(1)
1.3 Emerging Challenges: Need to Revisit the Source Rule
17(2)
1.3.1 Physical Presence Paradigm
18(1)
1.4 Conclusion
19(4)
Chapter 2 Historical Evolution of the Source Rule and Its Theoretical Underpinnings
23(28)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Part 1: The Historical Evolution
24(11)
2.2.1 The Early Phase
24(1)
2.2.2 Source Rule in Its Legislative Form
24(1)
2.2.3 The Twentieth Century Developments and Recent Trends
25(1)
2.2.3.1 The Early Twentieth Century Phase
25(1)
2.2.3.2 The Post-World War I Phase
25(1)
2.2.3.3 The Role of the International Chamber of Commerce
26(1)
2.2.3.4 The League of Nations' Contributions
26(1)
2.2.3.4.1 The Economists' Report: The Economic Allegiance Principle
27(1)
2.2.3.4.2 The Technical Experts' Report
28(1)
2.2.3.4.3 Adoption of 1928 Model Conventions
28(1)
2.2.3.5 The US Contribution
29(1)
2.2.3.6 The OEEC-OECD Efforts
30(1)
2.2.3.7 The UN Role
31(1)
2.2.3.8 The US Model Convention
31(1)
2.2.4 The Economic Allegiance and the Shaping of `Nexus'
32(3)
2.3 Part 2: Theoretical Premise
35(14)
2.3.1 Benefit Theory
35(2)
2.3.1.1 Benefit Theory and Physical Nexus
37(1)
2.3.1.2 Critique and Assaying the Counter-Arguments
37(3)
2.3.2 Neutrality Theory
40(1)
2.3.2.1 Capital Export Neutrality (CEN)
40(1)
2.3.2.2 Capital Import Neutrality (CIN)
41(1)
2.3.2.3 A Look at CEN Versus CIN Debate
42(2)
2.3.2.4 Neutrality Theory: Whether It Supports a Strict Territorial Nexus?
44(1)
2.3.3 Inter-Nation Equity
44(1)
2.3.3.1 The Source-Residence Dialectics in Terms of Inter-Nation Equity
45(3)
2.3.3.2 Equity Considerations and the Territorial Nexus Debate
48(1)
2.4 Conclusion
49(2)
Chapter 3 The Nexus Debate in Treaty Structures: A Comparative Critique of the OECD and UN Models
51(92)
3.1 Introduction
51(2)
3.2 Right to Tax Income from Immovable Property
53(6)
3.2.1 Indian Domestic Laws and Treaty Practices
54(5)
3.3 Rights to Tax Business Profits: The Basic Principles
59(67)
3.3.1 The PE Principle
59(1)
3.3.1.1 The PE Concept: Fixed Place of Business PE
60(1)
3.3.1.2 Concept of `Fixed'
61(1)
3.3.1.3 PE for Short Period
62(1)
3.3.1.4 Intermittent or Incidental Use of Home Office
62(1)
3.3.1.5 Slackening of Physical Presence Barriers
62(2)
3.3.1.6 Indian Law and Treaty Practices
64(2)
3.3.1.6.1 Virtual Projection Test
66(5)
3.3.1.7 Building Sites: Construction PE
71(2)
3.3.1.7.1 Gradual Trend: The OECD 2002, 2011 Reports and BEPS Developments
73(1)
3.3.1.7.2 Judicial Approach to Measuring Time Limit
74(1)
3.3.1.7.3 OECD Deliberations and Reports
75(1)
3.3.1.7.4 BEPS Action 7 and Multilateral Instruments
75(2)
3.3.1.7.5 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
77(1)
3.3.1.7.6 Implication of `In Connection Therewith'
77(2)
3.3.1.8 Services PE
79(3)
3.3.1.8.1 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
82(1)
3.3.1.8.2 Services Rendered Through `Other Personnel'
83(2)
3.3.1.8.3 `Any Twelve-Month Period' Versus Fiscal Year
85(1)
3.3.1.8.4 Delivery PE
86(1)
3.3.1.8.5 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
87(1)
3.3.1.9 Dependent Agent PE: Maintenance of Stocks
87(1)
3.3.1.9.1 Indian Law and Treaty Practices
88(1)
3.3.1.9.2 Refining the Nexus Rule: Some Recent Trends -- BEPS and Multilateral Instruments (MLIs)
88(3)
3.3.1.9.3 India's Stance on These Developments
91(1)
3.3.1.10 Insurance Services PE
92(2)
