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Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture 2nd edition [Mīkstie vāki]

Edited by (Alumni Professor, School of Fisheries and Aquaculture and Aquatic Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA)
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Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture 2nd editionPalielināt
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Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, Second Edition continues to play an important role in the successful production of fish and other seafood for human consumption. This is an excellent resource for understanding the key properties of aquafeed, advances in feed formulation and manufacturing techniques, and the practicalities of feeding systems and strategies. Useful for anyone working in R&D in the feed production as well as aimed at nutritionists, farm owners and technicians, as well as those and academics/postgraduate students with a research interest in the area. Many new updates have been integrated to reflect recent advances within the market, and new chapters have been added. Special emphasis on up and coming trends such as multi-trophic level aquaculture for marine cage systems, and new technologies monitoring of fish feeding patterns have been added.
  • Includes new research information on using feed to enhance the sensory qualities of fish
  • Presents the latest research in aquafeed and processing
  • Provides the latest information on regulatory issues regarding feed and fish health
List of contributors
xiii
Part One Feed and fertilizer in aquaculture: an overview
1(162)
1 Overview of aquaculture feeds: global impacts of ingredient production, manufacturing, and use
3(26)
C.E. Boyd
Aaron A. McNevin
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Feed ingredient formulae
4(2)
1.3 The feed conversion ratio
6(1)
1.4 Embodied resource coefficients for feed ingredients and feeds
6(8)
1.5 Embodied resources from feed in live weight
14(1)
1.6 Embodied wildfish
15(3)
1.7 Other resource uses incurred by feed use
18(3)
1.8 Water pollution from feeding
21(1)
1.9 Benefits of feeding
22(1)
1.10 Conclusion
23(6)
References
24(5)
2 Fertilizer use in aquaculture
29(36)
Bartholomew W. Green
2.1 Introduction
29(1)
2.2 Aquaculture pond natural productivity
30(3)
2.3 Fertilizer nutrients and forms
33(14)
2.3.1 Chemical fertilizer
33(7)
2.3.2 Organic fertilizer
40(2)
2.3.3 Limestone
42(2)
2.3.4 Frequency of application
44(3)
2.4 Fertilization programs
47(9)
2.4.1 Pond preparation
47(1)
2.4.2 Young-of-year culture
47(5)
2.4.3 Fertilizer-feed combinations in grow-out ponds
52(4)
2.5 Future trends
56(9)
References
57(6)
Further Reading
63(2)
3 Nutritional requirements of cultured fish: formulating nutritionally adequate feeds
65(68)
Santosh P. Lall
Andre Dumas
3.1 Introduction
65(1)
3.2 Nutrients
66(28)
3.2.1 Protein and amino acids
66(4)
3.2.2 Carbohydrates
70(1)
3.2.3 Lipids
71(3)
3.2.4 Vitamins
74(12)
3.2.5 Minerals
86(8)
3.3 Dietary energy utilization
94(2)
3.3.1 Energy requirements
95(1)
3.4 Other dietary components
96(5)
3.4.1 Feeding stimulants
97(1)
3.4.2 Prebiotics and probiotics
98(1)
3.4.3 Hormones
98(1)
3.4.4 Antioxidants
98(1)
3.4.5 Pigmentation
99(1)
3.4.6 Immunostimulants
100(1)
3.4.7 Other feed additives
101(1)
3.5 Nutrient requirements of fish
101(2)
3.6 Feed ingredients
103(7)
3.6.1 Composition of feedstuffs
103(3)
3.6.2 Digestibility and nutrient availability
106(1)
3.6.3 Quality of feed ingredients
107(1)
