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E-grāmata: Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Volume 1 2nd Edition, Volume 1 [Wiley Online]

(Framingham State College)
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Praise for the First Edition beautiful and well worth the reading with many exercises and a good bibliography, this book will fascinate both students and teachers. Mathematics Teacher

Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Volume I, Second Edition provides a user-friendly and historical approach to the many fascinating properties of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, which have intrigued amateurs and professionals for centuries. Offering an in-depth study of the topic, this book includes exciting applications that provide many opportunities to explore and experiment.

In addition, the book includes a historical survey of the development of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, with biographical sketches of important figures in the field. Each chapter features a wealth of examples, as well as numeric and theoretical exercises that avoid using extensive and time-consuming proofs of theorems. The Second Edition offers new opportunities to illustrate and expand on various problem-solving skills and techniques. In addition, the book features:

A clear, comprehensive introduction to one of the most fascinating topics in mathematics, including links to graph theory, matrices, geometry, the stock market, and the Golden Ratio

Abundant examples, exercises, and properties throughout, with a wide range of difficulty and sophistication

Numeric puzzles based on Fibonacci numbers, as well as popular geometric paradoxes, and a glossary of symbols and fundamental properties from the theory of numbers

A wide range of applications in many disciplines, including architecture, biology, chemistry, electrical engineering, physics, physiology, and neurophysiology

The Second Edition is appropriate for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses on the history of mathematics, combinatorics, and number theory. The book is also a valuable resource for undergraduate research courses, independent study projects, and senior/graduate theses, as well as a useful resource for computer scientists, physicists, biologists, and electrical engineers.

Thomas Koshy, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Framingham State University in Massachusetts and author of several books and numerous articles on mathematics. His work has been recognized by the Association of American Publishers, and he has received many awards, including the Distinguished Faculty of the Year. Dr. Koshy received his PhD in Algebraic Coding Theory from Boston University.