3.3.1.10.1 Indian Law and Treaty Practices
94(1)
3.3.2 The Profit Attribution Principle
94(2)
3.3.2.1 Indian Law and Treaty Practices
96(6)
3.3.3 The Independent Enterprise and the Arm's Length Principles: Limits on Source Taxation
102(3)
3.3.3.1 The AOA: Mounting Criticism
105(4)
3.3.3.2 BEPS Debates on Profit Attribution
109(1)
3.3.3.3 Indian Domestic Tax Law and Treaty Practices: Reactions to the AOA
110(5)
3.3.3.4 Restrictions on the Deductibility of PE Expenses
115(1)
3.3.3.5 International Transportation: An Exception to the PE Rule
116(3)
3.3.3.5.1 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
119(7)
3.4 Rights to Tax Investment Income: Dividend, Interest and Royalty
126(6)
3.4.1 The Basic Principles of Allocating Rights to Tax Investment Income
127(1)
3.4.1.1 Dividend
127(1)
3.4.1.1.1 Recent Trends: BEPS and MLIs
128(1)
3.4.1.1.2 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
128(2)
3.4.1.2 Interest Income
130(1)
3.4.1.2.1 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
130(1)
3.4.1.3 Royalties
131(1)
3.4.1.3.1 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
131(1)
3.5 Rights to Tax Capital Gains
132(8)
3.5.1 Indian Domestic Law and Treaty Practices
135(5)
3.6 Conclusion
140(3)
Chapter 4 Strict Territorial Nexus and the Principles of International Law
143(44)
4.1 Introduction
143(2)
4.2 Territorial Nexus: Conceptual Divergence in Public International Law and Tax Law
145(3)
4.3 Judicial Approaches in Municipal Courts
148(23)
4.3.1 Pakistan
148(1)
4.3.2 Germany
148(1)
4.3.3 Austria
149(1)
4.3.4 The United Kingdom
150(4)
4.3.5 The United States
154(6)
4.3.6 India
160(11)
4.4 Finding Evidence of International Custom of Strict Territorial Presence for Tax Jurisdiction
171(5)
4.5 Does International Law Override Municipal Law?
176(4)
4.6 Conclusion and Recent Trends
180(7)
Chapter 5 Territorial Nexus and Constitutionality
187(34)
5.1 Introduction
187(3)
5.2 The Extraterritoriality Principle: Its Historical Setting
190(4)
5.2.1 The Early Phase
190(2)
5.2.2 Huber's Formulations
192(1)
5.2.3 The Lotus Principles
192(2)
5.3 Extraterritoriality and the Constitutional Questions
194(18)
5.3.1 The International Scenario
194(1)
5.3.1.1 The United Kingdom
194(4)
5.3.1.2 The United States
198(3)
5.3.1.3 Canada
201(1)
5.3.1.4 Australia
202(3)
5.3.2 The Indian Scenario
205(1)
5.3.2.1 The Government of India Act, 1935
205(1)
5.3.2.1.1 Raleigh Investment Co
206(1)
5.3.2.1.2 Wallace Brothers
207(2)
5.3.2.1.3 AH Wadia
209(1)
5.3.2.2 Position under the Indian Constitution
210(1)
5.3.2.2.1 Rungta Engineering
211(1)
5.4 Recent Trends in India
212(5)
5.4.1 Electronics Corporation
212(1)
5.4.2 GVKIndsLtd
213(3)
5.4.3 Raj Shipping
216(1)
5.5 Conclusion
217(4)
Chapter 6 Conclusion: Retrospective Amendments, Fairness and More Politics
221(12)
6.1 Contrived Debate: Fairness in Tax Allocation
221(2)
6.2 Vodafone and Cairn Arbitration Cases
223(1)
6.3 Legislative Changes: Retrospective Operation and Discrimination
224(9)
6.3.1 Context of Retrospectivity
225(1)
6.3.2 The Carlton Standard
226(1)
6.3.3 The Huitson Principles
227(1)
6.3.4 The Australian Position: Chevron
228(1)
6.3.5 China, Canada and South Africa
229(1)
6.3.6 The Indian Position
230(3)
Bibliography 233(18)
Table of Cases 251(6)
Table of Statutes 257(4)
Table of Treaties and Conventions 261(6)
Index 267