3.6.4 Fishery and rendering products
107(1)
3.6.5 Plant feed ingredients and antinutritional factors
108(1)
3.6.6 Fats and oils
109(1)
3.7 Theory behind feed formulation
110(1)
3.7.1 Basic concepts
110(1)
3.8 Feed formulation methods
111(7)
3.8.1 Open feed formula
111(1)
3.8.2 Simple formulation methods
111(2)
3.8.3 Advanced computerized formulation methods
113(5)
3.9 Feed formulation challenges
118(2)
3.9.1 Nutrients versus ingredients
118(1)
3.9.2 Constraints and restrictions
119(1)
3.9.3 Formulating nutritionally adequate feeds
119(1)
3.10 Concluding remarks
120(13)
References
122(11)
4 Complete feeds---intensive systems
133(18)
M.H. Li
E.H. Robinson
D.A. Davis
4.1 Introduction
133(1)
4.2 Concept and importance
133(1)
4.3 Meeting dietary requirements
134(8)
4.3.1 Energy
137(1)
4.3.2 Protein
138(2)
4.3.3 Lipids
140(1)
4.3.4 Vitamins
141(1)
4.3.5 Minerals
142(1)
4.4 Feed formulation
142(2)
4.5 Future trends
144(2)
4.6 Sources of further information
146(5)
References
147(4)
5 Regulatory aspects of aquaculture feed manufacturing
151(12)
M. Velasco-Escudero
R. Montoya-Ospina
5.1 Introduction
151(1)
5.2 Sovereign feed legislative regulations
151(2)
5.2.1 United States of America (USA)
151(1)
5.2.2 European Union (EU)
152(1)
5.3 Voluntary standards for feed manufacturers
153(4)
5.3.1 International Organization for Standardization
153(1)
5.3.2 General feed standards
153(3)
5.3.3 Aquaculture feed standards
156(1)
5.4 Voluntary standards for ingredient manufacturers
157(3)
5.4.1 FAMI-QS: European feed additives and premixtures quality system---by FEFANA
157(1)
5.4.2 Feed Materials Assurance Scheme---by Agricultural Industries Confederation
158(1)
5.4.3 European Feed and Food Ingredient Safety Certification---by EFISC-GTP
159(1)
5.4.4 MarinTrust standard (former International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Responsible Supply)---by MarinTrust Ltd
159(1)
5.4.5 Mutual recognition
159(1)
5.5 Organic feed standards
160(1)
5.5.1 US National Organic Program
160(1)
5.5.2 European Union
160(1)
5.6 Future trends
161(2)
Part Two Feed ingredients, production and processing
163(190)
6 Quality control of feed ingredients for aquaculture
165(30)
Budi Tangendjaja
6.1 Introduction
165(1)
6.2 Sampling
166(4)
6.2.1 System
166(1)
6.2.2 Randomization and sampling
166(1)
6.2.3 Frequency
167(1)
6.2.4 Equipment and procedures
167(1)
6.2.5 Tools
168(1)
6.2.6 Sample preparation
169(1)
6.2.7 Sample storage
169(1)
6.3 Ingredient specifications and certificate of analyses
170(5)
6.3.1 Quality specification for purchasing
171(3)
6.3.2 Standard of acceptance
174(1)
6.4 Quality examinations
175(4)
6.4.1 Physical
175(1)
6.4.2 Chemical
176(2)
6.4.3 Nutritional and antinutritional factors
178(1)
6.4.4 Biological
179(1)
6.5 Adulteration of ingredients and test methods
179(8)
6.5.1 Soybean meal
179(1)
6.5.2 Other oilseed meal (peanut, rapeseed, copra, palm kernel, cottonseed, and sunflower)
180(1)
6.5.3 Fish meal
181(1)
6.5.4 Animal by-product meals
182(1)
6.5.5 Cassava tuber/chip or meal and other source of starch
183(1)
6.5.6 Rice bran
183(1)
6.5.7 Phosphate sources
184(1)
6.5.8 Corn coproducts
185(1)
6.5.9 Fat and oil products
185(2)
6.6 Quality monitoring
187(1)
6.7 Managing quality problem of ingredients
188(1)
6.8 Laboratory requirements
189(2)
6.8.1 Testing
189(1)
6.8.2 Equipment
190(1)
6.9 Quality control system in feed production
191(2)
6.9.1 Advance quality control
191(2)
6.10 Conclusion
193(2)
References
193(2)
7 Feed additives: an overview
195(36)
S.C. Bai
A. Hamidoghli
J. Bae
7.1 Introduction
195(1)
