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Feed Evaluation - Principles and Practice [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 285 pages, Illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Aug-2000
  • Izdevniecība: Wageningen Academic Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 9074134785
  • ISBN-13: 9789074134781
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Formāts: Hardback, 285 pages, Illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Aug-2000
  • Izdevniecība: Wageningen Academic Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 9074134785
  • ISBN-13: 9789074134781
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
The provision of balanced diets accounts for the major cost in intensive livestock production and to maximize profits requires continuous improvement in all aspects of dietary formulation. Consequently, throughout the world, considerable scientific effort is devoted to bringing about a better description of the nutrient content of diverse feedstuffs, to understanding the mode of action of anti-nutritional factors, to improving the description of nutrient requirements and to developing refined technologies for feed formulation, processing and provision. Feed evaluation science is a rapidly developing high technology field, with feed compounders, nutritionists, advisors and producers needing to keep abreast of rapid innovations. This text, written by a team of international authorities, covers basic principles and developments in feed evaluation for simple-stomached animals with an emphasis on pigs and poultry. The topics of nutrient analysis and characterization, nutrient bioavailability, post-absorptive nutrient utilization, modern approaches to the estimation of nutrient requirements (including growth modelling) are all covered in depth. Recent advacnes in feed evaluation for pigs, poultry and companion animals are highlighted. It should be of interest to anyone needing to remain at the forefront of technological developments in feed evaluation.
Preface 15(2)
Overview of determinants of the nutritional value of feed ingredients
17(16)
C.F.M. de Lange
Summary
17(1)
Introduction
18(1)
Total content of energy-yielding nutrients and amino acids
18(3)
Energy-yielding nutrients
18(2)
Amino acids
20(1)
Nutrient availability
21(2)
Contents of antinutritional factors
23(1)
Physico-chemical properties
24(1)
Feed ingredient-specific effects on utilisation of absorbed nutrients
25(2)
Effects of feed ingredients on voluntary feed intake
27(2)
Effects of feed ingredients on the quality of animal products
29(1)
Conclusion
29(1)
References
30(3)
Principles of chemical analysis
33(12)
S.M. Rutherfurd
P.J. Moughan
Summary
33(1)
Introduction
33(1)
Sample collection
34(2)
Sample preparation
36(2)
Sample storage
38(1)
Analysis
39(4)
Weighing
39(1)
Instrumentation
39(2)
Data manipulation and presentation
41(1)
Laboratory cleanliness
42(1)
Record keeping
42(1)
Conclusion
43(1)
References
43(2)
Developments in the determination of protein and amino acids
45(12)
S.M. Rutherfurd
P.J. Moughan
Summary
45(1)
Determination of protein content
45(2)
Determination of the amino acid content of feedstuffs
47(4)
Sample hydrolysis
47(2)
The chromatography step
49(1)
Determination of unusual amino acids
49(1)
Detection of peptides
50(1)
Presentation of results
51(1)
Pitfalls
51(2)
Heterogeneous samples
51(1)
Internal standards
52(1)
External standards
52(1)
Inter-laboratory comparisons
52(1)
Storage
53(1)
Physiological samples
53(1)
Conclusions
53(1)
References
54(3)
Developments in the measurement of the energy content of feeds and energy utilisation in animals
57(20)
S. Boisen
M.W.A. Verstegen
Summary
57(1)
Introduction
57(1)
Feed components providing energy for animals
58(5)
Proteins and other nitrogenous compounds
58(1)
Carbohydrates and related compounds
58(2)
Lipids
60(3)
Gross energy content of feed components
63(2)
Measurements of energy utilisation in animals
65(8)
Digestible energy (DE)
66(1)
Metabolisable energy
67(1)
Net energy
67(1)
Methods for measuring energy transactions in animals
68(1)
Direct calorimetry
68(1)
Indirect calorimetry
68(1)
Body composition changes (comparative slaughter techniques)