Anyone who loves mathematical puzzles, number theory, and Fibonacci numbers will treasure this book. Dr. Koshy has compiled Fibonacci lore from diverse sources into one understandable and intriguing volume, [ interweaving] a historical flavor into an array of applications. Marjorie Bicknell-Johnson
List of Symbols xiii
Preface xv
1 Leonardo Fibonacci 1(4)
2 Fibonacci Numbers 5(16)
2.1 Fibonacci's Rabbits
5(1)
2.2 Fibonacci Numbers
6(4)
2.3 Fibonacci and Lucas Curiosities
10(11)
3 Fibonacci Numbers in Nature 21(34)
3.1 Fibonacci, Flowers, and Trees
22(8)
3.2 Fibonacci and Male Bees
30(2)
3.3 Fibonacci, Lucas, and Subsets
32(1)
3.4 Fibonacci and Sewage Treatment
33(2)
3.5 Fibonacci and Atoms
35(2)
3.6 Fibonacci and Reflections
37(2)
3.7 Paraffins and Cycloparaffins
39(3)
3.8 Fibonacci and Music
42(2)
3.9 Fibonacci and Poetry
44(1)
3.10 Fibonacci and Neurophysiology
45(1)
3.11 Electrical Networks
46(9)
4 Additional Fibonacci and Lucas Occurrences 55(26)
4.1 Fibonacci Occurrences
55(6)
4.2 Fibonacci and Compositions
61(3)
4.3 Fibonacci and Permutations
64(2)
4.4 Fibonacci and Generating Sets
66(1)
4.5 Fibonacci and Graph Theory
67(2)
4.6 Fibonacci Walks
69(2)
4.7 Fibonacci Trees
71(3)
4.8 Partitions
74(2)
4.9 Fibonacci and the Stock Market
76(5)
5 Fibonacci and Lucas Identities 81(40)
5.1 Spanning Tree of a Connected Graph
84(4)
5.2 Binet's Formulas
88(9)
5.3 Cyclic Permutations and Lucas Numbers
97(3)
5.4 Compositions Revisited
100(1)
5.5 Number of Digits in Fn and Ln
101(1)
5.6 Theorem 5.8 Revisited
102(4)
5.7 Catalan's Identity
106(2)
5.8 Additional Fibonacci and Lucas Identities
108(5)
5.9 Fermat and Fibonacci
113(2)
5.10 Fibonacci and pi
115(6)
6 Geometric Illustrations and Paradoxes 121(16)
6.1 Geometric Illustrations
121(5)
6.2 Candido's Identity
126(1)
6.3 Fibonacci Tessellations
127(1)
6.4 Lucas Tessellations
128(1)
6.5 Geometric Paradoxes
129(1)
6.6 Cassini-Based Paradoxes
129(5)
6.7 Additional Paradoxes
134(3)
7 Gibonacci Numbers 137(10)
7.1 Gibonacci Numbers
137(6)
7.2 Germain's Identity
143(4)
8 Additional Fibonacci and Lucas Formulas 147(14)
8.1 New Explicit Formulas
147(3)
8.2 Additional Formulas
150(11)
9 The Euclidean Algorithm 161(10)
9.1 The Euclidean Algorithm
163(2)
9.2 Formula (5.5) Revisited
165(2)
9.3 Lames Theorem
167(4)
10 Divisibility Properties 171(18)
10.1 Fibonacci Divisibility
171(6)
10.2 Lucas Divisibility
177(1)
10.3 Fibonacci and Lucas Ratios
177(5)
10.4 An Altered Fibonacci Sequence
182(7)
11 Pascal's Triangle 189(16)
11.1 Binomial Coefficients
189(2)
11.2 Pascal's Triangle
191(1)
11.3 Fibonacci Numbers and Pascal's Triangle
192(4)
11.4 Another Explicit Formula for Ln
196(1)
11.5 Catalan's Formula
197(1)
11.6 Additional Identities
198(2)
11.7 Fibonacci Paths of a Rook on a Chessboard
200(5)
12 Pascal-like Triangles 205(22)
12.1 Sums of Like-Powers
205(3)
12.2 An Alternate Formula for Ln
208(1)
12.3 Differences of Like-Powers
209(2)
12.4 Catalan's Formula Revisited
211(1)
12.5 A Lucas Triangle
212(5)
12.6 Powers of Lucas Numbers
217(1)
12.7 Variants of Pascal's Triangle
218(9)
13 Recurrences and Generating Functions 227(30)
13.1 LHRWCCs
227(4)
13.2 Generating Functions
231(11)
13.3 A Generating Function for F3n
242(1)
13.4 A Generating Function for F3n
243(1)
13.5 Summation Formula (5.1) Revisited
243(1)
13.6 A List of Generating Functions
244(3)
13.7 Compositions Revisited
247(1)
13.8 Exponential Generating Functions
248(2)
13.9 Hybrid Identities
250(1)
13.10 Identities Using the Differential Operator
251(6)
14 Combinatorial Models I 257(24)
14.1 A Fibonacci Tiling Model
258(5)
14.2 A Circular Tiling Model
263(5)
14.3 Path Graphs Revisited
268(3)
14.4 Cycle Graphs Revisited
271(2)
14.5 Tadpole Graphs
273(8)
15 Hosoya's Triangle 281(8)
15.1 Recursive Definition
282(1)
15.2 A Magic Rhombus
283(6)
16 The Golden Ratio 289(34)
16.1 Ratios of Consecutive Fibonacci Numbers
289(2)
16.2 The Golden Ratio
291(5)
16.3 Golden Ratio as Nested Radicals
296(1)
16.4 Newton's Approximation Method
297(2)
16.5 The Ubiquitous Golden Ratio
299(1)
16.6 Human Body and the Golden Ratio
300(2)
16.7 Violin and the Golden Ratio
302(1)
16.8 Ancient Floor Mosaics and the Golden Ratio
302(1)
16.9 Golden Ratio in an Electrical Network
303(1)
