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Financing Vocational Training in Sub-Saharan Africa [Mīkstie vāki]

  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 206 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Aug-2003
  • Izdevniecība: World Bank Publications
  • ISBN-10: 0821354612
  • ISBN-13: 9780821354612
  • Mīkstie vāki
  • Cena: 28,70 €
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 206 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 01-Aug-2003
  • Izdevniecība: World Bank Publications
  • ISBN-10: 0821354612
  • ISBN-13: 9780821354612
For developing countries, vocational training is a vital component of the drive to enhance productivity, stimulate economic competitiveness, and lift people out of poverty. However, training provision in many countries is underfinanced and fragmented, and traditional state-funded training programs are proving inadequate to the task. Financing Vocational Training in Sub-Saharan Africa emphasizes the central role that financing strategies should play in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of training systems as a whole, through incentives, greater competition, and the integration of private and public provision. This book describes the emerging consensus about best practice in the financing of training, drawing on experience in Latin America and Asia, and testing this consensus against findings from Sub-Saharan Africa. It sets out the case for financing interventions by governments and scrutinizes the role, and effectiveness, of national training agencies, payroll levies, and alternative transfer mechanisms for institutional funding. This discussion draws on lessons from the experience of Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The book will be of particular interest to policymakers and practitioners of vocational training in developing countries, to development policy analysts, and to students and scholars of education and training systems worldwide.
Acknowledgments xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvii
Executive Summary 1(22)
1 Introduction 23(10)
Training finance: consensus from the literature
24(2)
Approach and methodology
26(3)
Coverage
29(2)
Training for whom?
29(1)
Training by whom?
30(1)
Timing: preemployment, initial, and continuing training
31(1)
Plan of the paper
31(2)
2 Conventional Patterns of Financing Training 33(6)
Typology of financing burdens
33(2)
Shortcomings of conventional training financing
35(3)
Changing roles for the state, enterprises, and individuals
38(1)
3 The Role of the State in Financing 39(8)
Training
39(1)
Rationale for government intervention
40(4)
External benefits
40(1)
Property rights
41(1)
Market imperfections
42(1)
Inadequate enterprise training
42(1)
Weak private training provision
43(1)
Parity
43(1)
Disadvantaged groups
44(1)
Designing appropriate policy interventions
44(3)
4 Finance Flows: Three Scenarios 47(12)
Conventional training markets
48(1)
Training markets with state intervention
49(3)
Integrated, demand-driven training markets
52(3)
A broader role for sound financing mechanisms
55(1)
The pace of reform
55(4)
5 The Development of National Training Funds 59(30)
Origins and objectives
59(1)
Range of activities
60(1)
Income sources
61(2)
Country examples
62(1)
Disbursement
63(5)
Training provision and disbursement: uneasy bedfellows
66(2)
Governance, control, and stakeholder representation
68(4)
Central issues in governance and control
68(2)
ZIMDEF
70(1)
Stakeholder representation
71(1)
Sectoral funds
72(3)
Sectoral funding in South Africa
74(1)
From training funds to national training authorities
75(2)
National skills development coordination in South Africa
76(1)
Training fund sustainability
77(2)
Lessons for policy: identifying good practice
79(3)
Desired objectives for training funds
79(2)
Policy implementation
81(1)
Training funds in selected SSA countries: organization, funding source, and objectives
82(7)
6 Training Levies 89(20)
Alternative training levy schemes
89(2)
SSA sector levies
90(1)
Payroll levies: revenue generation
91(1)
Levy-grant schemes
92(3)
Cost reimbursement
92(1)
Cost redistribution
93(1)
Levy exemption
94(1)
Payroll levies in SSA
95(2)
Rationale: the benefit principle
97(1)
Coverage
98(1)
Levy income generation
99(6)
Alternative approaches to levy collection
99(1)
Levy collection in SSA countries
100(5)
Payroll levies: an oversheltered source of funding?
105(1)
Lessons for policy
106(3)
Training levies: strengths and limitations
106(1)
Issues in levy scheme design
106(3)
7 Finance Mechanisms: Augmenting Funding for Training 109(20)
Funding augmentation versus funding distribution
109(1)
Funding diversification: alternative approaches
110(1)
Fund augmentation
111(2)
Training levies
111(2)
Provision of training services
113(1)
Cost sharing
113(4)
Matching funds
114(1)
Cost recovery: user fees
114(2)
Trainee loans
116(1)
Income generation by providers
117(1)
Income from production
117(1)
Sale of services
118(1)
Encouraging private provision
118(3)
Measures for building up private training capacity
119(2)
Role of government: four intervention modes
121(1)
Responding to budgetary pressure: institutional income in Tanzania
122(1)
Lessons for policy
123(6)
Scope for funding diversification
124(1)
Diversification mechanisms: strengths and weaknesses
125(4)
8 Funding Distribution: Transfers to Training Institutions 129(12)
Direct allocation mechanisms
129(7)
Ad hoc funding
130(1)
Input-based funding
131(1)
Output-based funding
132(1)
Composite formula funding
133(1)
Competitive tendering: unifying training markets
134(2)
Indirect allocation: trainee-based funding
136(2)
Vouchers
136(2)
Policy reform
138(3)
9 Enhancing Enterprise Training 141(12)
Direct training subsidies
141(2)
Government grants versus levy-grant schemes
141(1)
Efficacy of direct training subsidies
142(1)
Levy-grant schemes
143(3)
Training off or on the job?
143(1)
Systems approach versus piecemeal reimbursement
144(2)
Indirect subsidies: company tax concessions
146(2)
SSA experience with tax concessions
146(2)
Problems with tax-concession schemes
148(1)
Other measures to promote enterprise training
148(3)
Apprenticeship training
148(2)
Combining the carrot with "ear-stroking"
150(1)
Lessons for policy
151(2)
Mechanisms for encouraging enterprise training: strengths and limitations
151(2)
10 Financing Informal Sector Training 153(10)
The informal sector: a vehicle for employment growth
153(1)
Developing informal sector training markets
154(1)
Departing from traditional training
154(1)
Introducing external training
155(1)
Funding informal sector training in SSA
155(6)
Supply-side interventions
155(2)
Voucher schemes
157(4)
Policy dilemmas in financing training for the informal sector
161(2)
11 Financing Mechanisms: Contribution to Broad Policy Objectives 163(8)
12 Conclusions: Major Policy Messages 171(12)
Refined government role
171(1)
Funding diversification
172(2)
Training fees
174(1)
Training levies
175(1)
Institutional income generation
176(1)
Decentralization
176(1)
Private sector development
177(1)
Funding public training institutions
178(1)
Trainee/consumer choice
178(1)
Levy-grant systems
178(1)
Training funds
179(1)
Training authorities
180(1)
Stakeholder role
181(1)
Needs of disadvantaged groups
181(1)
Informal sector training
181(2)
References 183