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E-grāmata: Fire on Earth: An Introduction

4.14/5 (7 ratings by Goodreads)
(Royal Holloway, University of London, UK), (Arizona State University, USA), (University of Cape Town, South Africa), (University of Tasmania, Australia), (Canadian Forest Service, Canada & University of Alberta, Canada)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Oct-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118570715
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Fire on Earth: An IntroductionPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 30-Oct-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118570715
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Earth is the only planet known to have fire.  The reason is both simple and profound: fire exists because Earth is the only planet to possess life as we know it. Fire is an expression of life on Earth and an index of lifes history. Few processes are as integral, unique, or ancient. Fire on Earth puts fire in its rightful place as an integral part of the study of geology, biology, human history, physics, and global chemistry. Fire is ubiquitous in various forms throughout Earth, and belongs as part of formal inquiries about our world. In recent years fire literature has multiplied exponentially; dedicated journals exist and half a dozen international conferences are held annually. A host of formal sciences, or programs announcing interdisciplinary intentions, are willing to consider fire. Wildfire also appears routinely in media reporting.

This full-colour text, containing over 250 illustrations of fire in all contexts, is designed to provide a synthesis of contemporary thinking; bringing together the most powerful concepts and disciplinary voices to examine, in an international setting, why planetary fire exists, how it works, and why it looks the way it does today. Students, lecturers, researchers and professionals interested in the physical, ecological and historical characteristics of fire will find this book, and accompanying web-based material, essential reading for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in all related disciplines, for general interest and for providing an interdisciplinary foundation for further study.





A comprehensive approach to the history, behaviour and ecological effects of fire on earth Timely introduction to this important subject, with relevance for global climate change, biodiversity loss and the evolution of human culture. Provides a foundation for the interdisciplinary field of Fire Research Authored by an international team of leading experts in the field Associated website provides additional resources

Recenzijas

The well-organized and illustrated work can be used as a textbook or a reference source for practitioners. Each chapter has a list of further readings, and each part has its own extensive bibliography. This phenomenal contribution will become a classic reference for five mangers, students of fire ecology and climate, and researchers for years to come. Summing Up: Essential. All levels/libraries." (Choice, 1 October 2014)

"Overall, the book provides an excellent, multidisciplinary introduction to fire, authored by leading experts in their fields, written in a very accessible style and supported by superb illustrations and extensive references. Hence, I highly recommend it to potential readers, who may be upper level undergraduate students, graduate students, teaching staff and everyone working, or simply interested, in the area of environmental science." (International Journal of Wildland Fire, 1 August 2014)

"Fire and earth scientists, anthropologists, ecol­ogists, resource managers, and especially ad­vanced students in natural sciences will find the text, along with its online resources, a req­uisite addition to their libraries. Not only is it a pleasure to read, simply put, it sparks the imagination." (Fire Ecology, 1 June 2014)

"With wildfire recognised in key government contingency documents, not least for climate change, foresters looking for greater understanding of this future challenge over the coming decades, should look no further." (Chartered Forester, 1 May 2014)

"This book is a good example of a multidisciplinary investigation. The writers express the wish that it may stimulate further research into fire processes, both 'natural' and induced by humanity. A book worth reading!." (Geological Journal, 29 April 2014)

"Each part has an extensive reference list reflecting the worldwide significance of wildfire and varied scientific approaches: tables, diagrams and colour photographs are abundant, and there is a welcome companion website with a host of useful teaching/demonstration material." (The Biologist 2016)

"Fire on Earth would serve as an outstanding basis for a graduate course in fire science and management. It is also a valuable reference that has a place on the bookshelf of any instructor, scientist, or land manager whose work involves the role of fire in terrestrial ecosystems and human civilization." (The Quarterly Review of Biology 2016)

