Preface |
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xiii | |
Author |
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xvii | |
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1 Review of Preliminaries |
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1 | (64) |
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2 | (9) |
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1.1.1 Single and Multiple Discrete Time Periods |
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4 | (3) |
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1.1.2 Continuous-Time Processes |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
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1.2 Risk Aversion and Portfolios of Assets |
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11 | (7) |
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1.2.1 Risk Aversion Constant |
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11 | (3) |
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1.2.2 The Portfolio Problem |
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14 | (4) |
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1.3 Expectation, Variance, and Covariance |
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18 | (14) |
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1.3.1 One Variable Expectation |
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18 | (4) |
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1.3.2 Expectation for Multiple Random Variables |
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22 | (4) |
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1.3.3 Variance of a Linear Combination |
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26 | (6) |
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1.4 Simple Portfolio Optimization |
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32 | (6) |
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1.5 Derivative Assets and Arbitrage |
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38 | (13) |
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38 | (3) |
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1.5.2 Arbitrage and Futures |
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41 | (4) |
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45 | (6) |
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1.6 Valuation of Derivatives in a Single Time Period |
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51 | (14) |
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1.6.1 Replicating Portfolios |
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52 | (6) |
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1.6.2 Risk-Neutral Valuation |
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58 | (7) |
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2 Portfolio Selection and CAPM Theory |
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65 | (88) |
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2.1 Portfolio Optimization with Multiple Assets |
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65 | (17) |
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2.1.1 Lagrange Multipliers |
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69 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Qualitative Behavior |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (3) |
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2.1.4 Portfolio Separation and the Market Portfolio |
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76 | (6) |
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2.2 Capital Market Theory, Part I |
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82 | (17) |
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2.2.1 Linear Algebraic Approach |
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82 | (5) |
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2.2.2 Efficient Mean-Standard Deviation Frontier |
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87 | (12) |
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2.3 Capital Market Theory, Part II |
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99 | (15) |
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2.3.1 Capital Market Line |
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99 | (5) |
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2.3.2 CAPM Formula; Asset β |
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104 | (4) |
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2.3.3 Systematic and Non-Systematic Risk; Pricing Using CAPM |
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108 | (6) |
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114 | (22) |
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2.4.1 Securities and Axioms for Investor Behavior |
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114 | (4) |
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2.4.2 Indifference Curves, Certainty Equivalent, Risk Aversion |
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118 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Examples of Utility Functions |
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123 | (4) |
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2.4.4 Absolute and Relative Risk Aversion |
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127 | (2) |
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2.4.5 Utility Maximization |
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129 | (7) |
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2.5 Multiple Period Portfolio Problems |
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136 | (17) |
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2.5.1 Problem Description and Dynamic Programming Approach |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (10) |
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2.5.3 Optimal Portfolios and Martingales |
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148 | (5) |
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3 Discrete-Time Derivatives Valuation |
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153 | (108) |
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3.1 Options Pricing for Multiple Time Periods |
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153 | (18) |
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153 | (3) |
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3.1.2 Valuation by Chaining |
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156 | (7) |
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3.1.3 Valuation by Martingales |
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163 | (8) |
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3.2 Key Ideas of Discrete Probability, Part I |
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171 | (14) |
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3.2.1 Algebras and Measurability |
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172 | (9) |
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181 | (4) |
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3.3 Key Ideas of Discrete Probability, Part II |
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185 | (17) |
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3.3.1 Conditional Expectation |
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185 | (11) |
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3.3.2 Application to Pricing Models |
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196 | (6) |
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3.4 Fundamental Theorems of Options Pricing |
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202 | (21) |
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203 | (5) |
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3.4.2 Gain, Arbitrage, and Attainability |
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208 | (4) |
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3.4.3 Martingale Measures and the Fundamental Theorems |
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212 | (11) |
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3.5 Valuation of Non-Vanilla Options |
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223 | (20) |
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3.5.1 American and Bermudan Options |
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223 | (9) |
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232 | (5) |
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237 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Two-Asset Derivatives |
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238 | (5) |
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3.6 Derivatives Pricing by Simulation |
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243 | (10) |
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3.6.1 Setup and Algorithm |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (7) |
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3.7 From Discrete to Continuous Time (A Preview) |
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253 | (8) |
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4 Continuous Probability Models |
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261 | (74) |
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4.1 Continuous Distributions and Expectation |
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261 | (13) |
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4.1.1 Densities and Cumulative Distribution Functions |
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261 | (4) |
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265 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Normal and Lognormal Distributions |
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268 | (6) |
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274 | (21) |
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274 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Marginal and Conditional Distributions |
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278 | (4) |
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282 | (2) |
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4.2.4 Covariance and Correlation |
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284 | (4) |
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4.2.5 Bivariate Normal Distribution |
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288 | (7) |
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4.3 Measurability and Conditional Expectation |
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295 | (14) |
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295 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Random Variables and Measurability |
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298 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Continuous Conditional Expectation |
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300 | (9) |
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4.4 Brownian Motion and Geometric Brownian Motion |
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309 | (15) |
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4.4.1 Random Walk Processes |
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310 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Standard Brownian Motion |
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312 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Non-Standard Brownian Motion |
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314 | (3) |
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4.4.4 Geometric Brownian Motion |
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317 | (3) |
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4.4.5 Brownian Motion and Binomial Branch Processes |
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320 | (4) |
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4.5 Introduction to Stochastic Differential Equations |
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324 | (11) |
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4.5.1 Meaning of the General SDE |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (3) |
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4.5.3 Geometric Brownian Motion as Solution |
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330 | (5) |
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5 Derivative Valuation in Continuous Time |
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335 | (50) |
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5.1 Black-Scholes Via Limits |
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335 | (10) |
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5.1.1 Black-Scholes Formula |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (5) |
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5.1.3 Put Options and Put-Call Parity |
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341 | (4) |
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5.2 Black-Scholes Via Martingales |
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345 | (15) |
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5.2.1 Trading Strategies and Martingale Valuation |
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345 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Martingale Measures |
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347 | (4) |
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5.2.3 Asset and Bond Binaries |
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351 | (4) |
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5.2.4 Other Binary Derivatives |
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355 | (5) |
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5.3 Black-Scholes Via Differential Equations |
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360 | (7) |
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360 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Boundary Conditions; Solving the PDE |
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363 | (4) |
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5.4 Checking Black-Scholes Assumptions |
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367 | (18) |
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5.4.1 Normality of Rates of Return |
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368 | (8) |
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5.4.2 Stability of Parameters |
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376 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Independence of Rates of Return |
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378 | (7) |
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A Multivariate Normal Distribution |
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385 | (10) |
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A.1 Review of Matrix Concepts |
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385 | (2) |
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A.2 Multivariate Normal Distribution |
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387 | (8) |
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B Answers to Selected Exercises |
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395 | (10) |
Bibliography |
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405 | (2) |
Index |
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407 | |