68(1)
Physiological energy
69(1)
Comparison of methods
70(3)
Interrelationships between feed components and energy use by animals
73(1)
Conclusion
73(1)
References
74(3)
Characterisation of the non-starch polysaccharides
77(16)
C.F.M. de Lange
Summary
77(1)
Introduction
77(1)
Chemical composition and structure of NSPs
78(1)
Mechanisms by which dietary NSPs affect animal performance
79(5)
Chemical characterisation of NSPs
84(3)
Measurement of viscosity and water-holding capacity
87(1)
Conclusions
88(1)
References
88(5)
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and related technologies for the analysis of feed ingredients
93(12)
S. Leeson
E.V. Valdes
C.F.M. de Lange
Summary
93(1)
Introduction
93(1)
Principles of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and related technologies
94(2)
NIRS calibration
96(2)
NIRS applications
98(4)
Conclusions
102(1)
References
102(3)
Amino acids - The collection of ileal digesta and characterisation of the endogenous component
105(20)
S.M. Hodgkinson
P.J. Moughan
Summary
105(1)
Introduction
105(1)
Faecal versus ileal amino acid digestibilities
106(1)
Digesta collection
106(4)
Slaughter technique
107(1)
Anastomosis
108(1)
Caecectomy
108(1)
T-Cannula
109(1)
Reentrant cannula
109(1)
Post-valve T-caecum cannula
110(1)
Steered ileal-caecal valve cannula
110(1)
Determining endogenous nitrogen and amino acid losses
110(8)
Protein-free diets
111(1)
Linear regression
111(1)
Synthetic amino acid based diets
112(1)
Protein-free diets with intravenous amino acid infusion
112(1)
Natural proteins devoid of specific amino acids
112(1)
Guanidinated proteins
113(1)
Enzymatically hydrolysed protein
113(3)
Isotope dilution
116(2)
Conclusion
118(1)
References
118(7)
Amino acids: digestibility, availability and metabolism
125(8)
S.M. Hodgkinson
P.J. Moughan
Summary
125(1)
An overview of amino acid metabolism
125(2)
Availability versus digestibility
127(1)
Unprocessed feedstuffs
127(2)
Processed feedstuffs
129(2)
Conclusion
131(1)
References
131(2)
Bioavailability: the energy component of a ration for monogastric animals
133(20)
J.L. Black
Summary
133(1)
Introduction
134(1)
Components of a ration that provide energy
134(3)
Determinants of bioavailability: digestion, absorption and utilisation
137(6)
Digestion and absorption: dietary factors
137(1)
Soluble carbohydrate digestion
137(3)
Lipid digestion
140(1)
Insoluble carbohydrate digestion
141(1)
Protein digestion
141(1)
Digestion and absorption: animal and environmental factors
141(1)
Age of animal and adaptation to the diet
141(1)
Environment and feeding level
142(1)
Grain storage and germination
143(1)
Utilisation of digested nutrients
143(1)
Methods for improving the bioavailability of energy in feeds
143(3)
Feed processing
144(1)
Exogenous enzymes
145(1)
Removal of oligosaccharides
145(1)
Definition of available energy for pigs and poultry
146(1)
Gross energy
146(1)
Digestible energy
146(1)
Metabolisable energy
146(1)
Net energy
147(1)
Prediction of the energy value of feeds
147(2)
Predicting the DE content of feedstuffs for pigs
147(1)
Predicting the AME content of feedstuffs for poultry
148(1)
Conclusions
149(1)
References
149(4)
In vitro digestibility methods: history and specific approaches
153(16)
S. Boisen
Summary
153(1)
Introduction
153(1)
History
154(2)
Simple in vitro methods
154(1)
Complex in vitro methods
155(1)
General discussion of in vitro digestibility methods
156(2)
Specific approaches to simulate in vivo digestion
158(1)
Simulation of pre-caecal digestion
158(1)
Simulation of total tract digestion
158(1)
Prediction of in vivo digestibility
159(6)
Prediction of ileal protein and amino acid digestibility
159(4)
Prediction of total tract energy digestibility
163(1)
Prediction of post-ileal energy digestibility
164(1)
Utilisation of in vitro digestibility methods in general feed evaluation
165(1)
Conclusion
166(1)
References
166(3)
The significance of antinutritional factors in feedstuffs for monogastric animals
169(20)
C.F.M. de Lange
C.M. Nyachoti
M.W.A. Verstegen
Summary
169(1)
Introduction
169(1)
Main classes of ANFs, their occurrence in feedstuffs and general description of their effects on monogastric animals
