This book introduces new concepts in the phenomenon of 1st order phase transitions. It discusses the concept of kinetic arrest at a certain temperature, with this temperature being dependent on the second control variable (magnetic field, or pressure). It discusses interesting manifestations of this phenomenon when the 1st order transition is broadened, i.e. occurs over a finite range of temperatures. Many examples of this phenomenon, observed recently in many materials, will also be discussed.
Phase transitions and rigorous definitions
Phase transitions in Nature, and a meandering introduction
Introduction: back to basics
The Ehrenfest classification
1.3.1 First order transitions
Studying phase transitions with two control variables
Van der Waals gas as an exactly solvable model: isotherms and isobars
Metastable states across a phase transition: limitations of the Ehrenfest
classification.
References
Modern classification of phase transitions
First order transitions, and the rest
Metastable states are specific to first order transitions
Limits of metastability
Hysteresis across first order phase transitions
Metastable to stable transformations
First order phase transitions with two control variables
References
Defining characteristics of first order transitions.
Necessary and sufficient characteristics following the Ehrenfest
classification
3.1.1 Melting of the vortex lattice
Need for other characteristic tests beyond the Clausius-Clapeyron relation
Necessary and sufficient characteristics following the modern classification
Hysteresis as an indicator
Hysteresis together with metastable to stable transformation
References
Metastable and arrested unstable states across first order transitions
Conceptual difference between metastable and unstable states
Relaxation rates for metastable, and for arrested unstable, states
Manifestations of kinetic arrest in studies using two control variables
Temperature variations in various fields
The CHUF protocol
CHUF for supercooled states
Isothermal variations of field
References
Disorder-broadened transitions
Broadened supercooling and superheating bands
Kinetic arrest and interrupted transitions: tuning by cooling field
Kinetic arrest and interrupted transitions: isothermal variation of field
The CHUF protocol
Measuring Tk(H) using CHUF
What causes kinetic arrest?
References
Subject Index
Praveen Chaddah joined BARC through their Training School, in 1973. His Ph D work involved setting up a Compton Profile Spectrometer with a -ray source (the 1st in India) for electron momentum density measurements. His work focused on electron states in structurally disordered materials, and on electron correlation effects. As a post-doc at University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, he initiated measurements of nuclear momentum densities in the quantum solid 4He, using the spallation neutron source IPNS at Argonne. Dr Chaddah also worked on correlating the superconducting and martensitic transitions in A-15 superconductors. He worked on the development of superconducting magnets and of multifilamentary NbTi wires at BARC during 1982-87, and later made important contributions to the development and extension of Bean's Critical State model for the high TC superconductors. He reformulated this as a 'minimum flux-change' hypothesis, and contributed to its application to sample-shapes having finite demagnetization factor. He then worked on 1st order phase transitions in vortex-matter in superconductors, as also in magnetic materials. His recent emphasis has been on understanding metastabilities associated with supercooling and superheating, as also those associated with glass-like arrest of kinetics. His work showing tunability of coexisting phases in halfdoped manganites by varying the cooling field, was followed up on many materials exhibiting magnetic field induced first order transitions. This introduced the idea of kinetic arrest as a broad first order transition that is interrupted before completion. He developed the protocol CHUF (cooling and heating in unequal fields) that has provided rather visual evidence of kinetic arrest resulting in a glass-like arrested state. The observation of such behavior across magnetic 1st order transitions in various magnetic materials, where diffusive motions are not apparent, may lead to newer understanding of what causes glasses to form. Praveen Chaddah received the INSA Young Scientist medal in 1978, and the MRSI -ICSC Prize for Superconductivity in 1993. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and also a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences of India. He is also an elected Member of the Asia Pacific Academy of Materials. He has authored over 200 research papers.
He was the Director of the UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research for over eight years, where he established internationally competitive facilities for experimental research that were open to researchers from universities across India. He retired from the Department of Atomic Energy in December 2013.