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the Authors xvii
About the Companion Website xix
PART ONE FIRE IN THE EARTH SYSTEM
1(110)
Preface to part one
2(1)
Chapter 1 What is fire?
3(44)
1.1 How fire starts and initially spreads
3(1)
1.2 Lightning and other ignition sources
4(2)
1.3 The charring process
6(1)
1.4 Pyrolysis products
7(3)
1.5 Fire types
10(4)
1.6 Peat fires
14(1)
1.7 Fire effects on soils
15(3)
1.8 Post-fire erosion-deposition
18(4)
1.9 Fire and vegetation
22(4)
1.10 Fire and climate
26(4)
1.11 Fire triangles
30(1)
1.12 Fire return intervals
30(1)
1.13 How we study fire: satellites
31(7)
1.14 Modelling fire occurrence
38(4)
1.15 Climate forcing
42(2)
1.16 Scales of fire occurrence
44(3)
Further reading
45(2)
Chapter 2 Fire in the fossil record: recognition
47(18)
2.1 Fire proxies: fire scars and charcoal
47(2)
2.2 The problem of nomenclature: black carbon, char, charcoal, soot and elemental carbon
49(2)
2.3 How we study charcoal: microscopical and chemical techniques
51(5)
2.4 Charcoal as an information-rich source
56(1)
2.5 Charcoal reflectance and temperature
56(2)
2.6 Uses of charcoal
58(1)
2.7 Fire intensity/severity
59(1)
2.8 Deep time studies
60(1)
2.9 Pre-requisite for fire: fuel -- the evolution of plants
61(1)
2.10 Charcoal in sedimentary systems
62(3)
Further reading
63(2)
Chapter 3 Fire in the fossil record: earth system processes
65(8)
3.1 Fire and oxygen
65(2)
3.2 Fire feedbacks
67(1)
3.3 Systems diagrams
67(2)
3.4 Charcoal as proxy for atmospheric oxygen
69(1)
3.5 Burning experiments -- fire spread
69(1)
3.6 Fire and the terrestrial system
70(3)
Further reading
72(1)
Chapter 4 The geological history of fire in deep time: 420 million years to 2 million years ago
73(18)
4.1 Periods of high and low fire, and implications
73(1)
4.2 The first fires
73(2)
4.3 The rise of fire
75(2)
4.4 Fire in the high-oxygen Paleozoic world
77(3)
4.5 Collapse of fire systems
80(2)
4.6 Fire at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary
82(1)
4.7 Jurassic variation
82(2)
4.8 Cretaceous fires
84(3)
4.9 Fire at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P or K-T) boundary
87(1)
4.10 Paleocene fires
88(1)
4.11 Fires across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM)
88(1)
4.12 Dampening of fire systems
89(1)
4.13 Rise of the grass-fire cycle
89(2)
Further reading
89(2)
Chapter 5 The geological history of fire -- the last two million years
91(20)
5.1 Problems of Quaternary fire history
91(2)
5.2 The Paleofire working group: techniques and analysis
93(4)
5.3 Fire and climate cycles
97(1)
5.4 Fire and humans: the fossil evidence
98(3)
5.5 Fire and the industrial society
101(10)
Further reading
101(2)
References for part one
103(8)
PART TWO BIOLOGY OF FIRE
111(82)
Preface to part two
112(1)
Chapter 6 Pyrogeography -- temporal and spatial patterns of fire
113(18)
6.1 Fire and life
113(1)
6.2 Global climate, vegetation patterns and fire
113(3)
6.3 Pyrogeography
116(5)
6.4 Fire and the control of biome boundaries
121(4)
6.5 The fire regime concept
125(3)
6.6 Fire ecology
128(1)
6.7 Conclusion
129(2)
Further reading
129(2)
Chapter 7 Plants and fire
131(16)
7.1 Introduction
131(1)
7.2 Fire and plant traits
131(6)
7.3 Fire regimes and the characteristic suite of fire plant traits
137(3)
7.4 Evolution of fire traits
140(5)
7.5 Summary and implications
145(2)
Further reading
145(1)
General reading
146(1)
Chapter 8 Fire and fauna
147(10)
8.1 Direct effects of fire on fauna
147(1)
8.2 The effect of fire regimes on fauna
148(2)
8.3 The landscape mosaic and pyrodiversity
150(2)
8.4 The effect of fauna on fire regimes
152(2)
8.5 Fire and the evolution of fauna
154(1)
8.6 Summary
155(2)
Further reading
155(2)
Chapter 9 Fire as an ecosystem process
157(14)
9.1 Introduction
157(1)
9.2 Fire and erosion
157(3)
9.3 Fire and nutrient cycling
160(3)
9.4 Fire and pedogenesis
163(1)