170(1)
Description and effects of individual antinutritional factors
171(12)
Lectins
171(3)
Protease inhibitors
174(2)
Alpha-amylase inhibitor
176(1)
Tannins
177(2)
Flatulence factors
179(1)
Antigenic proteins
180(1)
Phytic acid
180(1)
Vicine and convicine
181(1)
Saponins
181(1)
Glucosinolates
181(1)
Oxalic acid
182(1)
Gossypol
182(1)
Alkaloids
182(1)
Sinapins
183(1)
Conclusions
183(1)
References
183(6)
Amino acid and energy requirements
189(20)
J.L. Black
Summary
189(1)
Introduction
189(1)
Growth characteristics of the animal
190(3)
Potential rate of protein deposition
191(1)
Relationship between energy intake and rate of protein deposition
191(2)
Potential rate of energy deposition
193(1)
Actual rates of protein and energy deposition; effects of the production environment
193(2)
Stimulation of the rate of protein deposition
195(1)
Amino acid requirements for maintenance
196(1)
Inevitable catabolism
196(1)
Endogenous gut losses
197(1)
Integument losses
197(1)
Energy requirements for maintenance
197(2)
Fasting heat production
198(1)
Activity
198(1)
Control of body temperature
198(1)
Disease
199(1)
Control of voluntary feed intake
199(3)
Potential feed intake
199(1)
Essential-nutrient deficiency
200(1)
Gut capacity
200(1)
Stocking arrangements
200(1)
Climate
201(1)
Disease
201(1)
Determining the amino acid requirements of an animal
202(1)
Conclusions
202(1)
References
203(6)
Principles behind feed formulation
209(12)
J.L. Black
Summary
209(1)
Introduction
209(1)
Growth and production characteristics of the livestock
210(1)
Tissue nutrient requirements to meet production goals
211(1)
Translation of tissue requirements into dietary specifications
212(1)
Nutrient composition of feed ingredients
213(2)
Minimum and maximum inclusion limits for nutrients and ingredients
215(1)
Formulation of diets to least-cost
215(2)
Manufacture of the feed
217(1)
Conclusions
218(1)
References
219(2)
Advances in feed evaluation for pigs
221(22)
C.F.M. de Lange
M.F. Fuller
Summary
221(1)
Introduction
222(1)
Variability in feeding value within the same feed ingredient
223(1)
Effects of processing on the feeding value of feed ingredients
224(1)
Interactive effects of feed ingredients on nutrient digestion and utilisation
225(6)
Significance of microbial fermentation in the upper gut of pigs
231(1)
Feed ingredient specific effects on nutrient metabolism in visceral organs
232(2)
Differences in nutrient digestibilities between different classes of pig
234(2)
Conclusions
236(1)
References
237(6)
Advances in feed evaluation for poultry
243(26)
C. Fisher
Summary
243(1)
Introduction
243(1)
The poultry industry and feed evaluation
244(1)
The digestive tract, prehension and food intake and digestion
245(1)
Feed evaluation
246(19)
Energy
246(2)
Experimental methods in feed energy evaluation
248(3)
Prediction of the ME values of poultry feeds and feedstuffs
251(2)
Prediction equations for feed fats
253(1)
Interactions among energy yielding ingredients
254(3)
Moving to a net energy system
257(2)
Enhancing dietary energy values
259(1)
Protein and amino acids
260(1)
Measurement of amino acid availability
261(1)
Feed formulation and the control of protein and amino acid levels
261(1)
Information sources for amino acids and protein utilisation
262(1)
Minerals
263(2)
Conclusions
265(1)
References
266(3)
Advances in feed evaluation for companion animals
269(1)
W.H. Hendriks
P.J. Moughan
Summary
269(1)
Introduction
269(1)
Evolution of Canoidea and Feloidea
270(1)
Anatomy of the digestive tract of cats and dogs
271(1)
Metabolic adaptations of the cat and the dog
272(1)
Protein and amino acid metabolism
272(1)
Essential fatty acids
273(1)
Vitamin metabolism
273(1)
Mineral metabolism
274(1)
Criteria for diet formulation
275(1)
Nutritional testing of diets for cats and dogs
276(1)
Palatability testing
276(1)
Tests for nutritionally complete and balanced diets: chemical testing
277(1)
Tests for nutritionally complete and balanced diets: animal testing
278(1)
Other nutritional tests for companion animal diets
278(1)
Prepared cat and dog foods
279(1)
Over-formulation of commercial diets for cats and dogs
280(2)
Nutrient digestibility
282(1)
Conclusions
283(1)
References
283