7.2 Feeding stimulants and palatability enhancers
196(3)
7.3 Antioxidants
199(2)
7.4 Coloring/pigmentation agents
201(2)
7.5 Antimicrobial agents
203(2)
7.6 Organic acids
205(5)
7.7 Immunostimulating agents
210(7)
7.7.1 Microbial and animal products
211(3)
7.7.2 Plant products
214(3)
7.8 Enzymes and hormones
217(2)
7.9 Concluding remarks and future research
219(12)
References
219(12)
8 Replacing fish meal and fish oil in industrial fish feeds
231(38)
A. Oliva-Teles
P. Enes
A. Couto
H. Peres
8.1 Introduction
231(3)
8.2 Fish meal sparing
234(14)
8.3 Fish oil sparing
248(7)
8.4 Conclusion
255(14)
References
255(14)
9 Use of pre- and probiotics in finfish aquaculture
269(22)
M.K.P. Iwashita
S. Addo
J.S. Terhune
9.1 Introduction
269(2)
9.2 Prebiotics
271(3)
9.3 Probiotics
274(5)
9.4 Combined effects of pre- and probiotics
279(1)
9.5 Conclusions and future direction
280(11)
References
281(10)
10 Safety of medical feed additives in the food chain
291(18)
Rita Hannisdal
Ole Samuelsen
Bjørn Tore Lunestad
10.1 Introduction
291(1)
10.2 Overview of per oral drugs used in aquaculture
291(3)
10.2.1 Antibacterial agents
291(1)
10.2.2 Antiparasitic agents
292(2)
10.2.3 Hormones
294(1)
10.2.4 Probiotics and immunostimulants
294(1)
10.3 Safety of per oral medicals to farmed aquatic organisms
294(1)
10.4 Consumer safety
295(3)
10.5 Environmental safety of per oral drugs in fish farming
298(3)
10.6 Future trends
301(8)
References
302(7)
11 Astaxanthin use as carotenoid source and its benefits in feeds
309(28)
Viviane Verlhac Trichet
Elkin Amaya
11.1 Introduction
309(1)
11.2 Astaxanthin
309(2)
11.3 Target aquaculture species for pigmentation
311(3)
11.3.1 Salmonids
311(2)
11.3.2 Shrimp
313(1)
11.3.3 Other fish and crustaceans
313(1)
11.4 Color: a sensory quality trait
314(2)
11.4.1 Consumer preferences
314(1)
11.4.2 Color measurements
314(2)
11.5 Dietary factors, environment and genetics affecting color via pigmentation
316(2)
11.6 Physiological and biological functions of astaxanthin
318(5)
11.6.1 Astaxanthin dynamics in salmon
318(2)
11.6.2 Provitamin A activity
320(1)
11.6.3 Antioxidant properties
320(1)
11.6.4 Health via immunity in fish, shrimp, and humans
321(2)
11.7 Update on use, regulatory and safety of astaxanthin
323(4)
11.7.1 Aquaculture
323(1)
11.7.2 Astaxanthin consumption by humans
324(3)
11.8 Perspectives
327(10)
Acknowledgments
328(1)
References
328(9)
12 Storage and handling of feeds for fish and shrimp
337(16)
T. O'Keefe
C.A. Campabadal
12.1 Introduction
337(1)
12.2 Storage
337(12)
12.2.1 Type of storage
339(4)
12.2.2 Mold growth
343(2)
12.2.3 Pest infestation
345(2)
12.2.4 Vitamin potency
347(1)
12.2.5 Lipid rancidity
348(1)
12.3 Handling
349(1)
12.4 Summary
350(3)
References
351(2)
Part Three Feeding strategies and environmental impact
353(92)
13 Feeding in hatcheries
355(44)
Chris G. Carter
M. Basseer Codabaccus
13.1 Introduction
355(5)
13.2 Nutritional physiology of larval and early juvenile stages
360(12)
13.3 Live feeds
372(1)
13.4 Manufactured feeds
373(4)
13.5 Hatchery feeding regimes
377(8)
13.5.1 Salmonids: Atlantic salmon
379(1)
13.5.2 Tilapia: Nile tilapia
380(1)
13.5.3 Carp: common carp
381(1)
13.5.4 Catfish: pangas
382(1)
13.5.5 European seabass and gilthead seabream
382(1)
13.5.6 Prawns
383(1)
13.5.7 Red swamp crawfish
383(1)
13.5.8 Crabs
384(1)
13.5.9 Other marine species
384(1)
13.6 Future trends
385(1)
13.7 Summary
386(13)
Acknowledgments
387(1)
Sources of Further Information
387(1)
References
387(12)
14 Feeding equipment and feed control systems
399(28)
Odd-Ivar Lekang
14.1 Introduction
399(1)
