Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
Foreword |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xv | |
Abbreviations |
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xvii | |
Executive Summary |
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1 | (22) |
1 Introduction |
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23 | (10) |
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Training finance: consensus from the literature |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Timing: preemployment, initial, and continuing training |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
2 Conventional Patterns of Financing Training |
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33 | (6) |
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Typology of financing burdens |
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33 | (2) |
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Shortcomings of conventional training financing |
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35 | (3) |
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Changing roles for the state, enterprises, and individuals |
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38 | (1) |
3 The Role of the State in Financing |
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39 | (8) |
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39 | (1) |
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Rationale for government intervention |
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40 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Inadequate enterprise training |
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42 | (1) |
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Weak private training provision |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Designing appropriate policy interventions |
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44 | (3) |
4 Finance Flows: Three Scenarios |
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47 | (12) |
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Conventional training markets |
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48 | (1) |
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Training markets with state intervention |
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49 | (3) |
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Integrated, demand-driven training markets |
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52 | (3) |
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A broader role for sound financing mechanisms |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
5 The Development of National Training Funds |
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59 | (30) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (5) |
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Training provision and disbursement: uneasy bedfellows |
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66 | (2) |
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Governance, control, and stakeholder representation |
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68 | (4) |
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Central issues in governance and control |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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Stakeholder representation |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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Sectoral funding in South Africa |
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74 | (1) |
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From training funds to national training authorities |
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75 | (2) |
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National skills development coordination in South Africa |
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76 | (1) |
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Training fund sustainability |
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77 | (2) |
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Lessons for policy: identifying good practice |
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79 | (3) |
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Desired objectives for training funds |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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Training funds in selected SSA countries: organization, funding source, and objectives |
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82 | (7) |
6 Training Levies |
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89 | (20) |
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Alternative training levy schemes |
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89 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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Payroll levies: revenue generation |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Rationale: the benefit principle |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (6) |
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Alternative approaches to levy collection |
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99 | (1) |
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Levy collection in SSA countries |
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100 | (5) |
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Payroll levies: an oversheltered source of funding? |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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Training levies: strengths and limitations |
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106 | (1) |
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Issues in levy scheme design |
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106 | (3) |
7 Finance Mechanisms: Augmenting Funding for Training |
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109 | (20) |
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Funding augmentation versus funding distribution |
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109 | (1) |
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Funding diversification: alternative approaches |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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Provision of training services |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Income generation by providers |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Encouraging private provision |
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118 | (3) |
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Measures for building up private training capacity |
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119 | (2) |
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Role of government: four intervention modes |
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121 | (1) |
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Responding to budgetary pressure: institutional income in Tanzania |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (6) |
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Scope for funding diversification |
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124 | (1) |
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Diversification mechanisms: strengths and weaknesses |
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125 | (4) |
8 Funding Distribution: Transfers to Training Institutions |
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129 | (12) |
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Direct allocation mechanisms |
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129 | (7) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Composite formula funding |
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133 | (1) |
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Competitive tendering: unifying training markets |
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134 | (2) |
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Indirect allocation: trainee-based funding |
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136 | (2) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
9 Enhancing Enterprise Training |
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141 | (12) |
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Direct training subsidies |
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141 | (2) |
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Government grants versus levy-grant schemes |
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141 | (1) |
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Efficacy of direct training subsidies |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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Training off or on the job? |
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143 | (1) |
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Systems approach versus piecemeal reimbursement |
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144 | (2) |
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Indirect subsidies: company tax concessions |
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146 | (2) |
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SSA experience with tax concessions |
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146 | (2) |
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Problems with tax-concession schemes |
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148 | (1) |
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Other measures to promote enterprise training |
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148 | (3) |
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148 | (2) |
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Combining the carrot with "ear-stroking" |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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Mechanisms for encouraging enterprise training: strengths and limitations |
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151 | (2) |
10 Financing Informal Sector Training |
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153 | (10) |
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The informal sector: a vehicle for employment growth |
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153 | (1) |
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Developing informal sector training markets |
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154 | (1) |
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Departing from traditional training |
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154 | (1) |
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Introducing external training |
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155 | (1) |
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Funding informal sector training in SSA |
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155 | (6) |
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Supply-side interventions |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (4) |
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Policy dilemmas in financing training for the informal sector |
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161 | (2) |
11 Financing Mechanisms: Contribution to Broad Policy Objectives |
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163 | (8) |
12 Conclusions: Major Policy Messages |
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171 | (12) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Institutional income generation |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Private sector development |
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177 | (1) |
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Funding public training institutions |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Needs of disadvantaged groups |
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181 | (1) |
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|
181 | (2) |
References |
|
183 | |