16.10 Golden Ratio in Electrostatics
304(1)
16.11 Golden Ratio by Origami
305(5)
16.12 Differential Equations
310(3)
16.13 Golden Ratio in Algebra
313(1)
16.14 Golden Ratio in Geometry
313(10)
17 Golden Triangles and Rectangles 323(28)
17.1 Golden Triangle
323(5)
17.2 Golden Rectangles
328(4)
17.3 The Parthenon
332(3)
17.4 Human Body and the Golden Rectangle
335(2)
17.5 Golden Rectangle and the Clock
337(2)
17.6 Straightedge and Compass Construction
339(1)
17.7 Reciprocal of a Rectangle
340(1)
17.8 Logarithmic Spiral
341(3)
17.9 Golden Rectangle Revisited
344(1)
17.10 Supergolden Rectangle
345(6)
18 Figeometry 351(34)
18.1 The Golden Ratio and Plane Geometry
351(7)
18.2 The Cross of Lorraine
358(2)
18.3 Fibonacci Meets Apollonius
360(1)
18.4 A Fibonacci Spiral
361(1)
18.5 Regular Pentagons
362(5)
18.6 Trigonometric Formulas for Fn
367(4)
18.7 Regular Decagon
371(1)
18.8 Fifth Roots of Unity
372(3)
18.9 A Pentagonal Arch
375(1)
18.10 Regular Icosahedron and Dodecahedron
376(2)
18.11 Golden Ellipse
378(2)
18.12 Golden Hyperbola
380(5)
19 Continued Fractions 385(10)
19.1 Finite Continued Fractions
385(3)
19.2 Convergents of a Continued Fraction
388(2)
19.3 Infinite Continued Fractions
390(3)
19.4 A Nonlinear Diophantine Equation
393(2)
20 Fibonacci Matrices 395(36)
20.1 The Q-Matrix
395(8)
20.2 Eigenvalues of Qn
403(5)
20.3 Fibonacci and Lucas Vectors
408(3)
20.4 An Intriguing Fibonacci Matrix
411(5)
20.5 An Infinite-Dimensional Lucas Matrix
416(6)
20.6 An Infinite-Dimensional Gibonacci Matrix
422(1)
20.7 The Lambda Function
423(8)
21 Graph-theoretic Models I 431(12)
21.1 A Graph-theoretic Model for Fibonacci Numbers
431(2)
21.2 Byproducts of the Combinatorial Models
433(6)
21.3 Summation Formulas
439(4)
22 Fibonacci Determinants 443(18)
22.1 An Application to Graph Theory
443(5)
22.2 The Singularity of Fibonacci Matrices
448(3)
22.3 Fibonacci and Analytic Geometry
451(10)
23 Fibonacci and Lucas Congruences 461(24)
23.1 Fibonacci Numbers Ending in Zero
461(1)
23.2 Lucas Numbers Ending in Zero
462(1)
23.3 Additional Congruences
462(1)
23.4 Lucas Squares
463(1)
23.5 Fibonacci Squares
464(2)
23.6 A Generalized Fibonacci Congruence
466(7)
23.7 Fibonacci and Lucas Periodicities
473(1)
23.8 Lucas Squares Revisited
474(2)
23.9 Periodicities Modulo 10n
476(9)
24 Fibonacci and Lucas Series 485(22)
24.1 A Fibonacci Series
485(2)
24.2 A Lucas Series
487(1)
24.3 Fibonacci and Lucas Series Revisited
488(3)
24.4 A Fibonacci Power Series
491(6)
24.5 Gibonacci Series
497(2)
24.6 Additional Fibonacci Series
499(8)
25 Weighted Fibonacci and Lucas Sums 507(16)
25.1 Weighted Sums
507(7)
25.2 Gauthier's Differential Method
514(9)
26 Fibonometry I 523(16)
26.1 Golden Ratio and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
524(1)
26.2 Golden Triangle Revisited
525(1)
26.3 Golden Weaves
526(1)
26.4 Additional Fibonometric Bridges
527(7)
26.5 Fibonacci and Lucas Factorizations
534(5)
27 Completeness Theorems 539(4)
27.1 Completeness Theorem
539(1)
27.2 Egyptian Algorithm for Multiplication
540(3)
28 The Knapsack Problem 543(4)
28.1 The Knapsack Problem
543(4)
29 Fibonacci and Lucas Subscripts 547(8)
29.1 Fibonacci and Lucas Subscripts
547(3)
29.2 Gibonacci Subscripts
550(1)
29.3 A Recursive Definition of Yn
551(4)
30 Fibonacci and the Complex Plane 555(12)
30.1 Gaussian Numbers
556(1)
30.2 Gaussian Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers
556(5)
30.3 Analytic Extensions
561(6)
Appendix
A.1 Fundamentals
567(18)
A.2 The First 100 Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers
585(4)
A.3 The First 100 Fibonacci Numbers and Their Prime Factorizations
589(4)
A.4 The First 100 Lucas Numbers and Their Prime Factorizations
593(4)
Abbreviations 597(2)
References 599(20)
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises 619(50)
Index 669
Thomas Koshy, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Framingham State University in Massachusetts and author of several books and numerous articles on mathematics. His work has been recognized by the Association of American Publishers, and he has received many awards, including the Distinguished Faculty of the Year. Dr. Koshy received his PhD in Algebraic Coding Theory from Boston University.