14.2 Why not continue with hand feeding?
399(1)
14.3 Automatic feeding requires input---feeding concepts
400(1)
14.4 Control over fish biomass, a need when utilizing feeding tables to control feeding
401(2)
14.4.1 Representative weight samples
402(1)
14.4.2 How to take representative samples
402(1)
14.5 The feeding line
403(1)
14.6 Feed type versus feeding system
403(1)
14.7 Systems for feeding of live feed
404(1)
14.8 Formulate feed, feed composition, and particle size
404(1)
14.9 Feeding systems for formulated feeds
405(8)
14.9.1 Automatic feeding without power supply, demand feeders
406(1)
14.9.2 Automatic feeders with power supply
406(7)
14.10 More and more technology involved
413(3)
14.10.1 From simple feed control to computerized feed control
413(2)
14.10.2 Centrally placed control rooms and remotely operated feeding
415(1)
14.10.3 Automatic refilling of feed silos on sea cage farms
415(1)
14.11 New trends
416(5)
14.11.1 Not major hardware development
416(1)
14.11.2 Ever-increasing size of production units
417(1)
14.11.3 New and improved sensors
417(1)
14.11.4 Feed particle detection
418(1)
14.11.5 Monitoring feeding behavior
418(1)
14.11.6 More environmental data are available
419(1)
14.11.7 Good internet connection is a must
419(1)
14.11.8 More data available for taking decisions: big data
420(1)
14.11.9 A gamechanger
420(1)
14.11.10 Autonomous feeding
421(1)
14.12 What about the future feeding systems?
421(6)
References
422(5)
15 Environmental impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus from aquaculture
427(18)
Sandamali Sakunthala Herath
Shuichi Satoh
15.1 Overview of the problem
427(1)
15.2 How does pollutants (nitrogen and phosphorous) enter the water?
428(4)
15.3 Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from aquaculture
432(4)
15.3.1 Fate of nitrogen in aquatic environment
434(1)
15.3.2 Fate of phosphorous in aquatic ecosystem
435(1)
15.3.3 Impact of nitrogen and phosphorous loading on aquatic ecosystem
435(1)
15.4 Measures suggested/use to overcome the problem
436(4)
15.4.1 Development of environmental friendly feed and feeding strategies
436(3)
15.4.2 Release of pretreated effluent (for land-based systems)
439(1)
15.4.3 Policy measures
439(1)
15.4.4 Other methods
440(1)
15.5 Conclusions
440(5)
References
441(4)
Index 445
Dr. D. Allen Davis, Alumni Professor, School of Fisheries and Aquaculture and Aquatic Science, Auburn University. Dr. Davis has ~30 years of experience in fishery research. Hes received 12 prestigious awards including most recently, the Directors Research Award and Guthrie Award for Achievement in International Agriculture. He has published over ~169 publication cited 2084 times and is a frequent speaker at conferences. His research has improved technologies for the culture of marine and freshwater species for stock enhancement and aquaculture. His primary emphasis is on graduate student education, the development and improvement of commercial feeds and feed management strategies, as well as providing continuing education opportunities to the industry.