9.5 Fire and atmospheric chemistry
164(1)
9.6 Fire and climate
165(3)
9.7 Summary
168(3)
Further reading
169(2)
Chapter 10 Fire and anthropogenic environmental change
171(22)
10.1 Introduction
171(1)
10.2 Prehistoric impacts
171(3)
10.3 Prehistoric fire management
174(2)
10.4 Contemporary fire management
176(1)
10.5 Climate change
177(3)
10.6 Fire and carbon management
180(1)
10.7 Fire regime switches: a major challenge for fire ecology
180(4)
10.8 Invasive plants and altered fire regimes
184(3)
10.9 Conclusion
187(6)
Further reading
187(2)
References for part two
189(4)
PART THREE ANTHROPOGENIC FIRE
193(102)
Preface to part three
194(1)
Chapter 11 Fire creature
195(36)
11.1 Early hominins: spark of creation
195(3)
11.2 Aboriginal fire: control over ignition
198(8)
11.3 Cultivated fire: control over combustibles
206(14)
11.4 Ideas and institutions: lore and ritual
220(1)
11.5 Narrative arcs (and equants)
221(10)
Further reading
229(2)
Chapter 12 A new epoch of fire: the anthropocene
231(28)
12.1 The Great Disruption
231(1)
12.2 The pyric transition
232(4)
12.3 Enlightenment and empire
236(2)
12.4 Scaling the transition
238(7)
12.5 After the revolution
245(14)
Further reading
257(2)
Chapter 13 Fire management
259(36)
13.1 Introducing integrated fire management
259(1)
13.2 Two realms: managing the pyric transition
260(1)
13.3 Strategies
261(11)
13.4 Institutions: ordering fire
272(5)
13.5 Ideas: conceptions of fire
277(2)
13.6 Fire management: selected examples
279(16)
Further reading
289(2)
References and further reading for part three
291(4)
PART FOUR THE SCIENCE AND ART OF WILDLAND FIRE BEHAVIOUR PREDICTION
295(110)
Preface to part four
296(1)
Chapter 14 Fundamentals of wildland fire as a physical process
297(44)
14.1 Introduction
297(1)
14.2 The basics of combustion and heat transfer
298(5)
14.3 The wildland fire environment concept
303(12)
14.4 Characterization of wildland fire behaviour
315(14)
14.5 Extreme wildland fire behaviour phenomena
329(7)
14.6 Field methods of measuring and quantifying wildland fire behaviour
336(1)
14.7 Towards increasing our understanding of wildland fire behaviour
337(4)
Further reading
339(2)
Chapter 15 Estimating free-burning wildland fire behaviour
341(32)
15.1 Introduction
341(1)
15.2 A historical sketch of wildland fire behaviour research
342(8)
15.3 Models, systems and guides for predicting wildland fire behaviour
350(9)
15.4 Limitations on the accuracy of model predictions of wildland fire behaviour
359(4)
15.5 The wildland fire behaviour prediction process
363(7)
15.6 Specialized support in assessing wildland fire behaviour
370(1)
15.7 Looking ahead
371(2)
Further reading
372(1)
Chapter 16 Fire management applications of wildland fire behaviour knowledge
373(32)
16.1 Introduction
373(3)
16.2 Wildfire suppression
376(2)
16.3 Wildland firefighter safety
378(4)
16.4 Community wildland fire protection
382(1)
16.5 Fuels management
383(5)
16.6 Prediction of fire effects
388(1)
16.7 Getting on the road towards self-improvement
389(16)
Further reading
390(3)
References for part four
393(12)
Index 405
Andrew C. Scott is Professor of Applied Palaeobotany and a Distinguished Research Fellow in the Department of Earth Sciences at Royal Holloway, University of London, England David M.J.S.Bowman is Professor of Environmental Change Biology in the School of Plant Science at the University of Tasmania, Australia

William J. Bond is Professor of Plant Ecology in the Department of Botany at the University of Cape Town, South Africa

Stephen J. Pyne is Regents Professor in the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

Martin E. Alexander is an Adjunct Professor of Wildland Fire Science and Management at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and formerly a senior fire behavior research officer with the Canadian Forest Service
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